Butyl Acrylate Content Research Articles

Development and formulation of a novel plasticizer-free polyvinyl acetate-based wood adhesive

Amongst water-based emulsion adhesives, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion is majorly employed in the non-structural bonding of interior or exterior furniture and joinery industries. However, PVAc emulsion requires plasticizers, which inherently have challenges resulting in deteriorating thermal and mechanical properties. Hence, the present work focuses on formulating a plasticizer-free adhesive by copolymerizing vinyl acetate with butyl acrylate (BA). The physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of BA-incorporated adhesives were analyzed by viscosity, pH, water contact angle, pencil hardness test of films, and differential scanning calorimetry. Optimizing strategy by varying the content of BA was evaluated. The shear strength of the samples on the wood specimen was verified in dry conditions at various intervals, and in wet conditions as per EN 204 standard. The viscosity of the adhesives exhibited a positive shift, as the concentration BA increased. The hardness of PVAc films was also altered positively by the addition of BA. Water contact angle measurement unveiled the hydrophobic nature of BA incorporation. The performance of the newly formulated adhesive tested on dry conditions showed enhanced tensile shear strength, and the values were maximum for 1 wt. % BA sample. Tensile shear strength value measured at dry conditions after 7 d of drying displayed an increment of ∼5.5% on 1 wt. % BA sample, compared to pristine adhesive. Analysis at wet conditions also corroborated enhanced performance with BA incorporation. Hence by optimizing the content of BA, a new concept of PVAc emulsion adhesive without any plasticizer can be formulated, with enhanced water resistance and performance.

Enhanced Pickering Emulsion Stabilization of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Application for Reinforced and Hydrophobic Coatings

For oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions, a new polymer stabilizer of butyl acrylate (BA) grafted cellulose nanocrystals (BA-g-CNCS) has been developed. By adjusting the BA concentration, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces of BA-g-CNCs could be systematically modified based on the controllable interface activity. Specifically, the emulsification stability of the as-prepared stabilizer was examined as a function of BA content, BA-g-CNCS usage, and oil type. The results showed that the Pickering emulsion stabilized by BA-g-CNCS had a 98% volume fraction of emulsion with long-term stability. Importantly, BA-g-CNCS could be a promising choice for polymer stabilizers and could generate high internal phase Pickering emulsions without cross-linking when combined with 13% BA and 1.75% BA-g-CNCS. Furthermore, it was established that BA-g-CNCs possessed self-emulsifying quality, worked as hydrophobic coatings, and improved the mechanical properties. This was of fundamental interest to polymer stabilizer and functional coatings, allowing for promising applications in coating fields such as fabrics, leather, paper, controlled encapsulation, and the release of actives in material science.

Lipophilic monomer tackifying hydrogel antifouling coatings prepared by soap free emulsion polymerization and its performance

Lipophilic monomer tackifying hydrogel with good adhesion ability on organic substrates prepared in oily systems contain a large number of volatile organic compounds(VOCs). In this study, lipophilic monomer tackifying hydrogel prepolymers were fabricated in an aqueous system by soap-free emulsion polymerization to solve the above problems. The effects of reaction temperature, monomer type and comonomer ratio on soap-free emulsion polymerization were investigated. The structure of the hydrogel antifouling material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The adhesion properties of the lipophilic monomer tackifying hydrogel antifouling material on the organic substrate were investigated by a “static seawater immersion panel experiment” and “dynamic rotating seawater experiment”. The antifouling ability of the lipophilic monomer tackifying hydrogel was investigated by inhibiting the adhesion of microalgae and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and panels tests in a real marine environment. The results showed that the lipophilic monomer tackifying hydrogel antifouling material with good adhesion on an organic substrate was successfully prepared by soap-free emulsion polymerization. When the molar content of butyl acrylate was 30%, it did not fall off after 28 days of the dynamic rotating experiment. The change in water absorption caused by the acrylic acid content has a direct impact on protein adhesion. Panels in the real marine environment experiments displayed that the lipophilic monomer tackifying hydrogel had considerable inhibitory ability on biological attachment.

Improving the digital to garment inkjet printing properties of cotton by control the butyl acrylate content of the surface treatment agent

Direct to garment inkjet printing (DGIP) is an eco-friendly textile dyeing method that utilizes a simple process with a small amount of ink for textile products. In general, water-based pigment ink is printed on the surface of cotton; however, due to the high hydrophilicity of cotton's surface, the ink is absorbed excessively, which causes ink smearing, low color strength, and unstable wet rubbing fastness characteristics. In this study, the surface treatment agent (STA) for DGIP, which improved the color strength, wet-rubbing fastness of cotton, and STA dispersion stability characteristics, was enhanced by controlling the butyl-acrylate (BA, soft segment) and the vinyl-acetate (VA, rigid segment) ratios. The wet-rubbing fastness improved as the BA ratio increased though the color strength and ink sharpness properties deteriorated. The total K/S color strength of the surface-treated cotton using the BA30 condition was improved by 30% wet rubbing fastness class 3–4 than neat cotton, and the ink smearing phenomenon was verified to decrease. Ultimately, an optimal STA condition was established by adjusting the ratio of BA and VA wt% where the DGIP characteristics of printed cotton verified that these were the simplest parameters to adjust for optimal impact.

A critical evaluation of novel demulsifying agents based on acrylic terpolymers for Mexican heavy crude oils dehydration

• Random acrylic terpolymers as demulsifying agents for crude oil. • Trifunctional molecule with exceptional dehydrating and clarifying capacities. • Higher performance to dehydrate crude oils than commercial formulations. • Prediction of dehydrating efficiency as function of the crude oil properties. A novel kind of random acrylic terpolymers based on butyl acrylate (B), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (Ae), and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (Ce) monomers was obtained by emulsion polymerization. Monomers’ weight ratios were varied, keeping in all cases a higher content of butyl acrylate (60, 70, 80, and 90 wt%) and controlling the number average molecular mass ( M ¯ n ) during polymerization. The random acrylic terpolymers were characterized by spectroscopic techniques; subsequently evaluated as demulsifier agents in three aged heavy crude oils of 7.55, 6.11, and 3.33 °API (apparent gravities), which form very stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. The best performance for removing the emulsified water at 80 °C was obtained with terpolymers containing 90–80 wt% of the hydrophobic monomer B and small amounts of the hydrophilic monomers Ae and Ce (BAeCe-9551 and BAeCe-8111), being more efficient than two commercial demulsifiers (FDH-1 and F-46 TRETOLITE™). Moreover, the BAeCe-9551 terpolymer was evaluated in a fresh heavy crude oil of 20.2 °API at 60 °C — temperature of separation tanks —, showing better performance as breaker, coalescer, and clarifier than FDH-1. Finally, a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was carried out employing terpolymers’ molecular parameters and crude oils’ physicochemical parameters. Only one equation fulfilled all thresholds for Q F 1 2 , Q F 2 2 , Q F 3 2 , and r m 2 parameters, proving to be the most accurate to predict the water removal efficiency (WRE) of BAeCe-1 and BAeCe-2 series terpolymers when added to heavy crude oils. This correlation will allow selecting the best terpolymer for demulsifying a petroleum stream as a function of its physicochemical characteristics.

Synthesis, Surface Tension, Flocculation and Antibacterial Properties of Cationic Copolymer Methacryloxyethyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride-Butyl Acrylate-Acrylamide

Abstract Three cationic copolymers methacryloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride-butyl acrylate-acrylamide (MTAC-BA-AM terpolymer) were designed and synthesized by emulsion polymerization. Their structures were confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR. The effect of content of hydrophobic monomer butyl acrylate (BA) in MTAC-BA-AM terpolymer on surface activities, flocculation and antibacterial properties were investigated. The study of surface tension shows that MTAC-BA-AM terpolymer has good surface activity due to the introduction of hydrophobic monomer BA. The flocculation experiment showed that the light transmittance of the kaolin suspension supernatant was 98.13% when the dose of MTAC-BA-AM terpolymer in the kaolin suspension was 0.03 mg/L, which was obviously better than the P(MTAC-AM) (91.02%) without hydrophobic modification of BA. The bacteriostatic experiment of MTAC-BA-AM terpolymer showed that as the content of hydrophobic monomer BA in MTAC-BA-AM terpolymer increased the inhibitory rate of MTAC-BA-AM terpolymer aginst Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

Hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive for seamless bonding of nylon fabric Part II: Process parameter optimization for seamless bonding of nylon fabric

This study develops hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs) for the seamless bonding of nylon fabric, using butyl acrylate as the main monomer material and mixing the functional monomer for polymerization. It is combined with 2-10phr diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide for the photoinitiator and ultraviolet irradiation is used to make a pre-polymer. The effects of butyl acrylate content, type of functional monomer, and 2-10phr diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide content on the molecular weight of acrylate pre-polymer are discussed, following the Taguchi method. The pre-polymer is then mixed with the reactive diluent glycidyl methacrylate blend and with 2-10phr diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide, coated on a release film, irradiated by ultraviolet light, and cured into hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives. The adhesive properties of hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive bonding on nylon include the peel strength, the shear strength, adhesive warpage, adhesive color difference, and adhesive overflow, which are discussed following the Taguchi method and the elimination and choice translating reality method for multi-quality analysis. Hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives are implemented by optimization parameters for practical validation. The results show that the peel strength of hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives is 1.495 kg/cm, the shear strength of hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives is 14.326 kg/cm2, adhesive warpage is 0.93 mm, adhesive color difference is 1.66, and adhesive overflow is 0.97 mm. The performance of HMPSAs in this study is enhanced effective.

New blends of ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymers with thermoplastic starch. Characterization and bacterial biodegradation

Ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) with 13% of butyl acrylate content was used to produce blends with 10, 30 and 60% of thermoplastic starch (TPS) plasticized with glycerol. Ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) was used as compatibilizer at 20% content with respect to EBA. The blends were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ATR-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), water-Contact Angle measurements (CA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Stress–strain mechanical tests. Initiated autoxidation of the polymer blends was studied by chemiluminescence (CL) confirming that the presence of the polyolefin-TPS interphase did not substantially affect the oxidative thermostability of the materials. Three bacterial species have been isolated from the blend films buried in soil and identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus borstelensis and Bacillus licheniformis. Biodegradation of the blends (28days at 45°C) was evaluated by carbon dioxide measurement using the indirect impedance technique.

Nonionic surfactant-stabilized raspberry-like polymer/silica nanoparticles latex with film formability

Raspberry-like P(St-BA)/SiO2 nanoparticle latexes were prepared via miniemulsion polymerization of styrene (St) and butyl acrylate (BA) in the presence of 20 nm glycerol-modified SiO2 sol as a Pickering emulsifier and octaphenyl polyoxyethylene (CA-897) as a nonionic surfactant, using 2,2-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as an initiator. 2-(Methacryloyl) ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (MTC) was introduced to act as an auxiliary monomer to enhance the attraction of SiO2 sol onto latex nanoparticles (NPs) via increasing their electrostatic interaction with negative-charged SiO2 sol. The average particle sizes of the latex particles can be well controlled from 200 to 360 nm by variation of the SiO2 sol content as well as soft monomer BA component. The latex NPs displayed a good colloidal stability with excellent resistance to both strong acidic and basic environment. Furthermore, the nanosized latexes exhibited good film formability. The influence of reaction parameters, e.g., the initial silica amount and soft monomer BA content was systematically investigated on the film performances, such as hardness, abrasive resistance, water absorption, gloss. The results indicated that the increase of SiO2 sol content can contribute to the increase of the film hardness and water absorption ability, while increasing BA component is beneficial to the improvement of the film gloss.

Preparation of 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate copolymer micelles for shape memory materials

ABSTRACTResearchers are actively developing shape memory polymers (SMPs) for smart biomaterials. This paper reports a new SMP system synthesized from biocompatible 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), butyl acrylate (BA) and tri(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether (TDE). Preliminary results show that the DMAEMA‐co‐BA‐co‐TDE copolymers form micelles in aqueous solution due to chemical crosslinking and hydrophobicity. The micelle size decreased with the increase in the BA content since the hydrophobicity of copolymers increases with the increase of BA content. The resulting polymer films contain–N(CH3)2 functional groups for further biomaterial applications. The thermal stability of DMAEMA‐co‐BA‐co‐TDE copolymers is determined by the DMAEMA structure and content. Moreover, the copolymers form micro‐phase‐separated structures containing a reversible amorphous soft phase, and the storage moduli decreases significantly around Tg. Therefore, good thermal‐induced shape memory effects are achieved in the DMAEMA‐co‐BA‐co‐TDE copolymers by adjusting the BA content. This work proposes a new strategy for designing smart biomaterials using a biocompatible monomer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42312.

Electroactive strain properties of acrylic resin elastomer-based composite films

Copper phthalocyanine oligomer (CuPc) possessing high dielectric constant was grafted onto acrylic elastomer (ACM) backbones to fabricate elastomeric nanocomposites (referred to here as ACM-g-CuPc) with high dielectric constant. High strain of ACM-g-CuPc film could be achieved at low electric field. The electric field-induced strain properties of ACM-g-CuPc films were studied from four aspects: the pre-stretch value, butyl acrylate (BA) content, active region-to-window radius ratio, and strain hysteresis. The results revealed that the area strain in the active region first increased and then decreased with the increase in the pre-stretch value; however, it increased with the increase in BA content and decreased with the increase in the active region-to-window radius ratio. When the active region-to-window radius ratio was 1:5, the ACM-g-CuPc film with 60 wt% BA content and 150 × 150 % pre-stretch value exhibited the maximum area strain of 23.8 % under an electric field of 12.5 MV m−1. In a complete driving period, ACM-g-CuPc film exhibited a strain hysteresis phenomenon, forming a strain hysteresis loop.

스티렌/부틸아크릴레이트/메틸메타아크릴레이트 삼원 공중합체의 투명성 및 기계적 물성

대표적인 범용 플라스틱인 폴리스티렌의 장점인 투명성을 유지하면서 단점인 낮은 내충격성을 보완하고자 투명한 아크릴레이트계 고분자의 단량체인 butyl acrylate(BA)와 methyl methacrylate(MMA)를 styrene(SM) 단량체와 현탁중합으로 중합하여 3원 공중합체를 제조하였다. SM/BA 2원 공중합체와 SM/BA/MMA 3원 공중합체를 제조하여 각각의 물성을 비교하였다. 또한 가장 충격강도가 좋은 3원 공중합체에 가교제인 dicumyl peroxide(DCP)의 함량을 변화시키면서 가교반응시켰다. 단량체의 중합조성비 및 가교제의 함량이 공중합체의 열적, 기계적 물성과 광학적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 확인하였다. 결론적으로 butyl acrylate의 함량이 증가할수록 충격강도는 높아지지만 SM/BA 2원 공중합체는 특정 조성에서 불투명하게 된다. 하지만, SM/BA/MMA 3원 공중합체는 모든 조성에서 투명하면서 비교적 높은 기계적 물성을 나타내었다. 또한 DCP의 함량이 증가할수록 기계적 물성을 높일 수 있었으나 투명성은 점차 낮아졌다. In order to improve the low impact resistance of polystyrene without harming its transparency the styrene monomer was copolymerized with transparent butyl acrylate (BA), and methylmethacrylate (MMA) to obtained a poly(styrene-co-butylacrylate) P(SM-co-BA) and a terpolymer copolymer P(SM-co-BA-co-MMA). The polymers were then cross-linked with the aid of a cross-linking agent dicumylperoxide (DCP), and their mechanical and optical properties were tested. It was found that the contents of monomers and DCP affect the mechanical, thermal, and optical properties of the polymers. An increase in BA contents in P(SM-co-BA) and P(SM-BA-MMA) improved the mechanical strength, but the optical properties remained the same with some exception for P(SM-co-BA). An increase in the DCP contents improved the mechanical but found losses in the optical properties.

CO2‐Redispersible Polymer Latexes with Low Glass Transition Temperatures

In this work, acrylic latexes are prepared through surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA). CO2‐responsive 2‐(diethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) is used as a co‐monomer. The resulting latexes can be easily coagulated by adding a small amount of caustic soda. Once washed, coagulated particles could be redispersed into water to prepare stable latexes with CO2 and ultrasonication. CO2‐redispersibility of the latexes is examined as a function of glass transition temperature of the polymers having different MMA/BA ratios. It is found that, while high MMA content latexes are easily CO2‐redispersed, it is challenging to re‐disperse high BA content latexes. For latex particles with T g below ambient conditions, coagulation with caustic soda leads to the fusion of individual particles, and the particles are no longer redispersible. This work provides a mechanistic insight and practical guidance for the applicability of CO2‐responsive amine‐containing molecules (employed as comonomer, initiator, surfactant, and so on) in developing CO2‐redispersible latex products. image

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of water-soluble amphiphilic copolymers containing ciprofloxacin and quaternary ammonium salts.

A series of novel water-soluble amphiphilic copolymers containing ciprofloxacin (CPF) and quaternary ammonium salts were prepared by the free-radical copolymerization of methacrylate monomers with CPF, quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) monomers and butyl acrylate (BA). The copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, charge density and UV measurements. The antimicrobial activities of the copolymers, based on the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) against Escherichia coli (E. coli), varied with hydrophobic BA content in the copolymers. The incorporation of the antimicrobial moiety ciprofloxacin further enhanced the antibacterial activities of the copolymers, reducing the MIC to 4.0 ppm. The UV260 absorption measurements were applied to reveal the dynamic antimicrobial process of the copolymers. The results of inhibition zones and shaking flask methods of antimicrobial-modified fibers showed that the copolymers had excellent antimicrobial activities when applied to cellulose fibers. In the presence of 2 wt% (based on oven-dried fibers) of the copolymer, the growth inhibition reached 100%.

폴리우레탄 접착제의 물성에 미치는 PPG, MDI, 2-HEMA 및 butyl acrylate량의 영향

폴리우레탄 접착제의 물성에 미치는 PPG, MDI, 2-HEMA 및 butyl acrylate량의 영향

Study on infrared spectroscopy of cationic polyacrylamide initiated by ultraviolet

Cationic Polyacrylamide P(AM-DAC-BA) was synthesized by UV initiation, with acrylamide (AM), acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DAC), butyl acrylate (BA) as the monomers. P(AM-DAC-BA). UV spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy were employed to study the structural characteristics. Attributions of typical infrared vibrational frequencies in AM/DAC/BA/P(AM-DAC-BA) were analysed. By comparing with infrared spectroscopy of the monomers, symmetrical characteristic of P(AM-DAC-BA) increasesd, and the infrared spectroscopy of polymerization product was simpler. The intrinsic viscosity increased with the increase in light intensity, BA content, photoinitiator concentration and illumination time. The groups of -CONH2, -COOCH2(C=O), -COOCH2--(C-O-C), -CH2--N(CH3 )3 group in AM, DAC, BA were selected as characteristic absorption peaks for studying. With the increase in light intensity and BA content, the characteristic peak areas increased. With the increase in photoinitiator concentration, the characteristic peak areas decreased. The characteristic peak areas decreased firstly and then increased with increasing the illumination time. But the corresponding characteristic IR absorption peaks of P(AM-DAC-BA) were similar, and the positions of characteristic peaks were basically the same.

Solution copolymerization of perfluoroalkyl ethyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate: Synthesis and surface properties

Random copolymers of perfluoroalkyl ethyl methacrylate (Zonyl-TM), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) monomers were synthesized by free radical copolymerization in toluene/methyl ethyl ketone solvent mixture. Batch polymerizations have been performed using different monomer feed compositions with high conversions. Molecular weights of the copolymers were determined by GPC and intrinsic viscosity measurements. Chemical structures of the copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR and Tg values were determined by DSC. Thin films were prepared by dip coating glass slides into copolymer solutions and water and oil repellence, surface free energies were measured by contact angle measurement. Mainly, the effects of addition of BA and Zonyl-TM on the structure and surface properties of the copolymers were investigated. It was found that the Tg value of copolymers decreased considerably by the addition of Zonyl-TM and BA into the feed due to the internal plasticizing effects of both monomers. Water contact angles of the copolymers were increased from 71° to 119° with the increase of the Zonyl-TM content. Addition of BA was found to be more effective than MMA to introduce hydrophobicity onto the surface. Small amount of Zonyl-TM incorporation was enough to decrease the surface free energy (SFE) of copolymer film to a very low value of 9.7mJ/m2. In addition, the increase in the Zonyl-TM and BA contents resulted in an increase in the oil repellence of copolymer surfaces which was measured by the contact angles of octane, decane, tetradecane and hexadecane drops.

Controlled synthesis of poly[(butyl methacrylate)‐co‐(butyl acrylate)] via activator regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization: insights and improvement

AbstractThe copolymerization of butyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate initiated by CuBr2/tris[(2‐pyridyl)methyl]amine/ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate, with tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate as reducing agent, is studied experimentally and using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations at 70 and 90 °C under batch activator regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization conditions in anisole at low Cu levels (down to 35 ppm Cu on a molar basis with respect to monomer). With increasing initial butyl acrylate content, the initiator efficiency is improved with an accompanying increase in polymer dispersity due to oligomer formation. The addition of reducing agent during the polymerization, i.e. a semi‐batch approach, allows an increase in polymerization rate and initiator efficiency, driving the polymerization towards full conversion and allowing for better initiator consumption. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate in presence of AMPS

The emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and butyl acrylate (BA) in the presence of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) was carried out by a semi-continuous process. AMPS was a reactive surfactant in the aqueous emulsion, due to its amphiphilic structure and the unsaturated double bonds. Potassium persulfate (KPS) was used as initiator. The following factors were mainly examined: quantity of AMPS, BA and KPS concentrations, which could significantly affect the particle size and its distribution, conversion, gel content, minimum film-forming temperature, etc. The particle size and its distribution were characterized by dynamic laser particle size analyzer, and morphology of the latex particles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize chemical structure of copolymers. The results indicated that AMPS was successfully reacted onto the resulted copolymer of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate. A hydrophilic sulfonic acid group in the molecular structure of AMPS tended to be distributed in particles surface after polymerization. As a result, an electrostatic repulsion between the particles was produced in order to maintain stability of the system. Thermogravimetric analysis curves suggested that as BA content increased, thermal stability of the polymer increased accordingly. The conversion-time plots with varying AMPS and initiator contents were obtained, which illustrated that the initiator concentration could greatly influence the polymerization rate and the final conversion. The TEM micrographs of the final emulsifier-free latex particles for P(VAc/BA/AMPS) system revealed small particle size in monodisperse polymer latex. The particles of the latex were measured as about 150 nm.

Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of α‐methyl styrene and butyl acrylate mixture into polyetheretherketone films

AbstractRadiation‐induced graft copolymerization of α‐methyl styrene (AMS), butyl acrylate (BA) monomers, and their mixture was investigated on poly(etheretherketone) films. The graft polymerization was carried out using ethyl methyl ketone as the medium for the copolymerization and the maximum degree of grafting of 27% was achieved. It was observed that the grafting is significantly influenced by the reaction conditions, such as reaction time, preirrradiation dose, monomer concentration, monomer ratio, and the reaction temperature. The degree of grafting increases as the monomer concentration increases up to 30%, beyond which a decrease in the grafting was observed. The degree of grafting showed a maximum at 40% BA content in the monomer mixture. The temperature dependence of the grafting process shows decreasing grafting with the increase in the reaction temperature. The presence of AMS and BA grafts in the film was confirmed by FTIR spectra. The relative change in the PBA/PAMS fraction with respect to the reaction temperature has been found in this study. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013