Concentrations Of Growth Regulators Research Articles

The effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and leaf surface orientation on callus induction of black betel (Piper betle L. var. nigra)

Black betel (Piper betle L. var. nigra), which has pharmacological properties against a number of infectious disorders, contains secondary metabolites like alkaloids, terpenoids/steroids, flavonoids, and tannins. While preserving plant availability, callus culture can quickly enhance the production of these secondary metabolites. This study aims to determine the combination of the concentration of growth regulator 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and the optimal position of leaf explants for the induction of black betel callus. This study is an experimental study using a complete randomized design with combinations of treatments between concentrations of 2.4-D growth regulators (0.0 mg/l; 1.5 mg/l; 2.5 mg/l; 3.5 mg/l) and leaf explant position (abaxial contact with media and adaxial contact with media). Quantitative data obtained were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test on the SPSS program. Meanwhile, qualitative data in callus morphology were analyzed descriptively. The treatment of 1.5 mg/l 2,4-D using abaxial leaf position can be chosen as optimal combination of treatment. The results showed no significant difference (P>0.05) for many of the observed variables between this treatment compared to treatment with higher concentration of 2,4-D. MS media with 1.5 mg/l 2,4-D and abaxial leaf position can induce callus at 2.4 weeks after planting, caused 100 % percentage of explants forming callus, browning score of 2.1, 10% explant contamination, callus growth score of 2.6 and callus morphology in the form of yellowish-white callus color and compact callus texture.

Modification of media compositions for micropropagation of Acorus calamus L.

Modification of medium composition is a critical step in tissue culture to find out the best medium formulation for micropropagation. Furthermore, reduction of some nutrients as well as sugar and plant growth regulator concentrations are an effort often done to make the production of seedlings more economic. The aim of the study was to modify media composition by reduction of macronutrients and sugar concentrations in combination with BAP for micropropagation of Acorus calamus. Experiments of Calamus micropropagation was established by culturing single shoots to MS medium with 100, 50, 33.3 and 25% macronutrients added with sugar at 30, 20, and 10 g/l in combination with 0, 0.5, and 1 mg/l BAP. Each medium treatment had nine replicates. Growth of culture was determined every week until 6 weeks of culture. Growth variable recorded was shoots numbers, leaf length, leaf numbers and root numbers. At six weeks of culture, chlorophyll content was also observed. The results showed that reduction of macronutrients and sugar did not influence shoot and leaf numbers in MS medium but required 0.5-1 mg/l BAP. Rooting is best in medium with no addition of BAP. Chlorophyll content decreased in the medium containing BAP in all reduced macronutrients and sugar concentrations. All plantlets survived in the field. Reduction of macronutrients and sugar can be applied for Calamus shoot culture. Cytokinin BAP is critical for shoot growth but this could be omitted for rooting. Therefore, this finding offered more choices in micropropagation of Calamus with low-cost production.

Optimization of Hormonal Compositions of Media in In Vitro Propagation of Orange Cultivars from Shoot Tip Nodal Segments

Orange is one of the most horticulturally important and widely cultivated Citrus species. Citrus cultivar improvement via conventional breeding strategies is normally impeded by factors related to its reproductive biology. The present study was undertaken to investigate the optimization of growth regulators’ composition of media in in vitro propagation of orange cultivar from nodal segment explants. The nodal segment explants were collected from sweet orange cultivars. The MS medium supplemented with sucrose and different concentrations of growth regulators were used for shoot proliferation and root induction. The optimum compositions of growth regulators in MS medium were assessed. The result indicated that the highest shoot response was recorded for Washington naval orange with maximum shoot proliferation rate (99.75%), shoot number per explant (3.10), shoot length (10.70 cm), leaf number per explants (12.50) after three weeks of culture. In all experiments, no growth was observed for the basal MS medium. Phytohormones combinations of indole-3-acetic acid, IAA (1.2 mg/L), and kinetin (2.0 mg/L) were found to be the best for shoot proliferation. Among the cultivars, significantly, the highest rooting rate (81.25%), root number (4.95), and root length (2.95 cm) were recorded for Washington naval orange cultivar. The least rooting rate (48.45%), root number (3.55), and root length (2.26 cm) were observed from the Valencia cultivar. Significantly, the highest rooting rate (84.90%), root number per microshoot (5.20), and root length (3.05 cm) for MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The comparison of different concentrations of IAA and NAA on root induction of microshoots from nodal segments of sweet orange cultivars demonstrated NAA as the more effective hormone than IAA.

Recent advances in application and progress of advanced materials as adsorbents in sample preparation for plant growth regulators.

Plant growth regulators are a class of physiologically active substances that could modify or regulate basic physiological processes in the plant and defense against abiotic and biotic stresses, including natural plant growth regulators and synthetic ones. Different from natural plant growth regulators with low content and high cost of extraction in plants, synthetic ones can be produced in large-scale production and widely used in agriculture for increasing and securing yield and quality of the harvested produce. However, like pesticides, the abuse of plant growth regulators will have negative impacts on human beings. Therefore, it is important to monitor plant growth regulators residues. Due to the low concentration of plant growth regulators and complex matrices of food, it is necessary to isolate and extract plant growth regulators by appropriate adsorbents in sample preparation for obtaining satisfactory results. In the last decade, several advanced materials as adsorbents have shown superiority in sample preparation. This review briefly introduces the recent application and progress of advanced materials as adsorbents in sample preparation for extraction of plant growth regulators from the complex matrix. In the end, the challenge and outlook about the extraction of plant growth regulators of these advanced adsorbents in sample preparation are presented.

In Vitro Propagation of Two Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Via Tissue Culture Technique

This investigation was carried out at the Tissue Culture Lab., Biotechnology Research Center (BTRC) in Tripoli, Libya in 2009 to establish a micro propagation protocol for two hybrids of Tomato in which several factors were studied including the effect of concentration of growth regulator on shoot multiplication, and rooting of explant on MS media. Shoot tips were cultured into (MS medium) with different concentrations of benzyl adenine (BA) + 0.5 mg/l (IAA) compared with MS basal medium as a control treatment. Generally, the results showed that there were no significant differences between several concentrations of (BA+IAA) on the number of leaves and shoot length. The obtained results illustrated was M1 gave high number of shoots/explant, shoot length, and leaves number for two hybrids of Tomato which were 1.90, 3.89, 4.48 respectively compared with the control. The results showed that there were no significant differences between Tomato hybrids on shoot length and the number of shoots. The best result for leaves number was hybrid HH-56 which gave 4.54 leaves. From the foregoing results, MS media supplementing IAA at 0.2 mg/l was the best treatment for rooting stage of hybrid HH-56 and Hybrid AZHAR F1. The plantlets were transferred to plastic cups containing peatmoss + sand at 1:1 (V/V). Acclimatization of plantlets were successfully.

The effect of growth regulators on micropropagation of medicinal plant Chrysanthemum hortorum hort by using plant tissue culture technology

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of various concentrations of growth regulators added to the MS on the propagation of Chrysanthemum plants outside the living body, a study was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala. The findings of study can be summed up as follows:The best treatment for sterilizing the vegetative parts was by using a concentration of 4.5% of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 minutes. The concentration of the benzyl adenine gave 2 mg L-1 highest percentage in the number of shoots, length and number of sheets of 6.80 sections -1 and 4.30 cm and 25.00 leaves, respectively, comparison by the comparative processing given by Lowest rates, when grow shoot tips measurement of 1 cm on the MS media. When growing vegetative shoots from the multiplication stage on the MS nutrient media, which is equipped with various concentrations of NAA for rooting, the concentration exceeds 1 mg L-1 of it to achieve the highest percentage of rooting, the number and length of roots, the length of the shoot, and the fresh and dry weight of the shoot reached 100%, respectively, 18.50 root, 5.50 cm, 13.30 cm, 2.80 and 0.98 mg), compared with the control.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Winter Dawn

Strawberries are small, typically heart-shaped fruits with a bright red skin. Strawberries are not only delicious but also packed with nutrients. Strawberries are versatile and can be enjoyed in various ways. They are commonly used in desserts like pies, cakes, and ice cream. The present investigation was laid out on the experimental site of Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, Naini, Prayagraj (UP), during 2022-23. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the best treatment among GA3, NAA, Brassinosteroid on strawberry variety winter dawn. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Design having 10 treatments and replicated 3 times. The effects of these treatments were noted on number of leaves, plant height, flowering, fruiting and fruit quality and yield attributes of Strawberry. The results of experimentation confirmed the efficiency of growth regulators for better fruit growth attributes, yield and quality of strawberry variety Winter Dawn. The study revealed that at BRs @100 ppm significantly increased the size, quality of the fruits as well as yield per plant and yield per hectare. Maximum TSS was found in the treatment T9 BRs @100 ppm. significantly increased number of fruits per plant. Among various concentrations of growth regulators, the treatment BRs @100 ppm was found significantly superior over all other treatments.

In vitro propagation and genetic fidelity analysis of Celastrus paniculatus Willd – a vulnerable high trade medicinal woody liana of Western Ghats

Celastrus paniculatus Willd, a vulnerable important woody liana with high medicinal value and limited reproductive capacity has been over exploited due to its demand in the pharmaceutical industry. In the present study, an efficient micropropagation protocol was developed from nodal explants on Murashige and Skoog and woody plant medium. The effect of various strengths of WP and MS medium (total, half strength) and different concentrations of plant growth regulators including cytokinins [6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin) and auxins (α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and (IBA) indole-3-butyric acid] on proliferation and rooting was investigated. C. paniculatus shoots showed maximum proliferation in WP medium supplemented with BAP (0.5 mg l-1). Best rooting frequency and higher root number and length were attained in medium fortified with NAA in combination with 0.2% activated charcoal. Seventy percent of the plantlets were successfully acclimatized to ex vitro conditions, exhibiting normal development. These plantlets can be used to replenish the declining populations in the wild. Molecular profiling of the in vitro developed plantlets was done using RAPD to confirm their genetic uniformity.

Factors affecting in vitro tuberization of potato

BackgroundPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most economically important annual vegetable crops. Microtubers can be produced, stored around year and directly transported to market without transferring to fresh media and without acclimatization. Thus reducing the field cycle to obtain sufficient number of seed potatoes and a high level of healthy materials. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of different combinations and concentrations of growth regulators i.e., kinetin (2.5 mg/l) and coumarin (20, 40 and 60 mg/l) alone or in addition to varied concentrations of sucrose (30, 60 and 90 g/l) on in vitro tuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Diamount.ResultsThe plantlets were propagated using single-node cuttings cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.04 mg/l kinetin and 1.0 mg/l IAA. Shoots (6–7 nodes) from the previous step were cultured into medium supplemented with a factorial combination of sucrose concentrations (30, 60 and 90 g/l), coumarin concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/l) and two concentrations of kinetin (0 and 2.5 mg/l). Our results showed that kinetin – induced medium have slightly effect to improve tuberization in vitro. But when kinetin was combined with sucrose, this effect was better when raised sucrose concentration from 30 or 60 to 90 g/l. The highest percentage of tuberization after 8 weeks, highest number of microtuber were obtained with high concentration of sucrose (90 g/l) together with dark condition, at 18–20 °C. Also, the highest concentration of sucrose significantly increased the fresh weight of microtuber. In case of coumarin, results revealed that it has important effect on tuber initiation especially with concentrations 20 mg/l and 40 mg/l; otherwise, the initiation period was minimized after adding kinetin. So, the plantlets must be continuously incubated in coumarin –induce medium plus kinetin for 8 weeks to affect the tuberization response. Also, all the other characters of tuberization process on coumarin-inducing medium could be improved by increasing sucrose concentration to 9 g/l.ConclusionsGenerally, results pointed out that the treatment which consists of kinetin (2.5 mg/l) plus 90 g/l sucrose and 20 mg/l coumarin has the best characteristics of in vitro micro-tuberization.

Níveis de fertilização NPK e efeito de concentrações de regulador de crescimento na produtividade da batata-doce

ABSTRACT The low mean yield of sweet potato crops in Brazil is related to several inadequate crop management practices. Considering the increasing production of this vegetable, the objective of this work was to evaluate the yield response of sweet potato crops subjected to different NPK fertilizer rates (NPK) combined with different growth regulator concentrations. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with a 5×5 factorial arrangement consisted of 5 NPK fertilizer rates (0, 696, 1044, 1392, and 1740 kg ha-1) combined with 5 growth regulator concentrations (0, 20, 25, 30, and 35 mL L-1). Numbers of total and commercial roots per plant were affected by the factors tested, presenting a linear increase as the rates and concentrations were increased. The highest estimated sweet potato yield was 43 Mg ha -1, which was obtained using a NPK rate of 1522.64 kg ha-1 and a growth regulator concentration of 34.69 mL L-1. The higher NPK rates improved water use efficiency up to a maximum value of 8.1 kg m-3 with application of the NPK rate of 1740 kg ha-1. After determining a fixed yield level, the production factors tested act as imperfect substitutes in some intervals of variation of the inputs.

Conservation of the species Sternbergia colchiciflora Waldst. et Kit. through in vitro culture

Sternbergia colchicifl ora Waldst. et Kit. is a critically endangered species, included in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova. This species fulfi lls a decorative role in natural ecosystems and represents a natural source of products in the medical industry. Research on the conservation of the Sternbergia colchicifl ora species through in vitro culture is being carried out for the fi rst time in our country. The purpose of this study is to asepticize the plant material of the Sternbergia colchicifl ora species and introduce it into in vitro culture for subsequent multiplication and obtaining a large number of bulbs. Bulbs and seeds served as initial plant material. Explants grown on three types of nutrient media supplemented with various concentrations of plant growth regulators. Immature bulbs produced a higher number of bulbils than bulb fragments on medium V2: MS=100% (with the components of the basic medium) and additional addition of phytohormones 6 – benzylaminopurine (BAP) of 0,5 mg/l and naphthylacetic acid (ANA) of 0,25mg/l. The bulbs were replanted on the same type of nutrient medium for 5-6 weeks, developing under the conditions of the growth room, then being transferred to vegetative pots with a mixture of: peat, sand, perlite in a ratio of 1:0.5: 0.5.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)

A cherry tomato is a small-sized tomato variety known for its round shape and sweet flavor. Therefore, at the Department of Horticulture at Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, an investigation titled "Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Cherry Tomato" was conducted during the Rabi-2022-23 season to assess the impact of plant growth regulators on the growth, quality, and yield of Pusa Cherry 1 tomatoes, as well as analyze the economic aspects of different treatments. Ten treatments were employed, including control with different concentrations of growth regulators (GA3 and Auxin) and Kinetin. The study found that using plant growth regulators had a significantly positive effect on cherry tomatoes for all traits. Among the treatments tested, T3(GA3 @ 75 ppm) showed the most favourable results in terms of plant height, number of primary branches, early flowering and maturing. T3 also demonstrated superior performance in terms of fruit weight, the maximum number of fruits per plant, and yield per plant.

Exploration of plant growth promoting traits and regulatory mechanisms of Bacillus anthracis PM21 in enhancing salt stress tolerance in maize.

Bacillus species have been reported to reduce the negative effects of salt stress on plants; the involvement of Bacillus anthracis PM21 and the internal mechanisms involved in this process are unclear. The effects of PM21 inoculation on maize plants under salt stress were investigated in this study. The study aimed to assess the ability of Bacillus anthracis PM21 to endure high levels of salinity stress while preserving the concentration of plant growth regulators. The biomass, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), antioxidants, osmoprotectants, inorganic ion contents, regulation of plant hormones and expression of antioxidants enzyme encoded genes were investigated under normal and salinity stress conditions. Bacillus anthracis PM21 produced a significant amount of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase enzyme (ACC deaminase) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) under salt stress and normal conditions. PM21 also produced plant growth stimulants including indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid (GA3), kinetin, and siderophore under salinity stress and normal conditions. Under salt stress, PM21 inoculation markedly increased plant growth indices, stimulate antioxidant enzyme mechanisms, osmoprotectants, and chlorophyll content. The use of qRT-PCR to analyze the transcription of targeted genes indicated greater expression of antioxidant-encoded genes and inferred their possible function in salinity stress tolerance. Our findings shed light on the functions of PM21 and its regulatory mechanisms in plant salt stress tolerance, as well as the importance of PM21 in this process. This study will provide a thorough analysis of the theoretical framework for adopting PM21 in agricultural production as an eco-friendly method to enhance crop growth and yield under salinity stress.

Introducción a cultivo de vitroplantas de “Peperina de las Lomas”(Hedeoma multiflora Benth.) como contribución para su conservación ex situ

Hedeoma multifloraBenth. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic-medicinal species native to Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil that is in a state of vulnerability due to overexploitation. It is used in the preparation of flavored yerba mate and in popular medicine, mainly in abdominal conditions. The objective of this work was to adjust the micropropagation technique, study the field behavior of vitroplants, compare the seeds generated and close their cultivation cycle. Different concentrations of growth regulators were evaluated on Murashige-Skoog medium. The implantation was successful. There are no differences between the evaluated plants. It was possible to efficiently close the complete cycle in vitro, with 100% survival, flowering and production of viable seeds. This methodology will serve for its introduction to the field, subsequent domestication, reintroduction into its natural environment and mitigate the process of degradation of the populations.

Studies on the Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Physical Parameters of Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Forsberg] cv. Cricket Ball under Agro-climatic Condition of Chhattisgarh Plains

The present investigation was undertaken during the year July/2020-June/21 and July/2021- June/22 at experimental field of Horticulture Instructional Farm, Department of Fruit Science College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.), India. The experiment was conducted on twenty years old trees of sapota, Cricket Ball with foliar spray of different concentrations of plant growth regulators applied at 50 per cent flowering and pea stage of fruit growth. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twenty five treatments, and three replication for each treatment. Thus, a total of 75 data collection made available at each time. Physical parameters of fruit viz., fruit weight (126.36 g ±31.07g), fruit volume (121.59 ml ±29.07 ml), fruit diameter (6.69 cm ±1.33 cm), fruit length (6.92 cm ±2.01 cm) and pulp weight (112.61 g ± 2.01 g) of sapota fruits were increased with the treatment GA3 @ 150 ppm, while, the peel weight (8.79 g ± 1.72 g) was reduced under the same treatment. The specific gravity (1.045 g ± 0.015 gml-1) was recorded maximum under the treatment ethrel @ 1000 ppm. However, a reduction in number of seeds per fruit (4.50 ± 2.08) and seed weight (4.38 g ± 0.78 g) was observed by the foliar feeding of NAA @ 100 ppm treatment. The consumer demand, which is usually based on physical characteristics of sapota fruit, can be improved by the application of plant growth regulators. On the basis of the experience gained and results obtained after completion of present investigation, the most appropriate concentration and their time of application should be standardized for different cultivars of sapota.

Correction to: Prediction of the concentration of plant growth regulators for somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of Hyoscyamus niger using Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology

Correction to: Prediction of the concentration of plant growth regulators for somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of Hyoscyamus niger using Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology

Propagation of Chia Plants Using Plant Tissue Culture Technique

Back Ground: The plant tissue culture technique is one of the biotechnologies that meansisolating a plant cell, tissue or organ, sterilizing it and cultivating it on sterile artificial foodmedia under conditions completely free of pathogens, and then the transplanted part developsinto a complete plant similar to the original from which it was taken. Under controlledenvironmental conditions of temperature, humidity and lighting, as defined by others as sterilecultivation of cells, tissues, organs and their components under certain chemical and physicalconditions in vitro.Objectives: This study aimed to propagate the medicinal chia plant using the technique ofplant tissue culture.Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratoryof the College of Agriculture, Anbar University. Sterilized chia seeds were sown on the MSnutrient medium equipped with the GA3 growth regulator for the purpose of obtainingvegetative growths in the cultivation tubes, at the rate of one seed per vial, using tweezerspreviously sterilized with alcohol and flame. After obtaining the required growths, the stemnodes were cut into pieces 1 cm long and planted on MS medium prepared with differentconcentrations of BA (0.5, 1, 2, 3) mg L -1 . And by interfering with NAA (0.1, 0.2, 0.3) mg L -1with the aim of the emergence and multiplication of vegetative branches within a factorialexperiment with two factors (4 × 4) with 10 replications for each treatment. 16 hours and 8hours dark. In the rooting experiment, different concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 2) mg L -1 wereused, interfering with BR (0, 0.1, 0.2) mg L -1 , and measurements were taken after one month.
 Results: It was observed through the obtained results that there were significant differencesbetween the different concentrations of growth regulators used in the experiment in themultiplication and rooting of the branches.Conclusions: Regarding the doubling stage, there is an increase in the number of branches asthe concentration of the growth regulator BA increases. For rooting, the growth regulatorbrassinosteroids outperformed auxin indole butyric acid in root lengths and numbers.Keywords: Chia Plants, Gibberellin hormone, Leaves, Stem Nodes, Tissue Culture Technique

Effect of PGR on Growth and Establishment of Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Thompson Seedless under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Condition

Grapes (Vitis vinifera) is one of the important commercial subtropical crops, which is a good source of vitamins and minerals. It is grown throughout the world except the places with extreme temperature and high altitude .So, to find out Effect of PGR on growth and establishment of grapes cv. Thompson Seedless under Prayagraj agro climatic condition; a field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Science, Prayagraj, U.P-211007 during the year 2022. The experiment comprised of 10 different treatment of three different plant growth regulator comprising of GA3, IAA and IBA with different concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm; 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm; 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm respectively. The main objective of the experiment was to evaluate the root and vegetative growth of grapevines with their success and survival in the Prayagraj agro-climatic zone. From the present investigation, treatment T9 (IBA @3000 ppm) was found best with least days to emerge from the bud from the grapes cutting (6.4 days) with maximum amount of sprouting percentage (77.7%). It also showed the best root growth parameters with maximum root length 25.1cm @120DAP and maximum number of roots per cutting 49.3 @120DAP. It also showed best vegetative growth parameters with maximum shoot length 13.4cm @120DAP, maximum stem diameter 28.1mm @120DAP, highest number of leaves with 12.5 @120 DAP, maximum leaf area 73.9cm2, maximum plant height after transplanting 14.9cm and highest survival percentage 88.8% of grapes plant. The T9 showed the best results with all major parameters when cuttings were treated with different concentrations of plant growth regulators.

Prediction of the concentration of plant growth regulators for somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of Hyoscyamus niger using Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology

Optimizing of the in vitro culture condition, somatic embryogenesis, and plant regeneration are the first step in transformation. In this study, response surface methodology was used to optimize and predict the concentrations of TDZ, NAA, BAP, and kinetin for callus formation, and regeneration by indirect somatic embryogenesis of Hyoscyamus niger. The results showed that TDZ was more efficient than NAA for the regeneration of H. niger. By using different concentrations of TDZ, BAP, and kinetin, the petiole explants produced the highest percentage of callusing (100%) on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L BAP, percentage of somatic embryogenesis (92.66%) with addition 0.5 mg/L TDZ, and the number of the shoots (7.75 per callus) with addition 0.25 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L BAP. The leaf explants produced the highest callus fresh weight (1207.75 mg/explant) by using 0.5 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L kinetin, and percentage of shooting (93.30%) by using 0.50 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L kinetin. Also, the highest percentage of callusing (100%), callus fresh weight (3273.64 mg/explant), percentage of somatic embryogenesis (100%), shooting (100%), and the number of the shoots (8.61 per callus) were predicted by culturing of petiole explant on the MS medium containing 0.11 mg/L TDZ and 1.253 mg/L BAP, leaf explant by using 0.52 mg/L TDZ, petiole explant by using 0.533 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L BAP, leaf explant with addition 0.18 mg/L TDZ and 2.89 mg/L BAP and petiole explant by using 0.1 mg/L TDZ and 3 mg/L BAP. Optimizing and predicting of the effect of plant growth regulators on henbane regeneration.

Plant Regeneration in Amorphophallus muelleri Blume. through Organogenic

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume.) usually used to functional food raw materials, caused its high glucomant content. Limitation of conventional propagation both vegetative and generative affected to decreasing of porang production to fulfil market demand. To solve the problem, plant tissue culture technique was chosen to rapid propagate bulbils of porang. So, the aim of this research to determine the combination and concentration of Plant growth Regulators (PGRs), such as 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA), and Thidiazuron (TDZ) for quality of callus, also growth of callus and shoots for rapid propagation of porang, cause PGRs are one of factors that affect the success of in vitro propagation. Experimental design of this research was completely randomized designed with statistical analysis using analysis of variance (Anova) one way. Difference combination and concentration of cytokinin and auxin as manipulation variables, which several parameters growth of callus, shoots, and roots was observed to indicate the rapid organogenic of porang. The optimal shoot induction medium was Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 5.0 mg.L-1 BAP and 0.2 mg.L-1 NAA on which number of shoots and shoot height reached 15±1.8 and (7.2±1.86) cm. After shoot formation stage, the proper media for rooting stage was determined, which was Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 1.0 mg.L-1 NAA resulted the rooting rate reached 100% and roots appear earlier. Optimal combination and concentration of PGRs on micropropagation of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume. from bulbils explant should be known to increase the production of porang, which can fulfil the market demand.