Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Moderate associations between the use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and metabolomics profile.

Use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) has become common irrespective of age and parity. To date, only a few studies have examined its possible metabolic changes and large-scale biomarker profiles in detail and in a longitudinal design. To apply the metabolomics technique to examine the metabolic profile associated with the use of LNG-IUD both in a cross-sectional and in a longitudinal design. The study consists of cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of a population-based survey (Health 2000) and its 11-year follow-up (Health 2011). All participants aged 18-49 years with available information on hormonal contraceptive use and metabolomics data (n=1767) were included. Altogether 212 metabolic measures in LNG-IUD users (n=341) were compared to those in non-users of hormonal contraception (n=1426) via multivariable linear regression models. Participants with complete longitudinal information (n=240) were divided into continuers, stoppers, starters, and never-user groups, and 11-year changes in levels of each metabolite were compared. After adjustment for covariates, levels of 102 metabolites differed in LNG-IUD current users compared to non-users of hormonal contraception (median difference in biomarker concentration: -0.12 SD): lower levels of fatty acids concentrations and ratios, cholesterol, triglycerides and other lipids, as well as particle concentration, cholesterol, total lipids and phospholipids in lipoproteins. The 11-year metabolic changes did not differ in relation to changes in LNG-IUD use. The use of LNG-IUD was associated with several moderate metabolic changes, mostly suggestive of a reduced arterial cardiometabolic risk. Changes in LNG-IUD use were not related to long-term metabolic changes.

Assessment of the content of short-chain fatty acids in ulcerative colitis as an indicator of the patient's metabolic health

Numerous studies show that in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), a significant role is played by a change in the diversity of the intestinal microflora, which is associated with fewer bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFCS affect the differentiation and activation of cells of the immune system, play a protective role in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier, participate in the regulation of intestinal peristalsis and blood supply to its wall, muscle anabolism, bioavailability of amino acids.The aim of the study. To evaluate the content of SCLC in the feces of UC patients with varying degrees of severity of the current attack, as well as to investigate the relationship between the content of SCLC with dietary characteristics, body mass index (BMI), and dyspenia.Materials and methods. The study involved 80 UC patients, conducted a survey, objective examination, filling out medical history and outpatient records, blood and stool sampling. The content of SCLC was determined in feces. The study of nutritional characteristics in patients with UC was conducted using a standardized questionnaire of the WHO CINDI program. Statistical methods: median (Me), upper and lower quartiles (P25, P75) were calculated; Mann-Whitney criterion; Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion; nonparametric correlation analysis was performed.Results. The absolute content of SCFCS in the feces of patients with UC is lower than the reference values. The relative content of propionic acid in the subgroup with severe attack was significantly lower than in the remission subgroup, in the subgroup with mild and moderate attack of the disease. In patients with body weight deficiency, the relative content of propionic acid is lower than in UC patients with normal or overweight. A positive relationship was found between the total content of SCFCS in feces and the amount of dietary fiber consumed in the form of fruits and vegetables. In patients with dinapenia, the relative content of butyric acid in feces is significantly lower than in patients without dinapenia.

Effects of one-hour daily outdoor access on milk yield and composition and behaviors of tethered dairy cows.

We investigated the effects of outdoor access for one-hour per day (ODA) on milk yield and composition and behaviors of tethered dairy cows. Eleven all-day tethered dairy cows were treated the ODA for two weeks. To evaluate the effect of ODA on milk yield, we first calculated the average daily milk yield of each cow for three days during two weeks before the ODA, three days before the ODA, three days at the end of the ODA, and three days during two weeks after the ODA. We then compared the milk yield change during the ODA with that for two weeks before and two weeks after the ODA. The effects of ODA on milk compositions and behaviors were evaluated by comparing the average values for each composition and behavior for the three days before the ODA and the last three days of the ODA. The decrease of milk yield during the two weeks of ODA was significantly higher than that during the two weeks before ODA (p<0.01). The milk fat rate was significantly higher during ODA than before ODA (p<0.05). Lactose rate was significantly lower during ODA than before ODA (p<0.05). The concentrations of milk urea nitrogen, ketone bodies, and free fatty acids in the milk were significantly higher during ODA than before ODA (p<0.05). The mean total duration per day of lying during ODA was significantly lower than that before ODA (p<0.05). The walking steps per one-hour outdoor access were 158.4 ± 54.7. The social behavior during the one-hour outdoor access of the 11 cows was 53 times/h/herd. . Our results suggested that ODA promotes the express of normal behavior in dairy cows, but even one hour of ODA decreases milk production in cows, which may drop producers' profits without some financial supplementation.

A lysing polysaccharide monooxygenase from Aspergillus niger effectively facilitated rumen microbial fermentation of rice straw.

This study investigated the impact of Aspergillus niger lysing polysaccharide monooxygenase (AnLPMO) on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of rice straw. AnLPMO was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyzed the surface structure of rice straw after AnLPMO treatment. Two in vitro experiments, coupled with 16S high-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR techniques, assessed the influence of AnLPMO on rumen microbial fermentation of rice straw. AnLPMO exhibited peak activity at 40 °C and pH 6.5, with a preference for rice straw xylan hydrolysis, followed by Avicel. AnLPMO application led to the fractional removal of cellulose and hemicelluloses and a notable reduction in the levels of carbon elements and C-C groups present on the surface of rice straw. Compared to the control (no AnLPMO), supplementing AnLPMO at 1.1 U-2.0 U significantly enhanced in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD, P < 0.01), total gas production (P < 0.01), and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA, P < 0.01), acetate (P < 0.01), and ammonia-N (P < 0.01). Particularly, the 1.4 U AnLPMO group showed a 14.8% increase in IVDMD. In the second experiment, compared to deactivated AnLPMO (1.4 U), supplementing bioactive AnLPMO at 1.4 U increased IVDMD (P = 0.01), total gas production (P = 0.04), and concentrations of total VFA (P < 0.01), propionate (P < 0.01), and ammonia-N (P < 0.01), with a limited 9.6% increase in IVDMD. Supplementing AnLPMO stimulated the growth of ruminal bacterial taxa facilitating fiber degradation, including Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Succinivibrio, Rikenellaceae_RC9_Gut_Group, Prevotelaceae_UCG-003, Desulfovibrio, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefaciens, Prevotella bryantii, P. ruminicola, and Treponema bryantii. These findings highlight AnLPMO's potential as a feed additive for improving rice straw utilization in ruminant production.

Optimising seafood nutritional value and environmental sustainability in aquaculture through a novel integrated modelling tool applicable to IMTA and monoculture

Aquaculture policies that decrease the reliance on wild-caught fish and promote integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) both aim to lessen the environmental footprint but often overlook economic-environmental trade-offs and neglect social, health, and broad-scale sustainability considerations. Here we present a new bio-physical model (FYNE) that bridges some of these gaps, by linking farm operational choices, such as feed choices and farm siting, with the nutritional value of the farm-gate seafood products and the resulting environmental eutrophication footprint at the farm level. The FYNE model operates both in conditions of monoculture or of IMTA production, and estimates feed composition effects on growth and omega-3 fatty acid content of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), and nitrogen and carbon concentrations, the latter being a measure of the environmental eutrophication footprint of the farm. The model here developed integrates for the first time (i) an ecosystem model of an IMTA and (ii) a fatty acid dynamics model, with new models for salmon feed digestibility and mussel ingestion. The outputs span (i) production analysis for simulation of biomass; (ii) farm mass-balance analysis on deposition analysis and environmental eutrophication footprint; and (iii) product nutritional quality, in terms of fatty acid content. An application of the model to an IMTA farm in Scotland (UK) demonstrates how fatty acid and environmental changes can be modelled in tandem and could be used to support the industry to optimize the nutritional value of cultured species and manage aquatic environmental eutrophication footprint at farm level, informing feed and siting decisions. The model effectively predicts changes in omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA, in response to variations in feed composition. Notably, our results confirm that salmon waste has limited influence on mussel growth due to the spatial separation within the IMTA system, which emphasizes the need for strategic siting to enhance system productivity through effective waste recycling. Additionally, results show that while increasing fishmeal in diets enhances environmental outcomes, it reduces levels of critical fatty acids like DHA and EPA, underscoring the need for balanced feed formulations. The method developed in this study described a novel integrated model (FYNE) that extend previous modelling work by incorporating the influence of farmed species feed composition on fatty acid dynamics as well as the farming environmental factors.

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Droppings as Sensitive Markers of Chicken Health Status.

The aim of this study was to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of chicken droppings (n = 73), which were collected during different age periods and classified by visual inspection into normal (N) and abnormal (A). Significant differences were found in the texture, pH, dry matter (DM), fatty acids (FAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and volatile compounds (VCs) between the tested dropping groups (p ≤ 0.05). The age period of the chicken had a significant influence on the color coordinates, texture, pH, DM, and SCFA contents in N and A as well as on all FAs content in N (p ≤ 0.05). Droppings from the N group had a harder texture, lower values of a* and b* color coordinates, higher DM content, higher level of linoleic FA, and lower level of α-linolenic FA than the droppings from the A group in each age period (p ≤ 0.05). The predominant SCFA was acetic acid, the content of which was significantly lower in the N group compared to that of the A group. The alcohol and organic acid contents were the highest in most of the A group at different age periods, while ketones dominated in the N and A groups. In conclusion, the majority of the tested dropping characteristics were influenced by the age period. While certain characteristics demonstrate differences between N and A, a likely broader range of droppings is required to provide more distinct trends regarding the distribution of characteristics across different droppings.

Enhancing biomethanation performance through co-digestion of diverse organic wastes: a comprehensive study on substrate optimization, inoculum selection, and microbial community analysis.

A blend of organic municipal solid waste, slaughterhouse waste, fecal sludge, and landfill leachate was selected in different mixing ratios to formulate the best substrate mixture for biomethanation. Individual substrates were characterized, and the mixing ratio was optimized with the help of a response surface methodology tool to a value of 1:1:1:1 (with a C/N ratio of 28±0.769 and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of 2500±10.53 mg/L) to improve the overall biomethanation. The optimized blend (C/N ratio: 28.6, VFA: 2538 mg/L) was characterized for physicochemical, biological, and microbial properties and subjected to anaerobic digestion in lab-scale reactors of 1000 mL capacity with and without the addition of inoculum. The biogas yield of individual substrates and blends was ascertained separately. The observed cumulative biogas yield over 21 days from the non-inoculated substrates varied between 142±1.95 mL (24.6±0.3 ml/gVS) and 1974.5±21.72 mL (270.4±3.1 ml/gVS). In comparison, the addition of external inoculation at a 5% rate (w/w) of the substrate uplifted the minimum and maximum cumulative gas yield values to 203±9.9 mL (35.0±1.6 mL/gVS) and 3394±13.4 mL (315.3±1.2 mL/gVS), respectively. The inoculum procured from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was screened in advance, considering factors such as maximizing VFA production and consumption rate, biogas yield, and digestate quality. A similar outcome regarding biogas yield and digestate quality was observed for the equivalent blend. The cumulative gas yield increased from 2673±14.5 mL (373.7±2.2 mL/gVS) to 4284±111.02 mL (391.47±20.02 mL/gVS) over 21 days post-application of a similar dosage of DRDO inoculum. The 16S rRNA genomic analysis revealed that the predominant bacterial population belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, with the majority falling within the orders Clostridiales and Lactobacillales. Ultimately, the study advocates the potential of the blend mentioned above for biomethanation and concomitant enrichment of both biogas yield and digestate quality.

Characteristics of mountain vs. lowland dairy products

SummaryBesides the clean environment, mountain pastures are important sources of bioactive compounds that contribute to the quality of dairy products resulting from animals grazing there. This review aimed to compare the main differences among mountain and lowland dairies in terms of chemical composition, physical and sensory properties and microflora. The most important factors influencing final product properties are the biodiversity of pastures and the abundance of plants in terpenes and fatty acids, farm practices, animal breeds and climatic conditions. Differences between dairies from lowland and mountain products were observed regarding the sensory profile, microflora and nutritional and functional value. The comparisons of the results presented in the literature concluded that some mountain dairies presented more than 50% higher content of terpenes compared to lowland products. Furthermore, the amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were more than 15% greater in mountain products compared to lowland ones, conjugated linoleic acids more than 35%, n−6 and n−3 PUFA more than 10%, while the saturated fatty acids content was reported to be more than 3% lower in mountain dairies. In conclusion, mountain dairy products can be distinguished from lowland ones, especially by their content of terpenes and fatty acid profile, along with the microflora which are influenced by livestock management.

Effects of different dietary energy levels on growth performance, meat quality and nutritional composition, rumen fermentation parameters, and rumen microbiota of fattening Angus steers.

This study investigates the effects of varying energy levels in diets on Black Angus steers, focusing on growth performance, muscle composition, rumen microbial community, and their interrelationships. Twenty-seven Black Angus steers, aged approximately 22 months and weighing 520 ± 40 kilograms, were randomly divided into three groups: low-energy (LE), medium-energy (ME), and high-energy (HE). Each group consisted of nine individuals. The steers were fed diets with energy levels of 6.657 MJ/kg (LE), 7.323 MJ/kg (ME), and 7.990 MJ/kg (HE) following a 14-day pre-feeding period, with a subsequent 90-day main experimental phase. After the 90-day feeding period, both the HE and ME groups exhibited significantly higher average daily weight gain (ADG) compared to the LE group (p < 0.05). The feed-to-weight ratios were lower in the HE and ME groups compared to the LE group (p < 0.05). The HE group showed significantly higher crude fat content in the longissimus dorsi muscle compared to the LE group (p < 0.05), with total fatty acid content in the muscle surpassing that in the ME and LE groups (p < 0.05). As dietary energy levels increased, the diversity of the rumen microbial community decreased (p < 0.05), and significant differences in bacterial community structure were observed between the LE and HE groups (p < 0.05). The results suggest that higher dietary energy levels enhance growth performance and alter muscle composition in Black Angus steers, while also influencing the rumen microbial community. This study contributes to understanding optimal dietary strategies for finishing Angus cattle to improve beef quality, economic returns, and the development of standardized production procedures.

Simulated cold spell: Changes of lipid metabolism on silver pomfret during cooling and rewarming

In recent decades, frequent extreme cold spells have led to fluctuations in water temperature. As poikilotherm, fish adapt to the environmental temperature through a series of physiological and metabolic regulation. Silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is an economical marine fish, a potential candidate for aquaculture. To investigate the impact of cold stress and subsequent rewarming on the energy metabolism of silver pomfret, we simulated an extreme cold spell by gradually lowering water temperature from 18 °C to 6 °C, followed by a gradual rise to 12 °C. The findings revealed notable trends: as the water temperature dropped to 12 °C, there was a significant increase in fatty acid content. However, upon reaching 6 °C, the condition factor (CF) decreased, accompanied by a reduction in liver mass. During the rewarming phase, severe tissue damage was observed in both muscle and liver tissues, alongside elevated AST and ALT activity. Besides, silver pomfret consumed stored fatty acids, CF, hepatosomatic index and n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio were higher than other groups once the water temperature returned to 12 °C. Further transcriptome sequencing of the liver revealed significant enrichment in numerous metabolism-related pathways through KEGG and GO analyses. Ten differentially expressed genes (DEGs), encoding pivotal enzymes in lipid metabolism, were identified from pathways such as the PPAR signaling pathway and fatty acid degradation. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that silver pomfret shields against injury by modulating fatty acid composition. This hypothesis found validation in P. argenteus liver cells, where acsl1, cpt1 and cpt2 were identified to facilitate lipid activation and transportation. Knocking down acsl1 impacted the utilization of lipid droplets, further affirming this mechanism. This study sheds light on the adaptive strategies of economically significant fish species in confronting extreme cold spells, providing valuable insights for future reference.

PSIII-15 Effect of dietary fatty acids composition on growth performance, fecal consistency, and plasma fatty acid profile of weaned pigs

Abstract Dietary lipids are an important source of energy and fatty acids (FA), which have critical roles in mucosal immune responses, epithelial barrier functions, and overall intestinal development. Therefore, including fat in nursery pig diets can be used as a nutritional strategy to optimize pig growth performance and intestinal health after weaning. This study evaluated the effects of two different dietary fatty acid compositions derived from conventional soybean oil (CSO) and/or high oleic soybean oil (HOSO) supplementation on growth performance, fecal consistency, and plasma FA profile of weaned pigs. A total of 208 weaned pigs (body weights = 4.96 ± 0.8 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and allotted to 16 pens of 13 pigs each. Experimental diets met NRC (2012) requirements and were provided in a 3-phase nursery feeding program: Phase 1 (d 0-d7), Phase 2 (d 8-d21), and Phase 3 (d 22-d42). Pens were assigned to one of two dietary treatments consisting of two dietary FA compositions derived from the supplementation of 3% of either CSO (20% Oleic acid; 50% Linoleic acid; 6% Linolenic acid) or HOSO (44% Oleic acid; 30% Linoleic acid; 3% Linolenic acid). Feed disappearance and body weight were measured at d 0, 21, and 42. Pen fecal score was assigned daily from d 0 to 21 and then 3 times per week until d 42. Blood samples were collected on d 21 (2 pigs/pen) for plasma FA profile analysis. Performance data were analyzed using T-TEST and fecal score using PROC FREQ procedures of SAS. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed CSO supplemented diets had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) body weight (8.6 vs. 7.4 kg) and daily gain (0.17 vs. 0.12 kg). In addition, daily feed intake and feed efficiency tended to be 23% and 16% greater in CSO-fed pigs, respectively. From d 21 to d 42, there were no differences between dietary treatments for growth performance. Overall nursery period, pigs fed CSO had greater (P ≤ 0.1) daily gain than HOSO pigs (0.34 vs. 0.30 kg). Pigs fed CSO had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic FA while pigs fed HOSO had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of palmitoleic and oleic FA. There were no differences in fecal scores in wk 1 and 2. However, pigs fed CSO had less incidence of soft and watery feces (χ2 &amp;lt; 0.1) in wk 3 to 6. In conclusion, a greater dietary content of linoleic and linolenic FA promoted pig growth performance and reduced incidence of diarrhea after weaning compared with greater content of oleic FA.

80 Substitution of dried distiller’s grains with soybean meal on beef cattle diets: Effects on ruminal ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of substitution of dried distiller grains with soybean meal on beef cattle diets in ruminal ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Red Angus steers [n = 4; body weight (BW) = 360 ± 9 kg] with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas, were used in a 4 × 4 latin square. Diets (TMR) consisted of dry-rolled corn (70%), hay (10%), liquid supplement (5%), and test ingredients (15%). Treatments were [dry matter (DM) basis]: 1) 15.0% DDGS (CON); SBM in replacement of 50% of DDGS (SBM50); SBM in replacement of 75% of DDGS (SBM75), and SBM in replacement of 100% of DDGS (SBM100). Each period lasted 18-d, consisting of a 7-d diet adaptation followed by an 11-d collection period. Rumen fluid was collected at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h post-feeding on d 16. Ruminal digesta was strained through two layers of cheesecloth and two 10-mL aliquots of ruminal fluid were collected and stored at −20°C until further analysis of ammonia and VFA concentrations. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment, sampling time, and their interaction as fixed effects, and animal and period as random effects. No treatment by day interactions (P ≥ 0.84) were observed for ammonia or VFA. Ammonia concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.01) for SBM75 compared with SBM100 and CON, with intermediate values observed for SBM50 (Table 1). Moreover, ammonia was greater (P ≤ 0.01) at 0h compared with 6, 8, and 12h post-feeding. Acetate was greater (P ≤ 0.01) for SBM75 and SBM100 compared with CON and SBM50. Concentrations of propionate were greatest (P ≤ 0.01) for SBM100 and least for CON, with SBM50 and SBM75 being intermediate. Further, propionate was greater (P ≤ 0.01) at 16h compared with 0 and 2 h post-feeding, with all other times being intermediate. Isobutyrate was less (P ≤ 0.01) for CON than all other treatments, and greater concentrations (P ≤ 0.01) were observed at -2 compared with 14 and 16 h post-feeding. Butyrate was greatest (P ≤ 0.01) in SBM75, followed by CON and SBM50; SBM50 was similar to SBM100. Butyrate concentrations were similar -2 and 0 h post feeding, which were less (P ≤ 0.01) than all other times. Isovalerate was greater (P ≤ 0.01) for CON than SBM50 and SBM75, and similar to SBM100. Valerate was greatest (P ≤ 0.01) for SBM75 and SBM100 followed by SBM 50 and CON which had the least valerate value. Overall, our results show that SBM75 resulted in greater concentrations of ammonia, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and valerate compared with CON. These data suggest that 75% substitution of DDGS with SBM has the potential to optimize microbial fermentation. To complement these results, we are currently evaluating rumen protein degradation profiles and amino acid flow to small intestine.

Fucoidan from Apostichopus japonicus ameliorates alcoholic liver disease by regulating gut-liver axis homeostasis

Long-term and excessive alcohol consumption can lead to the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), characterized by oxidative damage, intestinal barrier injury, and disruption of intestinal microbiota. In this study, we extracted fucoidan (Aj-FUC) from Apostichopus japonicus using enzymatic methods and characterized its structure. The ALD model was established in male Balb/c mice using 56° Baijiu, with silymarin as a positive control. Mice were orally administered 100 mg/kg·bw and 300 mg/kg·bw of Aj-FUC for 28 days to evaluate its effects on liver injury in ALD mice and explore its potential role in modulating the gut-liver axis. The results showed significant improvements in histopathological changes and liver disease in the Aj-FUC group. Aj-FUC treatment significantly increased the levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) while weakly reduced the elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) induced by ALD. It also regulated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, collectively alleviating hepatic oxidative stress. Aj-FUC intervention upregulated the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin, thus contributing to repair the intestinal barrier. Additionally, Aj-FUC increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and regulated the imbalance in gut microbiota. These results suggested that Aj-FUC alleviates ALD by modulating the gut-liver axis homeostasis. It may prove to be a useful dietary supplement in the treatment of alcoholic liver damage.

PSI-12 Dietary isoacids modulate nutrient digestibility and fermentation products in ileal digesta and feces of growing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets

Abstract Branched-chain fatty acids, or isoacids, are the product of branched-chain amino acid fermentation and have been associated with benefits on the productivity of ruminants, primarily by positively modulating gut microbes and promoting gastrointestinal health. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal inclusion level of isoacid blend product based on apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and fermentation products in growing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets. Twelve cannulated pigs [body weight (BW) = 20.9 + 0.6 kg] were used in a 5-period switch-back design with 6 diets and 2 replicate pigs in each period (n = 10 observations per dietary treatment). Experimental diets consisted of increasing levels (0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%) of an isoacid blend (isobutyrate, isovalerate, and 2-methyl butyrate, 1:1:1) added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Each experimental period lasted 14 d: 10 d for acclimatization to the diets, 2 d for fecal collection, and 2 d for digesta collection. Diets, fecal, and ileal digesta samples were analyzed for gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), fiber composition, amino acids (AA), and titanium. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids and ammonia were analyzed in digesta and fecal samples. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing levels of isoacids. Dietary supplementation of isoacids improved (P &amp;lt; 0.1, linear and/or quadratic) AID of crude fiber and hemicellulose and most of the indispensable AA (except Met+Cys, Trp, and Val) as well as ATTD of CP, GE, neutral detergent fiber, and hemicellulose. In addition, ATTD of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Met+Cys, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val increased quadratically (P &amp;lt; 0.1). Collectively, 1% isoacid inclusion promoted the greatest responses in most measured variables (% increase: unsupplemented vs. 1%): AID of Lys (9.3%), Met (5.7%), Thr (17.8%), Leu (7.4%), Ile (9.2%), Phe (7.8%), His (5.9%), Arg (4.9%); ATTD of CP (2.1%), GE (1.3%), NDF (3.9%), hemicellulose (&amp;gt;50%), overall indispensable AA (9.5%), overall dispensable AA (8.6%). On the other hand, the inclusion of isoacids quadratically increased (P = 0.071) the concentration of ammonia and decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.1) the concentration of acetic acid, iso-valeric acid, and total VFA in ileal digesta samples. In fecal samples, the proportion of acetic acid decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) quadratically while the proportion of propionic, valeric, and caproic acids increased (P &amp;lt; 0.1). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of isoacids at 1% can improve dietary nutrient digestibility, particularly ileal AA digestibility. Based on the changes in fermentation products, the modulation of intestinal microbiota through the gastrointestinal tract could be potentially related to the effects of isoacids on nutrient digestibility. However, the effects of isoacids supplementation on intestinal microbiota must be determined.

PSI-18 Effects of heat treatment and multi-carbohydrase supplementation on the digestibility of phosphorus in field peas fed to growing pigs

Abstract Most plant-based feed ingredients contain about two-thirds of their total P as phytate. Mineral elements are chelated to phytate or entrapped in plant cell walls, and microbial or enzymatic breakdown of cell walls may be able to release entrapped P, thus leading to improvement of the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P in pigs. Heat treatment is one of the processing methods that improve the digestibility of fiber in various feedstuffs for pigs. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of heat treatment and multi-carbohydrase supplementation on the ATTD and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in peas fed to growing pigs. A total of 18 pigs (23.9 ± 1.3 kg) were assigned to 1 of 3 diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. Three experimental diets were formulated: 1) non-heated or 2) heat-treated (pelleted) peas as the sole source of P, and 3) heat-treated peas with multi-carbohydrase supplementation. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 12 d, including 7 d for adaptation and 5 d for total collection of feces. Pigs were offered their daily ration at 2.8 times their maintenance energy requirement. Samples of ingredients, diets, and feces were analyzed for dry matter, Ca, and P. Fecal samples were analyzed for mixed bacterial mass (MBM) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. An alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance and P ≤ 0.10 was considered a trend. Pigs fed the diet that contained heat-treated peas with carbohydrase supplementation tended to have greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) ATTD and STTD of P than pigs fed the diet containing heat-treated peas without enzyme. The values of STTD of P were 54.4, 47.3, and 55.0% for diets containing raw peas, heat-treated peas, and heat-treated peas with carbohydrase supplementation, respectively. Heat treatment and enzyme supplementation did not affect the ATTD of Ca in peas fed to growing pigs. No significant differences were observed in fecal MBM-P and VFA concentrations. In conclusion, carbohydrase supplementation tended to increase the digestibility of P in heat-treated peas fed to growing pigs, however, there was no difference in P digestibility between raw and heat-treated peas. Heat treatment and carbohydrase supplementation did not affect fecal MBM-P and VFA concentrations in growing pigs.

233 Inclusion of a multispecies fungal feed additive in forage-based diets fed to beef cattle: Effects on growth performance and ruminal fermentation

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of adding a multispecies fungal feed additive (MFA; Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae) to forage-based diets fed to beef cattle on growth performance and ruminal fermentation. Experiment 1 evaluated the effect of supplementing Angus × SimAngus-crossbred steers [n = 80; initial body weight (BW) = 370 ± 44 kg] with varying doses of an MFA in a randomized complete block design. Steers were blocked by BW and housed in 8 feedlot pens (randomly assigned 2 pens per treatment) where a hay-based diet was fed for 122 d. The hay-based diet was offered with the inclusion of the MFA at 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 % of the diet dry matter (DM), or without the inclusion of the MFA (CON). Steers were weighed at 28-d intervals. For experiment 2, ruminally cannulated Angus × SimAngus cows (n = 4; initial BW = 569 ± 21 kg) were used in a crossover design with two 21-d study periods to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of an MFA on in situ digestion and rumen metabolites. Treatments consisted of a forage-based diet with (WFA) or without (CON) the inclusion of the MFA. In situ digestion was evaluated on d 5, 10, and 20 throughout each period. In-situ bags were incubated in the rumen for 0 to 36 h, sampling every 4 h. On d 20, samples of ruminal fluid were collected to analyze short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration. All data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. For experiment 1, a polynomial contrast was used. For experiment 2, the interaction between period and treatment was not significant (P &amp;gt; 0.45). In Experiment 1, the final BW, average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) changed cubically (P ≤ 0.04; Table 1) as dietary inclusion of the MFA increased. Steers supplemented with the MFA at a rate of 0.02% of the diet DM were heavier at the end of the 122-d study period and had the greatest ADG and G:F among treatments. No differences between treatments (P ≥ 0.37) were observed for dry matter intake. In Experiment 2, no treatment × time interactions and treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.17; Table 2) for the in-situ disappearance rate and degradation kinetics of the diet DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. In addition, MFA supplementation did not affect (P ≥ 0.13; Table 3) the SCFA profile and the total SCFA content in the rumen fluid. Results from these studies indicate that dietary inclusion of an MFA might be an effective alternative to increase the feed efficiency of beef cattle-fed forage-based diets. However, the precise mode of action warrants further investigations.

Nutritional compositions of native mudskipper (Apocryptes bato) fish influenced by sex: A first report on nutritional profiling of mudskipper in Bangladesh

Native mudskipper (Apocryptes bato) is a freshwater fish species found in the riverine coastal area of Bangladesh. However, nutritional compositions of this fish are still unknown. Thus, as pioneer report, the study aims to determine the chemical compositions, minerals content, amino acids and fatty acids profiles of male and female native mudskipper collected from the Payra River in Bangladesh. The results revealed that female mudskipper had significantly (p < 0.05) higher protein, lipid, ash and energy content in comparison to male mudskipper. The total essential amino acid (EAA) ratio in male (299.59 ± 3.90 mg/g) was observed to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in contrast to female (250.86 2.04 mg/g) that maintains the FAO/WHO minimum guidance about 40 % for both sexes. With respect to fatty acids content, female were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 8.54 %) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 4.89 %) than in male of EPA (6.31 %) and DHA (3.60 %), respectively. However, male had significantly (p < 0.05) higher atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) index in comparison to female. The lipid indices (p <0.05) HH, HPI, FLQ and ω-3/ω-6 ratio showed higher 1.14, 1.40, 15.04 and 3.76 for female that was little lower for the male 1.05, 1.21, 11.11 and 3.41, respectively. Female had significantly (p < 0.05) higher mineral levels than male. The study summarize that both male and female species are nutrient enriched including higher minerals, essential amino acids and lipid quality indices. Thus, it could be concluded that nutritionally both male and female mudskipper could be benefited for the human health.

Impact of silver nanoparticles on secondary metabolite composition and toxicity in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) callus culture

BackgroundThere are numerous challenges associated with producing desired amounts of secondary metabolites (SMs), which are mostly unique and cannot be chemically synthesized. Many studies indicate that nanoparticles (NPs) can boost the production of SMs. Still, the precise manner in which NPs induce metabolic changes remains unidentified. This study examines the influence of eco-friendly silver NPs (AgNPs) on the chemical makeup and toxicity of Pimpinella anisum L. (anise).ResultsAgNPs were introduced into anise callus cultures at different concentrations (0, 1.0, 5.0, 10, and 20 mg/L). The induced oxidative stress was tracked over intervals of 7, 14, 28, and 35 days. Chemical composition evaluations were carried out on the 35th day. Within the first 14 days, plant stress was evident, though the plant adapted to the stress later on. Notably, the plant showed high tolerance at 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L concentrations despite increased toxicity levels. However, relatively high toxicity levels were identified at 10 and 20 mg/L. The AgNP-induced stress significantly impacted anise SMs, particularly affecting fatty acid content. In the 10 and 20 mg/L AgNP groups, essential metabolites, including palmitic and linoleic acid, showed a significant increase. Polyunsaturated (omega) and monounsaturated fatty acids, vital for the food and pharmaceutical industries, saw substantial growth in the 1 and 5 mg/L AgNP groups. For the first time, vanillyl alcohol and 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid were detected along with various phenolic compounds, such as t-anethole, Salicylic acid, and Thiamazole.ConclusionAgNPs can function as an elicitor to efficiently generate essential SMs such as omegas and phenolic compounds in anise callus culture. This study explores the application of AgNPs as plant elicitors in anise SM production, offering invaluable insight into potential uses.

35 Role and mechanism of supplemental methionine in metabolic stress of broilers raised at high ambient temperature or stock density

Abstract Current poultry production practices may render fast-growing broilers prone to metabolic stresses induced by high ambient temperatures and(or) high stocking densities. As the first limiting amino acid of broilers fed corn-soy diets, methionine also serves as a free radical scavenger. Our laboratory has explored metabolic effects and biochemical mechanisms of supplemental methionine in grower and finisher diets for broilers raised at high temperature or high stock density. In Experiment 1, a total of 360 male, 1 d-old Cornish cockerel chicks were fed four diets (10 pens/treatment, 9 chicks/pen): 100 or 130% required methionine in the diets as DL-methionine (DL-MET) or 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate (HMTBA). The room was maintained at 4 to 13oC above the suggested thermoneutral temperature. The 130% DL-MET and HMTBA diets enhanced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) hepatic GSH concentrations of growers and plasma ferric reducing ability of finishers than the 100% diets. The DL-MET-fed growers had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05%) muscle GSH and hepatic unsaturated fatty acid concentrations than those fed HMTBA. The methionine form and concentration exerted an interaction effect (P &amp;lt; 0.05) on the expression of inflammation-related genes in the liver of finishers. In Experiment 2, we determined if 30% extra DL-MET alleviated adverse effects of a greater stocking density on broilers. A total of 560 male, 1 d-old Cornish cockerels were housed at two stocking densities (9 and 12 birds/m2) and fed two concentrations of DL-MET (grower: 2.90 or 3.77 g/kg and finisher: 2.60 or 3.38 g/kg). The high stocking density decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) body weight and growth performance of growers and(or) finishers. Those differences were largely removed or attenuated by the 130% DL-MET diet. There were interaction effects (P &amp;lt; 0.05) between dietary DL-MET concentrations and stocking densities on activities of glutathione S-transferase in the liver of growers and the breast, thigh, and adipose tissue of finishers as well as on activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the thigh of growers. The 130% DL-MET diet decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) hepatic gene expression of heat shock protein 90 (18%) and malondialdehyde concentrations in the thigh and breast of finishers (35%). In summary, the high ambient temperature-induced metabolic responses of broilers were mediated by the extra methionine supplementation. That function varied with the chicken age and(or) tissue and the methionine form. Meanwhile, the 30% extra DL-MET addition partially reversed adverse effects caused by the greater stocking density, partially via improving tissue redox status. (This research was supported in part by Evonik Nutrition &amp; Care GmbH, and was published: J. Anim. Sci. 97:4883-4894; J. Anim. Sci. 98:skaa092. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa092).

Fatty acid composition and biophysical characteristics of the cell membrane of feline spermatozoa

Sperm membrane composition and biophysical characteristics play a pivotal role in many physiological processes (i.e. sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction and fusion with the oocyte) as well as in semen processing (e.g. cryopreservation). The aim of this study was to characterize the fatty acid content and biophysical characteristics (anisotropy, generalized polarization) of the cell membrane of domestic cat spermatozoa. Semen was collected from 34 adult male cats by urethral catheterization. After a basic semen evaluation, the fatty acid content of some of the samples (n = 11) was evaluated by gas chromatography. Samples from other individuals (n = 23) were subjected to biophysical analysis: membrane anisotropy (which is inversely proportional to membrane fluidity) and generalized polarization (describing lipid order); both measured by fluorimetry at three temperature points: 38 °C, 25 °C and 5 °C. Spermatozoa from some samples (n = 10) were cryopreserved in TRIS egg yolk-glycerol extender and underwent the same biophysical analysis after thawing. Most fatty acids in feline spermatozoa were saturated (69.76 ± 24.45%), whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was relatively low (6.12 ± 5.80%). Lowering the temperature caused a significant decrease in membrane fluidity and an increase in generalized polarization in fresh spermatozoa, and these effects were even more pronounced following cryopreservation. Anisotropy at 38 °C in fresh samples showed strong positive correlations with viability and motility parameters after thawing. In summary, feline spermatozoa are characterized by a very low PUFA content and a low ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids, which may contribute to low oxidative stress. Cryopreservation alters the structure of the sperm membrane, increasing the fluidity of the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer and the lipid order in the hydrophilic portion. Because lower membrane fluidity in fresh semen was linked with better viability and motility after cryopreservation, this parameter may be considered an important factor in determination of sperm cryoresistance.