Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Content Research Articles

Mechanical, thermal, and microstructure analysis of 3D printed polyolefin elastomer-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blends for tunable mechanical properties

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has emerged as a cost-effective and user-friendly technique that has garnered significant attention in recent years. However, challenges persist when printing soft materials using FDM technology. This study proposes a solution by blending a soft polyolefin elastomer (POE) with a stiffer material, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). A comprehensive experimental investigation utilizing a direct pellet printing method was conducted to 3D print POE-ABS blends in various ratios (10%, 30%, and 50% ABS content). The study encompassed material preparation, 3D printing, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis, Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA), uniaxial tensile testing, and compression testing to assess the mechanical properties and energy absorption capabilities of the 3D printed blends. The results of the DMTA showed that the blends with a higher amount of ABS have a larger area under the Tan δ curve, indicating their ability to absorb more energy. The SEM images revealed that as the proportion of ABS increases, the gaps between layers and beads become smaller. The mechanical properties of the pure printed POE, such as its elongation at break and tensile strength, were 2138% and 2.83 MPa, respectively. However, as the ABS content increased, the samples exhibited more rigid behavior, with a final transition to 50/50 ratio resulting in 9.4 MPa tensile strength and 160% elongation at break. The energy absorption test demonstrated that the sample with 30% ABS content has the highest energy absorption capability among all the tested samples. This research underscores the potential of blending soft and stiff materials to tailor properties for additive manufacturing applications, emphasizing the significance of material composition in achieving desired mechanical performance, printability, and functionality in printed objects.

Mechanical and Rheology Properties of PLA/ABS/TCS Polymer Blends

Binary and ternary blends of poly lactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and tapioca cassava starch (TCS) were prepared by the help of melt blend method. Rheological and mechanical properties of the prepared blends were studied. Rheological properties were studied using capillary Rheometer, shear rate, shear stress, the non-Newtonian index, were determined .Mechanical properties were studied in terms of tensile properties, stress at break, strain at break and Young's modulus have been determined by help of Universal Test Machine (UTM-3969).The results shows the ternary blends reveals shear-thinning behavior, over the range of the studied shear rates where the true shear rate of the blend decreases while increasing the shear rate. It also found that the true viscosity of the blend decreases with increased ABS content.

Study of Surface Mechanical Characteristics of ABS/PC Blends Using Nanoindentation

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) are considered a well-known class of engineering thermoplastics due to their efficient use in automotive, 3D printing, and electronics. However, improvement in toughness, processability, and thermal stability is achieved by mixing together ABS and PC. The present study focuses on the understanding of surface mechanical characterization of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) blends using nano-indentation. Polymer blends sheets with three different proportions of ABS/PC (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) were fabricated via melt-processing and thermal press. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed to analyze the intermolecular interactions between the blends’ components. To understand the surface mechanical properties of ABS and PC blends, a sufficient number of nano-indentation tests were performed at a constant loading rate to a maximum load of 100 mN. Creeping effects were observed at the end of loading and start of unloading section. Elastic modulus, indentation hardness, and creep values were measured as a function of penetration displacement in the quasi-continuous stiffness mode (QCSM) indentation. Load-displacement curves indicated an increase in the displacement with the increase in ABS contents while a decreasing trend was observed in the hardness and elastic modulus values as the ABS content was increased. We believe this study would provide an effective pathway for developing new polymer blends with enhanced mechanical performance.

Influence of fiber filler on the structure and properties of polyvinyl chloride / acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends

The paper deals with filling polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compositions modified with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in a wide concentration range (per hundredth of PVC resin (phr) 10–20 phr ABS) with short-fiber basalt fiber, intended for production of profile mounded products of various functional purposes. The introduction of ABS into PVC compositions makes it easier to process the material, and improves the impact toughness, which for rigid PVC products is an important factor since it expands the areas of their application. However, as a rule, polymer-polymer blends are characterized by low mechanical properties under compression, tension and bending, resulting from the formation of two-phase morphology, which is often heterogeneous. To increase stiffness and strength, 7 phr of short-fiber basalt fiber was introduced into their composition. Experimental samples were made by extrusion in the form of flat profiles. Filling with short-fiber basalt fiber resulted in an increase in the bending strength of PVC specimens over the entire concentration range with an optimum in the region of 10–20 phr ABS, as compared to unfilled blended polymer compositions. The method of energy dispersion analysis established that, depending on the ABS content in the mixture, the interaction of the polymer (PVC) with the filler (fiber) is observed either at the polymer-filler boundary or through the boundary layer of the elastomer.

Melt rheology properties of PLA/ABS/TCS polymer blends

Melt mixing methods have been used to prepare binary and ternary combinations of poly lactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and tapioca cassava starch (TCS). The impact on the mechanical and rheological characteristics of a composition has been studied using a rheometer (RG25), shear rate, shear stress, the non-Newtonian index and the mechanical characters on the Universal Test Machine (INSTRON-3369) for stress, stress at break and Young's modulus. The ternary blend results show shear-thinning behaviour, where the true shear rate of the blend improves, while the true viscosity of the blends decreases, while the actual viscosity decreases with increased ABS content. In most cases, the technical implications were that the stress at break and Young’s modulus were impoved through the addition of ABS.

An experimental and constitutive modeling study on the large strain deformation and fracture behavior of PC/ABS blends

Two rubber-toughened thermoplastic polymer blends with different volume fractions of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) are analyzed experimentally as well as by constitutive models and finite element simulations with regard to their large strain deformation and fracture behavior. Special emphasis thereby is devoted to the overall plastically dilatant behavior of these materials which results from microscale damage mechanisms. Not considering the latter in detail, it is shown that several material models of different complexity may well capture the macroscopic true stress-strain response and the plastic dilatancy of PC/ABS blends under uniaxial loading. The suitability of these models to describe the behavior of the blends under more complex loading conditions, however, turns out to be ambivalent and depends on the material composition, i.e. the PC vs. ABS content. This issue is analyzed by means of finite element simulations of fracture tests where numerical predictions in terms of the overall force-displacement response and the local evolution of the crack-tip plastic zone are compared with experimental findings.

Effect of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/polyethylene terephthalate blends on dimensional stability, morphological, physical and mechanical properties and after aging at elevated temperature

A melt blending method was used to prepare acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer and polyethylene terephthalate blends to develop a new blend which can withstand higher temperatures required especially for automotive or home appliance paint curing processes. Blends were characterized by rheological, thermal and mechanical properties. Dimensional stability at 125°C was used to correlate with injection molded part shrinkage. The melt viscosity–composition curves for acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/polyethylene terephthalate blends exhibited a trend like the rule of mixtures in which adding acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene to polyethylene terephthalate improved the processability. Scanning electron microscopy examination revealed different morphologies depending on the composition such as dispersed, co-continuous and phase inverted, which indicated that the binary blends were immiscible and form a two-phase structure. Tensile properties increased with an increase in the polyethylene terephthalate content while the unnotched impact strength reached a maximum at 40 wt.% acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene content. In differential scanning calorimetry analysis, no partial miscibility was observed from the polyethylene terephthalate phase melting temperature shifts as compared to those of the neat component. Also, acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene phases acted as nucleating agents due to change in polyethylene terephthalate cold crystallization temperature. In applied post shrinkage measurements by heat aging, we saw that the acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene dimensional stability was improved with added polyethylene terephthalate.

Effect of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene on the shape memory, mechanical, and thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethane

A polymer blend based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was prepared using a melt‐blending technique, and its mechanical, thermal, and shape memory properties were investigated. According to the scanning electron microscopy morphology results, when the content of ABS was less than 20 wt%, the TPU appeared as a continuous phase, and ABS appeared as a dispersed phase. The presence of distinguishable boundaries at the polymer interfaces indicated that the TPU/ABS blend was an immiscible system. Furthermore, the 80/20 blend sample exhibited the best dispersion of ABS in TPU. Tensile testing indicated that addition of ABS to the TPU matrix led to improvement of the Young's modulus as well as reduction of the elongation at break and tensile strength. The impact resistance of the blends depended on the amount of ABS, and the maximal growth was observed for the 80/20 blend. Dynamic mechanical investigations support the morphological and mechanical results. The differential scanning calorimetry results also indicated that the two polymers were immiscible. The shape memory test results indicated that as the amount of ABS increased to 20 wt% in the TPU polymer and the shape recovery of the blend first slightly decreased and then suddenly decreased to 66.5% with the addition of 30 wt% of ABS. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:E96–E104, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Polyoxymethylene and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends with Compatibilizer

The effects of polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) compatibilizers on the morphology and mechanical properties of polyoxymethylene (POM)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) blends were investigated. Two types of compatibilizers, PP-g-MA with maleic anhydride 0.50 wt% (PP-g-MA1) and PP-g-MA with maleic anhydride 1.31 wt% (PP-g-MA2) were used to study the interfacial adhesion of POM and ABS. POM/ABS blends with and without PP-g-MA compatibilizer were prepared by an internal mixer and molded by compression molding. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of ABS phase in POM matrix. The results found that POM/ABS blends clearly demonstrated a two phase separation of dispersed ABS phase and the POM matrix phase, and ABS phase dispersed as spherical domains in POM matrix in a range of ABS 10-30 wt% and the blends containing ABS more than 30 wt% showed the elongated structure of ABS phase. The addition of PP-g-MA could improve the interfacial adhesion of POM/ABS blends due to the domain size of ABS phase decreased after adding PP-g-MA. The mechanical properties showed that the impact strength of POM/ABS blends decreased in a range of 10-20 wt% and did not change after 20 wt%. The addition of PP-g-MA did not change the impact strength of POM/ABS blends. The Young’s modulus of POM/ABS blends increased up to 30 wt% of ABS and then decreased. While the blends showed the decrease of tensile strength and percent strain at break with increasing ABS content. The addition of PP-g-MA increased the tensile strength of POM/ABS blends in a range of 30-40 wt% of ABS. The above results indicated that the morphology had an effect on the mechanical properties of polymer blends.

Effects of Compatibilizer on the Properties of Polyoxymethylene/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends

The effects of styrene-co-maleic anhydride (SMA) compatibilizer on the mechanical thermal and morphological properties of polyoxymethylene (POM)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) blends were inverstigated. POM/ABS blends without and with SMA compatibilizer were prepared by an internal mixer and molded by compression molding. It was found that the dispersion of ABS phase and compatibility could not improve by using SMA compatibilizer in POM/ABS blends due to SMA can be miscible with ABS phase more than POM phase. The addition of ABS in a range of 10-30 wt% could improve the Young’s modulus of POM. Impact strength, tensile strength and percent strain at break of POM/ABS blends decreased with increasing ABS content. The addition of compatibilizer improved Young’s modulus of POM/ABS (60/40, 50/50) blends. The addition of ABS increased the degradation temperature of POM, while SMA compatibilizer did not improve the degradation of POM/ABS blends.

Morphology and Crystallization Behavior of Toughened Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate) Blends with Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene

Poly (trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) blends have been prepared in composition with various ratios using the twin screw extruder approach. Their morphologies and crystallization behavior were investigated. Typical sea-island morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The partical size of ABS increased as the content of ABS increasing. Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) experiments showed that the melting point of pure PTT and their blends was almost constant. The presence of the ABS increased the crystallinity of the matrix in PTT/ABS blends with ABS content less than 30wt%.

Morphology, mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties study on the PTT/ABS/SCF composites

In order to improve the mechanical properties of the poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), both maleinized acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and short carbon fiber (SCF) were melt-blended with PTT to prepare the composites and their morphology and properties were investigated in detail. When ABS content is fixed at 5 wt.% in composites, SCF can significantly improve the tensile and flexural strength as well as the impact strength of the matrix. The SCF has good interface adherence with the matrix. At glassy state, the storage modulus increases much with increasing SCF content. At rubbery state, the composites have larger cold-crystallization rate. At molten state, SCF first serves as lubricants and then as viscosity reinforcing agent for the matrix with increasing SCF. The composites melt exhibits increasing elastic behaviors with SCF. The composites have larger crystallization rate, but this accelerating effect decreases with excessive SCF content. The crystals formed in different composites are quite different in size or perfection.

Properties of waste‐poly(ethylene terephthalate)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blends compatibilized with maleated acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

AbstractWaste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (W‐PET)/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) blends were prepared with a variety of compositions at several rotor speeds in an internal mixer, replacing ABS with different maleated ABS (ABS‐g‐MA) samples in compatibilized blends. A Box–Behnken model for three variables, with three levels, was chosen for the experimental design. ABS‐g‐MA‐based samples exhibited finer particles with a more uniform particle size distribution than ABS‐based ones, as a consequence of the compatibilizing process. Rheological results implied a greater elastic nature for compatibilized blends which increased in the presence of more ABS content; the same trend was observed for complex viscosity. With increasing ABS‐g‐MA or MA concentration, more shear thinning behavior was observed similar to that of ABS; whereas the uncompatibilized blends showed Newtonian behavior like that of W‐PET. The observed shifting in TgW‐PET and TgABS obtained from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis confirmed the good compatibility in W‐PET/ABS‐g‐MA blends in contrast with that in ordinary W‐PET/ABS blends. The mechanical properties were measured and modeled versus the various factors considered in a response surface methodology. The experimental data found a good fit with the obtained equation models. The mechanical properties of the compatibilized blends showed a large positive deviation from the mixing rule, while the uncompatibilized samples had lower properties, even compared to those predicted by the mixing rule. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers

Morphology of Electrospun Natural Rubber with Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene

This research was aimed to study the electrospinning of natural rubber (NR)-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) blend. The NR used in this research was compounded in a torque rheometor, with stearic acid, wingstay-L, dibenzothiazoledisulfide (MBTS), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) and sulfur, respectively. The compounded NR was blended with ABS by dissolving them in tetrahydrofuran (THF), concentration of solution included 5, 10, and 15 w/w%. The ratio of NR/ABS was varied by varying the content of ABS of 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%. Then NR/ABS electrospun membrane was built up by electrospinning technique with high voltage 15 kV, flow rate 30 ml/h, collector distance 15, 20 and 25 cm and collected the electrospun fiber on rotating circular at 1000 rpm. The morphology of electrospun fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM images showed that NR/ABS membranes had higher porosity with decreasing ABS contents. Decreasing ABS contents, decreasing solution concentration and increasing collector distance decreased fiber diameter of electrospun NR/ABS.

Effect of Rubber Content of ABS on the Mechanical Properties of ABS/Clay Nanocomposites

One approach to improve the impact strength of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS)/clay nanocomposites is to increase rubber content. To investigate the effect of the rubber content of ABS on the mechanical properties of the ABS/clay nanocomposites, other parameters were fixed and ABS/clay nanocomposites containing various rubber contents were prepared in this study. Also the effect of the UV stabilizer on the mechanical properties of ABS/clay nanocomposite was studied. For addition of 3 wt% clay, ABS nanocomposite with 35 wt% content of rubber displayed the highest reinforcement ratio for tensile properties and impact strength.

Rheology, morphology, and crystallization behavior of melt‐mixed blends of polyamide6 and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene: Influence of reactive compatibilizer premixed with multiwall carbon nanotubes

AbstractBlends of polyamide6 (PA6) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were prepared in presence or absence of up to 5 wt % of a reactive compatibilizer [styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) modified with 5 wt % multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT)] by melt‐mixing using conical twin screw microcompounder where the ABS content was varied from 20 to 50 wt %. The melt viscosity of the blends was significantly enhanced in presence of SMA modified by multiwall carbon nanotubes due to the reactive compatibilization, which leads to stabilized interphase in the blends. Furthermore, the presence of MWNT in the compatibilizer phase led to additional increase in viscosity and storage modulus. Morphological studies revealed the presence of either droplet‐dispersed or cocontinuous type depending on the blend compositions. Further, reactive compatibilization led to a significant change in the morphology, namely a structure refining, which was enhanced by MWNT presence as observed from SEM micrographs. DSC crystallization studies indicated a delayed crystallization response of PA6 in presence of ABS presumably due to high melt viscosity of ABS. The crystallization temperature and the degree of crystallinity were strongly dependent on the type of morphology and content of reactive compatibilizer, whereas the presence of MWNT had an additional influence. SAXS studies revealed the formation of thinner and less perfect crystallites of PA6 phase in the blends, which showed cocontinuous morphology. A unique observation of multiple scattering maxima at higher q region has been found in the blends of cocontinuous morphology, which was observed to be successively broadened in presence of the compatibilizer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007

Kinetic studies of the effect of ABS on the curing of an epoxy/cycloaliphatic amine resin

Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we have studied, under isothermal and dynamic conditions, the kinetics of the cure reaction for an epoxy resin based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) modified with different contents of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and cured with 1,3-bisaminomethylcyclohexane (1,3-BAC). Kinetic analysis were performed using three kinetic models: Kissinger, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and the phenomenological model of Kamal as a result of its autocatalytic behavior. Diffusion control is incorporated to describe the cure in the latter stages, predicting the cure kinetics over the whole range of conversion. The total heats of reaction were not influenced by the presence of ABS. The autocatalytic mechanism was observed both in the neat system as well as in its blends. The reaction rates of the blends and the maximum conversions reached did not change too much with the ABS content. Blending ABS within the epoxy resin does not change the reaction mechanism of the epoxy resin formation.

Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene-toughened polysulphone of bisphenol A blends: influence of processing temperature and composition

Polysulphone of bisphenol A (PSU)/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) blends have been obtained by direct injection moulding at different temperatures and for compositions in the PSU-rich range. Direct injection moulding provided a mixing level similar to that of kneading. The blends were almost fully immiscible with the exception of the polybutadiene (PBD) phase where some PSU appeared to be present. Only a very small amount of ABS was required to greatly improve the tracking index of PSU. The mechanical properties, however, were those of a compatible material, and did not depend on the injection temperature. Moreover, with the exception of the ductility, they were in fairly good proportion to the blend composition, and provided the most balanced set of properties at an ABS content near 5%.

Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with unmodified and maleic anhydride grafted acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer

Tensile, dynamic mechanical, thermal properties and morphology features of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) blends with the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) terpolymer were examined at up to 25 wt% content of ABS. Both unmodified and maleic anhydride grafted ABS (ABS-g-MA) were used. PET/ABS blends quenched from the melt and tested shortly after, show good mechanical properties—the result of component miscibility in the melt predicted by the theory and providing temporal component adhesion in the solid state. After storage, properties deteriorate due to ABS particle debonding and a polymer alloy is obtained with poor tensile properties. This property deterioration is not observed in PET/ABS-g-MA blends due to the grafting of the modified ABS particles onto the PET matrix. These findings are supported by the optical and mainly by the scanning electron microscopy examination of cryofractured and etched blends.

Studies on polyblends of poly(vinyl chloride) and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene terpolymer

AbstractBlends of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and acrylonitrile‐butadiene styrene (ABS) terpolymer were prepared in different ratios by a melt blending technique. ABS containing three different levels of rubber content were used. A quantitative assessment of ABS in PVC/ABS blends has been shown by infrared studies. ABS content has been shown as the presence of the characteristic acrylonitrile peak. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies have been carried out to study the glass transition (Tg) behavior of the blends. Two Tg values corresponding to PVC and styrene‐acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer have been observed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals a significant improvement in thermal stability of these blends as compared to PVC. Mechanical properties show a significant increase in the impact strength which is related to rubber content of the ABS used. Morphological studies have been carried out by scanning electron microscopy which support the observation that an increase in rubber content results in greater ductility.