Hesperidin Content Research Articles

Effect of harvest time on the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of Gannan navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck ‘Newhall’) juice

The present study investigates the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of juice from the Gannan navel orange, which is harvested at one- to two-week intervals during the ripening period. The total soluble solid (TSS), total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), sucrose and hesperidin contents gradually increase with the ripening of the fruit, followed by slight declines at the late maturity stage. Contrary to these observations, the contents of titratable acid (TA), vitamin C (Vc), and limonin trend downward throughout the ripening period. However, the contents of fructose, glucose, and narirutin fluctuate throughout the harvest time. Three in vitro antioxidant assays consistently indicate that the harvest time exerts no significant influence (P>0.01) on the antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson's correlation test are performed to provide an overview of the complete dataset. This study provides valuable information for evaluating the fruit quality and determining when to harvest the fruit in order to meet the preferences of consumers. Meanwhile, our observations suggest that the fruits subjected to juice processing should be harvested at the late maturity stage to alleviate the “delayed bitterness” problem without compromising the antioxidant capacity and the flavonoid content in the juice.

Development of a functional ingredient rich in hesperidin from citrus fruit wastes

The peels of citrus fruits contain a high concentration of bioactive compounds. Among these compounds, hesperidin stands out for its beneficial health effects. This study had the objective of evaluating the hesperidin content in peel samples of different citrus fruit and to propose the development of a functional product obtained from these peels. The peels were lyophilized and had the total flavonoids analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The peels of several fruits were dried in a microwave oven and ground in a blender to obtain a homogeneous powder. This material was submitted to extraction and quantification of hesperidin. The highest concentrations were found in the ‘Ponkan’ tangerine, ‘Murcott’ tangerine and ‘Navel’ orange, while the lowest were found in the ‘Sicilian’ lemon and ‘Lima’ orange. The functional ingredient obtained from the ground peels after microwave drying can be used for direct consumption or to enrich food preparations.

A Sustainable Reversed-Phase HPTLC Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Hesperidin in Traditional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts of Different Varieties of Citrus Fruit Peels and Commercial Tablets

Hesperidin (HSP) is a bioactive flavanone glycoside, present abundantly in the variety of citrus fruits. The environmental safety and sustainability of the reported analytical assays of HSP analysis have not been considered in the literature. Hence, a sensitive and sustainable “reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC)” method has been developed and validated for HSP analysis in traditional (TE) and ultrasound-based (UBE) extracts of four different varieties of citrus fruit peels and its commercial tablet dosage forms. The binary combination of green solvents such as ethanol-water (50:50, v v−1) was used as the mobile phase. The detection of HSP was performed at 287 nm. The sustainable RP-HPTLC method was linear in 20–2000 ng band−1 range. The studied validation parameters, including accuracy, precision, robustness, sensitivity were acceptable for HSP analysis. The content of HSP in TE of four different varieties of citrus fruits including grapefruit peels (Citrus paradisi), mosambi peels (Citrus limetta), lemon peels (Citrus lemon), and orange peels (Citrus sinensis) was detected as 8.26, 6.94, 5.90, and 6.81% w w−1, respectively. The content of HSP in TE of commercial formulations A and B was detected as 5.31 and 5.55% w w−1, respectively. However, the content of HSP in UBE of grapefruit peels, mosambi peels, lemon peels, and orange peels was detected as 11.41, 8.86, 7.98, and 8.64% w w−1, respectively. The content of HSP in UBE of commercial formulations A and B was detected as 6.72 and 6.92% w w−1, respectively. The greenness score of the sustainable RP-HPTLC method was predicted as 0.83 using analytical GREEnness (AGREE) metric approach, indicated the excellent greenness profile of the RP-HPTLC method. UBE procedure for HSP was superior over its TE procedure. These observations and results suggested that the present RP-HPTLC method can be successfully used for the quantitative estimation of HSP in the variety of citrus fruit peels and its commercial formulations. In addition, this method is simple, rapid, precise, accurate, and economical compared to the reported analytical methods of HSP analysis. It is also safe and sustainable method due to the use of ethanol-water solvents systems, as both the solvents are green solvents compared to the solvents used in reported analytical methods of HSP analysis.

유자(Citrus junos) 과육 및 과피 첨가 발효에 따른 천년초(Opuntia humifusa)의 이화학적 특성 및 기능성 변화

In this study, Opuntia humifusa was fermented with Citrus junos and its physicochemical and functional properties were investigated. O. humifusa (Oh) was combined with C. junos flesh (Oh-CF), peel (Oh-CP), or whole fruit (Oh-CFP) and fermented at 30°C for 14 d. The number of lactic acid bacteria rapidly increased to 7.1 log CFU/mL during the initial 10 d of fermentation, resulting in decreases in pH and soluble sugar contents of Oh samples. Total polyphenol content increased 4-5 folds in all samples during fermentation. Isorhamnetin content was highest in Oh after 14 d of fermentation whereas naringin and hesperidin contents were highest in Oh-CP after 6 d. Antioxidant activity of samples increased approximately 3-4 folds during fermentation. DPPH radical scavenging ability was highest in Oh-CFP after 10 d of fermentation whereas reducing power was highest in Oh after 14 d. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity (GIA) of samples fermented with C. junos was higher than that of acarbose (0.85 μg/mL), with the highest GIA observed for Oh-CFP fermented for 14 d (0.38 μg/mL). Favorable essential oils such as limonene, pinene, linalool, terpinene and terpinolene were detected in samples with C. junos. The addition of C. junos flesh and peel would be useful for enhancement of physicochemical and functional properties (antioxidant and GIA activities) of O. humifusa, which could be effectively improved by modulating the fermentation period.

Extraction of flavonoids in pomelos’ peels using Box-Behnken response surface design and their biological activities

The objectives of this study were to optimize the extraction conditions of flavonoids from the pomelo peel using the Box-Behnken response surface methodology and to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of the extracts from three different pomelo species under optimized extraction conditions. Three extraction condition factors of were varied, including the solid-solvent ratio (1/15-1/45 g/ml), temperature (30-60oC), and time (20-60 min), which affected the efficiency of the total flavonoid content (TFC). The high R2 coefficient of 0.93 indicated that the experimental data obtained in this study fit well to a second-order polynomial using multiple regression analysis. The maximum TFC extracted from the pomelo peel was 6.0 mg/g (dried basis, db), which was obtained using Derringer’s desired function methodology under the following optimum conditions: a solid-solvent ratio of 1/44 g/ml, temperature of 30.7oC, and time of 34.6 min. The results also indicated that the Tan Trieu pomelo peel had the highest TFC and naringin concentration followed by the Nam Roi and Duong Hong pomelo peels, whereas the Nam Roi pomelo peel had a higher hesperidin concentration than the others. The extracts of the pomelo peels exhibited strong antioxidant activities with low IC50 values. However, these extracts showed only a slight effect on cancer cells, including lung cancer and breast cancer, when tested at 100 μg/ml.

Використання полімерних композиційних матеріалів для підвищення біодоступності гесперидина

Purpose. Investigation of the influence of the composition of polymeric solubilizers on the phase solubilization in water of the model active pharmaceutical ingredient of flavonoid nature hesperidin.Methods. Hesperidin was chosen as a model substance of characteristic chemical structure. Pharmaceutically acceptable high molecular weight polymers based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with a molecular weight of from 2500 to 58000 D were used for research; cetylpyridinium chloride; β-cyclodextrin. Phase solubilization of hesperidin was investigated by the method of Higuchi and Connors. The concentration of hesperidin was determined spectrophotometrically by absorption at 284 nm. The phase solubility diagram was constructed as the dependence of the concentration of hesperidin in solution on the concentration of the polymer. The obtained phase solubility profiles of hesperidin were compared with standard curves. For different compositions at the experiment temperature of 37 ± 0.5 °C, the stability constant and the dissociation constant of intermolecular complexes were calculated.Scientific novelty. The influence of the composition of polymer solubilizers on the phase solubilization in water of the model API of flavonoid nature of hesperidin was established. Practical significance. The optimal composition of the polymer composite material with hesperidin in the form of a solid dispersed system to maximize the solubility of flavonoids in water is substantiated. Results. The influence of the composition of polymer solubilizers on the phase solubilization in water of the model API of flavonoid nature of hesperidin was investigated. Based on the results of graphical analysis of the obtained data, it was concluded that the solubility of hesperidin increases with increasing number of polymers with different molecular weights and surfactants. The increase in solubility depends on the composition. When adding several polymers or a combination of a polymer with a surfactant, the solubility increases significantly more than when adding one compound. It is shown that the maximum value of solubility increase is observed in the system with polymer C and K surfactant - 42.7 times. It was found that the stability constants of polymeric composite materials of hesperidin based on polyvinylpyrrolidones are in the range from 161.87 to 219.88 M-1, which indicates favorable conditions for the formation of complexes.

Downregulation of MMP1 expression mediates the anti-aging activity of Citrus sinensis peel extract nanoformulation in UV induced photoaging in mice

Aging of the skin is a complicated bioprocess that is affected by constant exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. The application of herbal-based anti-aging creams is still the best choice for treatment. In the present study, Citrus sinensis L. fruit peels ethanolic extract (CSPE) was formulated into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) anti-aging cream. Eight different formulations of CSEP-LNPs were prepared and optimized using 23 full factorial designs. In vivo antiaging effect of the best formula was tested in Swiss albino mice where photo-aging was induced by exposure to UV radiation. HPLC-QToF-MS/MS metabolic profiling of CSPE led to the identification of twenty-nine metabolites. CSPE was standardized to a hesperidin content of 15.53 ± 0.152 mg% using RP-HPLC. It was suggested that the optimized formulation (F7) had (245 nm) particle size, (91.065%) EE, and (91.385%) occlusive effect with a spherical and smooth surface. The visible appearance of UV-induced photoaging in mice was significantly improved after topical application on CSPE-NLC cream for 5 weeks, levels of collagen and SOD were significantly increased in CSPE- NLC group, while levels of PGE2, COX2, JNK, MDA, and elastin was reduced. Finally, The prepared anti-aging CSPE-NLC cream represents a safe, convenient, and promising skincare cosmetic product.

Comparison of methanolic extracts of Doronicum orientale and Echium angustifolium in terms of chemical composition and antioxidant activities

Medicinal plants have been a priceless source of medication in nearly all cultures and societies worldwide due to the presence of phytochemicals and their wide range of therapeutic potentials including antioxidants. In this study, the methanolic leaf extracts of Doronicum orientale and Echium angustifolium were screened for antioxidant activity and quantitative phytochemical analysis using LC-ESI-MS/MS. The study revealed that the D. orientale exhibited significantly highest total phenolic content as well as highest antioxidant activity in all tests. The quantitative phytochemical analysis using chromatographic analysis revealed significantly high content of hesperidin, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid and quercetin in D. orientale, while E. angustifolium had rosmarinic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, pinoresinol, syringic acid and luteolin-7-glucoside in higher contents. The results showed that the methanol extract of D. orientale could be an alternative source of natural agents in the management of the oxidative stress.

Hesperidin Targets Leishmania donovani Sterol C-24 Reductase to Fight against Leishmaniasis.

Hesperidin, a naturally occurring flavanoid, is present in citrus family of fruits. It was found effective against an array of pathogens including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Here, we evaluated its antileishmanial activity and possible mechanism of action through different in vitro and in silico experiments. It inhibited the growth and proliferation of the parasites significantly with a IC50 value of 1.019 ± 0.116 mM in vitro. It also reduced the growth of intra-macrophagic amastigotes with a IC50 value of 0.2858 ± 0.01398 mM. It induced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in parasites in a dose-dependent manner. Through 2,7-dichloro dihydro fluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) staining, it was observed that around 96.9% parasites were ROS positive at 2.0 mM concentration of hesperidin. The ROS generated led to the apoptosis of parasites in a dose-dependent manner as observed by annexin/PI staining. Molecular docking with one of the very important and unique drug-targets of Leishmania donovani sterol C-24 reductase resulted in its significant inhibition. Here, we for the first time showed that hesperidin induced the antileishmanial response through the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of sterol C-24 reductase. Our study will be helpful in the development of a cost-effective antileishmanial lead with higher efficacy.

Comparative study on main components and detection methods of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae from different habitats

There are many chemical constituents in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, such as flavonoids, volatile oil, alkaloids and so on. This paper compares, analyzes and summarizes the main components of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae from different producing areas and different detection methods. The results showed that although they all have the same chemical composition, there are also differences between them, which leads to the difference of medicinal effect. The contents of hesperidin and hepthoxyflavone in Fuju, Sichuan Dahongpao and Wenzhou tangerine were the highest. There are four main types of detection methods of tangerine peel, which are spectrophotometry, electrochemical method, chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. When the content of total flavonoids in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae is measured, spectrophotometry is often used. Both electrochemical method and chromatographic method can be used to determine the content of specific flavonoids. Chromatography can also be used for the separation of flavonoids and the identification between Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Citrus reticulate Blanco‘chachi’ (Guangchenpi). However, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is mostly used for the determination of volatile compounds in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae. With the development of science and technology in the future, it will be more in-depth to explore the composition differences of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae from different habitats, and more efficient detection methods will be used for research.

Flavonoids Induce Migration Arrest and Apoptosis in Detroit 562 Oropharynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells

Despite advances in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the morbidity remains at a high level due to the resistance of SCC cells to chemotherapeutics. This study aimed to determine and compare the magnitude of the flavonoids’ effectiveness in activating apoptosis and migration arrest in HNSCC cells in vitro. Methods: Head and neck SCC cells of the Detroit 562 line were exposed to a range of concentrations (5–100 μM) of quercetin (Que), hesperidin (Hes) and rutin (Rut) for 24 and 48 h. The SCC cell viability and migration rate were investigated using cytotoxicity and migration inhibition assays. Muse Cell Analyzer flow cytometry was utilized to quantitatively assess the apoptosis rate of Detroit 562 cells exposed to Que, Hes and Rut. The morphology of the SCC cells was evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results: The viability diminishment of the Detroit 562-line cells treated with Que, Hes and Rut for 48 h revealed a significant dose-dependent trend, relatively equal for three substances, whereas the most noticeable cytotoxic effect observed for Hes. Exposure to Hes and Rut exhibited a dose-dependent increased proportion of apoptotic SCC cells, at either necrosis or late apoptosis stage. Detroit 562 SCC migration rate and cells motility were halted for the 100 µM dose of Hes and Que. The comparative results elucidated that Hesperidin and Quercetin achieved a more potent reduction of Detroit 562 migration at 24 h. Conclusions: Hesperidin, rutin and quercetin are capable of inducing apoptosis and migration arrest in the Detroit 562 cell line to various extents, resulting in proapoptotic attenuating effects at different magnitudes.

Alcoholic fermentation of citrus flavedo and albedo with pure and mixed yeast strains: Physicochemical characteristics and phytochemical profiles

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of alcoholic fermentation on the physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of the tissues flavedo and albedo from five citrus fruits, namely grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lemon (Citrus limon), and sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) cvs. ‘Tarocco’, ‘Washington navel’, and ‘Moro’. The tissues were fermented with pure and mixed cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, and Torulaspora delbrueckii. Flavedo and albedo increased the water holding capacity (WHC) and oil binding capacity (OBC) when subjected to fermentation. The treatment with B. bruxellensis resulted the most effective at enhancing WHC and OBC, e.g., lemon flavedo achieved the highest WHC (9.67 ± 0.15 g/g; P < 0.001). Concerning the phytochemicals, samples increased the total contents of phenolic compounds and carotenoids upon fermentation. The orange ‘Tarocco’ benefited markedly as regards phenolic compounds, e.g., the naringenin and hesperidin contents reached 244 ± 15.5 and 2900 ± 160 mg kg−1 DW, respectively, when the albedo was fermented with T. delbrueckii, with increases above 4-folds. Likewise, the total carotenoids were augmented (P < 0.001) when flavedo samples were treated with T. delbrueckii. Overall, the performed alcoholic fermentations ameliorated the physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of the selected citrus tissues, and are recommended to expand their utilization in the nutraceutical sector.

Hesperidin-rich ethanol extract from waste peels of Citrus limetta mitigates rheumatoid arthritis and related complications.

The aim of this study is to explore the possible pharmacological effects of fruit waste that may have a key role in converting the fruit waste into pharmaceutical agents. Citrus limetta (Rutaceae) is an important commercial citrus fruit crops used by juice processing industries. C. limetta peels are perishable waste material, which creates a big challenge in juice processing industries. Initial pharmaco-chemical profile of peels' extracts revealed that the ethanol extract (ClPs) has promising anti-inflammatory activity and rich in hesperidin content. In vivo experimental pharmacology profile of ClPs against arthritis and related complications revealed that oral administration of ClPs significantly reduced the arthritis score and arthritis index in elbow and knee joints against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. Biochemical parameters include pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A), and C-RP level in blood serum of CIA rats further confirmed the anti-arthritic profile of ClPs. Further individual experiments related to arthritis-related complications in experimental animals demonstrated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic potential of ClPs in dose-dependent manner. The result of this study suggests the suitability of ClPs as a drug-like candidate for further investigation toward the management of arthritis and related complications.

Enhancement of functional and sensory properties of eastern prickly pear (Opuntia humifusa) by fermentation with yuza peel and guava leaf

Eastern prickly pear (Opuntia humifusa) is a medicinal plant containing multiple biological functions such as antioxidant, antidiabetic and immunological activities. However, it has been rarely used in food industry due to high viscosity as well as its own distinct flavor and bitter taste. This study was performed to enhance functional and sensory properties of O. humifusa by fermentation with yuza (Citrus junos) peel and guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf. Changes in characteristics of three O. humifusa extracts fermented from different ingredients (O: O. humifusa; O–Y: O. humifusa + yuza peel; O-YG: O. humifusa + yuza peel + guava leaf) were investigated during traditional lactic acid fermentation at 25 °C. During the initial 3 d of fermentation, pH of O. humifusa extracts dropped to 3.6 and its viable cell number reached to 107 CFU/mL. The contents of isorhamnetin, quercetin, total polyphenols and total flavonoids increased in all O. humifusa extracts with fermentation time while the hesperidin and naringin contents decreased during 15 d of fermentation. O-YG fermented for 15 d was highest in the contents of total polyphenol, total flavonoid, quercetin, naringin and hesperidin while the isorhamnetin content was highest in O. Antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition activity were elevated in all extracts along with fermentation time. O-YG was highest in overall sensory acceptability and its DPPH radical scavenging activity was about 3 times higher than O and O–Y. The glycemic index value of O-YG from a glucose tolerance test was significantly lower than that of a commercial O. humifusa extract.

Citrus decoction by-product represents a rich source of carotenoid, phytosterol, extractable and non-extractable polyphenols

This study aimed to carry out an exhaustive chemical characterization of citrus (orange, mandarin, and grapefruit) decoctions as well as the residues obtained during the decoction process (by-products). The citrus decoctions were rich in hesperidin, naringin, and narirutin, but carotenoids and phytosterols were not detected. Interestingly, these flavanones were found in a higher concentration in the extractable polyphenol fraction of the citrus decoction by-products. Moreover, the greatest content of hesperidin and naringin was found bound to the food matrix by ether/ester bonds. Violaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were found as major carotenoids in the orange and mandarin decoction by-products, respectively, whereas the grapefruit decoction by-product showed a low content of carotenoids. All citrus by-products showed β-sitosterol as the major phytosterol, followed by β-campesterol. Therefore, the by-products obtained during the elaboration of citrus decoctions are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can be used for the development of functional foods or dietary supplements.

Recovery of hesperidin and narirutin from waste Citrus unshiu peel using subcritical water extraction aided by pulsed electric field treatment.

The objective of this study was to identify whether the efficacy of extracting hesperidin and narirutin from Citrus unshiu peel by-products can be increased by combining pulsed electric field (PEF) and subcritical water extraction (SWE). The samples were treated with a PEF at a strength of 3kV/cm for 60 and 120s. Subsequent SWE was conducted at extraction temperatures of 110-190°C for 3-15min. The concentration of hesperidin was highest at 46.96 ± 3.37mg/g peel (dry basis) after PEF treatment at 120s, combined with SWE at 150°C for 15min, while that of narirutin peaked at 8.76 ± 0.83mg/g after PEF treatment at 120s, integrated with SWE at 190°C for 5min. The concentrations of both hesperidin and narirutin increased with PEF treatment time. The PEF increased the amounts of hesperidin and narirutin extracted by 22.1% and 33.6%, respectively. This study demonstrate the potential of PEF pretreatment for enhancing the SWE of flavonoids from C. unshiu peel.

Transcriptome-based metabolic profiling of flavonoids in Agave lechuguilla waste biomass

Agave lechuguilla is one of the most abundant species in arid and semiarid regions of Mexico, and is used to extract fiber. However, 85 % of the harvested plant material is discarded. Previous bioprospecting studies of the waste biomass suggest the presence of bioactive compounds, although the extraction process limited metabolite characterization. This work achieved flavonoid profiling of A. lechuguilla in both processed and non-processed leaf tissues using transcriptomic analysis. Functional annotation of the first de novo transcriptome of A. lechuguilla (255.7 Mbp) allowed identifying genes coding for 33 enzymes and 8 transcription factors involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. The flavonoid metabolic pathway was mostly elucidated by HPLC-MS/MS screening of alcoholic extracts. Key genes of flavonoid synthesis were higher expressed in processed leaf tissues than in non-processed leaves, suggesting a high content of flavonoids and glycoside derivatives in the waste biomass. Targeted HPLC-UV-MS analyses confirmed the concentration of isorhamnetin (1251.96 μg), flavanone (291.51 μg), hesperidin (34.23 μg), delphinidin (24.23 μg), quercetin (15.57 μg), kaempferol (13.71 μg), cyanidin (12.32 μg), apigenin (9.70 μg) and catechin (7.91 μg) per gram of dry residue. Transcriptomic and biochemical profiling concur in the potential of lechuguilla by-products with a wide range of applications in agriculture, feed, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

Optimized Conditions for Flavonoid Extraction from Pomelo Peel Byproducts under Enzyme- and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Using Response Surface Methodology

Pomelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill) peel, which has been considered as a byproduct, is a potential source of flavonoids. In this study, the extraction conditions of total flavonoids from peels of Da Xanh pomelo were optimized using the response surface methodology with the Box–Behnken design. The combination of two novel extraction methods, including enzyme-assisted and ultrasound-assisted extractions, was used for the optimization. The results indicated that the optimal extraction condition was a liquid-to-solid ratio of 142.99 mL/g, enzyme concentration of 3.45%, and the time of 65.23 min for incubation and of 69.26 min for sonication treatment. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the pomelo peel extracts, under optimal condition of the combined method (16.79 mg GAE/g and 10.69 mg RE/g, respectively), were significantly higher than those of the conventional method (6.58 mg GAE/g and 2.42 mg RE/g, respectively). The naringin and hesperidin contents of extracts under optimal condition increased by 5.70% and 1.20%, respectively, compared to the extracts under the conventional method.

Physiochemical properties, dietary fibers, and functional characterization of three yuzu cultivars at five harvesting times.

This research focused on physiochemical and nutritional properties and functional characterization of three cultivars of yuzu-Native, Tadanishiki yuzu, and Namhae1-during different seasons. According to the cultivar and harvest time, yuzu cultivars were analyzed for free sugar, dietary fiber, hesperidin, naringin, and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant and antihypertensive activity. During November, Namhae1 exhibited the highest fruit weight, °Brix/acidity ratio, and total dietary fiber content. Tadanishiki contained the highest fructose and sucrose levels, pectin and cellulose contents, and soluble dietary fiber. Tadanishiki also had the highest hesperidin content in October, while the naringin content and antioxidant activity were the greatest in November. Antihypertensive activity was also the strongest for Tadanishiki, which was picked in October and November. These results indicated that Tadanishiki in October or November was the best for consumption or favorable processing because of its excellent product quality and high levels of nutritional and functional compounds.

Electroactivated Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode – New, Cost‐effective, and Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Bioflavonoid Hesperidin

AbstractIn this paper, for the first time, electroactivated disposable pencil graphite electrode (ePGE) was used for the detection of bioflavonoid hesperidin with cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. The electroactivation efficiency of the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was examined employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and the enhancement of electron transfer kinetics of the PGE after the electroactivation was found. Hesperidin is irreversibly oxidized on the ePGE and its oxidation was the most pronounced at pH=5.0. Two electrode processes were detected, on one hand, a mixed diffusion and adsorption control was observed for the first electrode process. On the other hand, only diffusion control was observed in the second electrode process. Linear dependence between the peak current and the hesperidin concentration was obtained in the concentration range from 5×10−7 mol dm−3 to 1×10−5 mol dm−3 and the determined lower limit of detection (LOD) was 2×10−7 mol dm−3. Moreover, hesperidin in pharmaceutical formulation (containing active substance, hesperidin, and excipients) was quantified using ePGE. A good correlation was obtained between experimentally obtained hesperidin concentration by voltammetric analysis and concentration determined by standard HPLC technique (R2=0.9462).