Liquid Content Research Articles

Integrating High-Performance Flexible Wires with Strain Sensors for Wearable Human Motion Detection.

Flexible electronics have revolutionized the field by overcoming the rigid limitations of traditional devices, offering superior flexibility and adaptability. Conductive ink performance is crucial, directly impacting the stability of flexible electronics. While metal filler-based inks exhibit excellent conductivity, they often lack mechanical stability. To address this challenge, we present a novel conductive ink utilizing a ternary composite filler system: liquid metal and two micron-sized silver morphologies (particles and flakes). We systematically investigated the influence of filler type, mass ratio, and sintering process parameters on the composite ink's conductivity and mechanical stability. Our results demonstrate that flexible wires fabricated with the liquid metal/micron silver particle/micron silver flake composite filler exhibit remarkable conductivity and exceptional bending stability. Interestingly, increasing the liquid metal content results in a trade-off, compromising conductivity while enhancing mechanical performance. After enduring 5000 bending cycles, the resistance change in wires formulated with a 4:1 mass ratio of micron silver particles to flakes is only half that of wires with a 1:1 ratio. This study further investigates the mechanism governing resistance variations during flexible wire bending. Additionally, we observed a positive correlation between sintering temperature and pressure with the conductivity of flexible wires. The significance of the sintering parameters on conductivity follows a descending order: sintering temperature, sintering pressure, and sintering time. Finally, we demonstrate the practical application of this technology by integrating the composite ink-based flexible wires with conductive polymer-based strain sensors. This combination successfully achieved the detection of human movements, including finger and wrist bending.

Experimental study of particle impact on cohesive granular packing.

We investigate experimentally the impact process of sand particles onto a cohesive granular packing made of similar particles. We use a sand-oil mixture with varying liquid content to tune the cohesive strength of the packing. The outcome of the impact is analyzed in terms of the production of ejected particles from the packing. We quantify this production as a function of the impact velocity of the particles for increasing cohesion strength. We identified three different regimes depending on the cohesion number Co, defined as the ratio of the interparticle cohesive force to the particle weight. For small cohesion (i.e., Co⪅1), the ejection process is not modified by the cohesion. For intermediate cohesion (i.e., 1⪅Co⪅20), the ejection process becomes less efficient: the number of ejected particles per impact for a given impact velocity is decreased but the critical impact velocity to trigger the ejection process remains unchanged. Finally, for strong cohesion (i.e., Co⪆20), we observed a progressive increase of the critical impact velocity. These experimental results confirm spectacularly the outcomes of recent numerical simulations on the collision process of a particle onto a cohesive packing and open avenues to model the aeolian transport of moist sand.

Peculiarities of proteins fractionation at electroactivation of whey

Food processing, which generates both by-products and waste, requires a revision of modern processes in the framework of the development of non-residual, environmentally friendly processes. Dairy by-products require the development of complex zero-waste technologies. Electroactivation is an emerging process to overcome those challenges, which allows for non-residual processing of milk by-products. Electroactivation, managing both the technological regimes and the geometric/technical parameters of the electrolyzers used to process different types of whey, allows both the electrofractionation of the whey proteins recovered in protein mineral concentrates enriched, under certain process conditions, with a certain protein content, but also the simultaneous isomerization of lactose into lactulose following two mechanisms, and creating a closed process cycle. The geometry of the electrolyzers and the content of the secondary liquid (anodic liquid) influence both the extraction and the formation of protein compounds enriched with alpha-lactalbumin, as well as the formation of a complex between calcium and isomerized lactulose.

Thermomechanical and thermodynamic analysis of the sintering process of Mn-based oxygen carrier in chemical looping gasification of biomass

The Mn-based oxygen carrier (OC) owns a great oxygen carrying capacity and a high reactivity in the chemical looping gasification of biomass. However, the sintering of the Mn-based OC can cause serious defluidization or even the shut-down of the biomass chemical looping gasifier. In this study, the sintering kinetics and mechanism of Mn-based OC in the gasification of two typical biomass ash were revealed by thermomechanical and thermodynamic analysis. It revealed that the manganese silicate was converted to iwakiite (MnFe2O4) and liquid at high temperatures in the high-Mn OC (OC2), leading to the liquid sintering mechanism and high apparent activation energy of sintering (Es), with a maximum shrinkage rate of 6.14 %/oC. Conversely, the solid sintering mechanism of the low-Mn OC (OC1) was attributed to the FeMn2O4 crystallization, leading to a low shrinkage rate (The maximum shrinkage rate was 0.30 %/oC). The sintering rate of Mn-based OC was closely related to the liquid content, and the biomass ash addition advantaged the liquid formation. Therefore, the Es of OC1 was increased from 44 kJ/mol to 151 kJ/mol at the 15 wt% addition of corn straw ash, and Es of OC2 was increased from 72 kJ/mol to 93–107 kJ/mol at 20 wt% addition of biomass ash. Element distribution analysis supported that Ca in sawdust ash improved the bonding between Mn and Si, improving the Mn-based minerals crystallization and OC expansion. However, the K in corn straw ash facilitated the melting of rhodonite(MnSiO3), and the expansion of Mn-based OC was inhibited. This study provides valuable insights into the sintering mechanism of the Mn-based oxygen carrier and its relationship with liquid evolution behavior in the chemical looping gasification of biomass.

Technical note: Retrieval of the supercooled liquid fraction in mixed-phase clouds from Himawari-8 observations

Abstract. The supercooled liquid fraction (SLF) in mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) is an essential variable of cloud microphysical processes and climate sensitivity. However, the SLF is currently calculated in spaceborne remote sensing only as the cloud phase–frequency ratio of adjacent pixels, which results in a loss of the original resolution in observations of cloud liquid or ice content within MPCs. Here, we present a novel method for retrieving the SLF in MPCs based on the differences in radiative properties of supercooled liquid droplets and ice particles at visible (VIS) and shortwave infrared (SWI) channels of the geostationary Himawari-8. Liquid and ice water paths are inferred by assuming that clouds are composed of only liquid or ice, with the real cloud water path (CWP) expressed as a combination of these two water paths (SLF and 1-SLF as coefficients), and the SLF is determined by referring to the CWP from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). The statistically relatively small cloud phase spatial inhomogeneity at a Himawari-8 pixel level indicates an optimal scene for cloud retrieval. The SLF results are comparable to global SLF distributions observed by active instruments, particularly for single-layered cloud systems. While accessing the method's feasibility, SLF averages are estimated between 74 % and 78 % in Southern Ocean (SO) stratocumulus across seasons, contrasting with a range of 29 % to 32 % in northeastern Asia. The former exhibits a minimum SLF around midday in summer and a maximum in winter, while the latter trend differs. This novel algorithm will be valuable for research to track the evolution of MPCs and constrain the related climate impact.

Poster 284: The Effect of Pressurized Carbon Dioxide Lavage on Osteochondral Allograft Preparation: A Comparative Study

Objectives: Osteochondral allografts (OCA) transplantation is often utilized for treating osteochondral lesions of the knee due to limited cartilage regenerative capabilities. The use of concentrated bone marrow aspirate (cBMA) has gained traction as a method to enhance OCA incorporation and healing. Pulse lavage and pressurized carbon dioxide lavage are cleaning methods used during OCA preparation to rid native marrow elements and improve graft porosity, but their isolated and combined effects are not fully understood. This study aimed to assess the impact of incorporating pressurized carbon dioxide lavage as an adjunct to pulse lavage during OCA preparation. Our hypothesis was that adding pressurized carbon dioxide lavage would enhance the OCA absorption capacity for liquid-based materials like cBMA. Methods: OCA plugs were harvested from medial hemi-condyles. The plugs were divided into two groups: one group underwent pulse lavage alone, and the other group underwent pulse lavage followed by pressurized carbon dioxide lavage (sequential group). The plugs were weighed before and after each cleaning step and a liquid dye solution with consistency similar to cBMA was added by dripping over the cancellous portion of the graft. Next, the liquid content was determined by centrifugation and spectrophotometry. Results were analyzed statistically. Results: Thirty-four OCA plugs with a 14 to 18 mm diameter were harvested. After the cleaning phase, the sequential group showed a significant weight reduction of 107 ± 21.92% (p < 0.0001) and subsequent weight gain of 96.32 ± 18.99% (p < 0.0001) after the cleaning and dye-dripping procedures. In contrast, the pulse lavage-only group exhibited minimal weight loss and a small weight gain of 10.55 ± 3.86% after the dye-dripping procedure. Conclusions: Adding pressurized carbon dioxide lavage to reduce marrow elements and improve graft porosity significantly improved the OCA cleaning process and created more vacant space enhancing OCA absorption capacity for orthobiologic agents such as cBMA. The study findings highlight the potential of incorporating pressurized carbon dioxide lavage as an adjunct to pulse lavage during OCA preparation. These findings may contribute to the surgical procedure of incorporating cBMA or other orthobiologics to promote the integration and healing of OCA plugs.

Experimental and numerical studies of the processes of spraying coal-water slurries with pneumatic nozzle

The article presents the results of spraying tests of highly viscous coal-water slurries with a pneumatic nozzle and numerical studies of the structure of the gas-drop jet. An increase in the viscosity of coal-water slurries was ensured by introducing a third component into its composition – industrial waste (pyrogenetic liquid). The moderate effect of the slurry viscosity on the average droplet size of coal-water slurries in the jet is due to the high efficiency of the aerodynamic characteristics of the pneumatic nozzle. Introduction of pyrogenetic liquid in the amount of 20 % by weight into the composition of coal-water slurry significantly increases its viscosity. The value of the surface tension of such a slurry is more than doubled. The increase in the average droplet size was no more than 25 % when pyrogenetic liquid content in the composition of coal-water slurry was over 10 % by weight. The average droplet size of coal-water slurries varied in the range from 180 to 210 microns in the study area of gas droplet jet. The results of experimental and numerical studies have shown good convergence. High air velocities at short distances from the nozzle ensure high crushing efficiency of the jet of coal-water slurry. The breakdown of the boundary layer of the liquid from the periphery of the droplets of coal-water slurries and its subsequent destruction was observed at short distances from the nozzle. The values of the Weber number were 100<We<350. At considerable distances from the nozzle (more than 0.5 m), droplets of coal-water slurries were subjected to vibrational crushing (We<50).

Study on optimization of preparation and liquid content of thermo-responsive inhibitor for preventing coal spontaneous combustion

To address the issue of fast failure of salt inhibiting liquid in preventing coal spontaneous combustion, our team proposed the use of a thermo-responsive secundina sphere inhibitor (TRSSI). This agent involved wrapping the salt inhibiting liquid with phase change materials (PCMs). The previous experimental results were proven. However, subsequent observations revealed surface cracks in the TRSSI upon room temperature cooling, leading to internal liquid leakage and a low rate of complete formation. To address this, this paper conducted a thermal analysis of the TRSSI preparation process. Through range analysis, three factors affecting the thickness of the shell were determined: notably, the ice-ball radius exhibited a significant positive correlation, while the initial temperature of the PA-SA had a substantial negative impact. Conversely, the initial temperature of the ice-ball showed relatively minimal influence on thickness. By combining the regression analysis equation and mechanical conditions, the optimal volume ratio, ice-ball radius, and shell thickness under varying compressive strengths were obtained. Water retention tests showed that the TRSSI exhibited a mere 3.67% water loss rate over nine months at room temperature. The adiabatic heating test of coal demonstrated that the TRSSI, when applied to coal seam surface, accurately targeted the heat source center and swiftly reduced its temperature. Ineffective TRSSIs absorbed heat, stacked on each other, and formed a tight water-retaining layer on coal seam surface, effectively prolonging the coal’s self-heating oxidation period.

Thermal steam treatment effect of metallic sodium nanoparticles for high-carbon, low permeability Domanic rocks

In a study aimed at exploring novel methods for enhancing hydrocarbon extraction from shale reservoirs, we conducted an experimental study to model the effects of thermal steam treatment on high-carbon, low-permeability Domanic shale in the presence of sodium metal nanoparticles. We characterized the mineral composition of the rock samples and evaluated the yield and quality of extracted hydrocarbons before and after treatment. Our results demonstrated an increase in extract yield with increasing treatment temperature. Notably, we observed a significantly augmented effect when we introduced sodium nanoparticles into the reaction system, enabling a 100 °C reduction in treatment temperature while maintaining comparable capabilities for extracting organic matter. It was found that the experimental products exhibited enrichment in saturated hydrocarbons, coupled with a decrease in resinous-asphaltenic substances. Within the saturated fraction, we observed a shift towards lighter alkanes and cycloalkanes (C12–C14). Moreover, it has been found that the highest yield of low molecular weight liquid hydrocarbons is acheived in the experiment involving sodium nanoparticles at 250 °C. Upon further increasing the temperature to 300 °C, we noted a decline in liquid hydrocarbon content, accompanied by an increase in gaseous hydrocarbons (C1–C4). Besides, thermal steam treatment substantially reduced the proportion of sulfur-containing aromatic compounds, such as alkylbenzothiophenes, dibenzo- and naphthothiophenes, in the aromatic fraction. The addition of sodium nanoparticles facilitated near-complete desulfurization of this fraction. Moreover, we observed a significant reduction in the total sulfur content of the extracted organic matter. Hydrothermal treatment in the presence of nanoparticles induced transformations in the kerogen structure and structural and phase changes in the mineral components of the shale.

Nano temperature-switchable supramolecular solvent: Preparation, characterization and application in efficient extraction and enrichment of phytochemicals

In this study, a nano temperature-switchable supramolecular solvent (NTS-SUPRAS) system was designed, prepared and characterized for efficient extraction and enrichment of phytochemicals, the extraction mechanism was also investigated. The NTS-SUPRAS was synthesized by natural deep eutectic (NADES), 1,2-Propanediol and water, then the ternary phase diagrams were plotted according to their mass fractions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), conductivity and FT-IR were used to characterize the solvent, and an exciting discovery was the nanoscale of NTS-SUPRAS. The particle size of its reverse micelles self- aggregated was positively correlated to the water content, which was increased from 3.8 nm to 77.9 nm as the water content increased from 5 % to 20 %. Temperature-switchable of NTS-SUPRAS was proved by the appearance of phase separation when regulate temperature from 25 °C to 10 °C. Then, six phytochemicals in Cajanus cajan(Linn.) leaves were efficiently extracted and enriched by vortex-assisted extraction. The extraction factors such as solid–liquid ratio, vortex time, NADES content and water content were optimized using the one-factor optimization method and response surface analysis to obtain the optimal extraction conditions. The results showed that the extraction efficiency of NTS-SUPRAS was 1.18–2.32 folds higher than that of traditional solvents for different polar substances, and the total extraction yield could be reached 21.13 mg/g. The phytochemicals were highly recovered by temperature-switching and macroporous adsorption resin with a recovery rate up to 98.6 %, and the reusability of NTS-SUPRAS could still keep at 90.43 % of the initial one after three cycles. Finally, the extraction mechanism of NTS-SUPRAS was investigated using density functional theory (DFT), founding that the hydrogen bonding between NTS-SUPRAS and the phytochemicals was attributed to the high extraction rate. This nano temperature-switchable supramolecular solvent has the advantages of green, low cost, simple preparation, high extraction rate, easy recycling and good reusability, which is suitable for industrialized application and production. In addition, the nanoscale and the temperature-switchable characteristics also provide new prospects for high-value utilization of phytochemicals.

Numerical investigation of artificial ground freezing–thawing processes in tunnel construction

Artificial ground freezing is a frequently used method for temporary support of the soil in geotechnical interventions, such as tunneling. Besides the time required to form a supporting frozen soil structure during freezing, the prediction of temperature evolution during the thawing process and the final thawing time are also relevant, since settlements induced by thawing of the frozen soil can pose a risk to sensitive structures in urban tunneling. The freezing and thawing process of soils depends strongly on the unfrozen liquid content. The unfrozen liquid content during the freezing and thawing cycles is known to have a pronounced hysteresis response, whose effect on the temperature distribution and groundwater flow, especially at the structural level has not been extensively studied. In this work, we present a thermo-hydraulic finite element model for freezing soils and incorporate the hysteresis behavior of soil. We aim to investigate the suitability of the presented numerical model for tunnel construction on the one hand, and quantify the extent of the influence of the hysteresis response of the unfrozen liquid content at the structural level on the other. To this end, the model is first validated with the help of experimental data from a soil test subjected to a freezing–thawing cycle and subsequently used to analyze three problems of artificial ground freezing in tunnel construction during the freezing phase or freezing–thawing phases. The results show a good agreement with the experimental measurements. We show that the computational model is capable of providing accurate prognosis of the temperature profile as well as broader metrics such as the thickness and shape of the frozen body for tunneling applications under hydrostatic and seepage flow conditions. The hysteresis response is shown to have a significant influence on the coupled thermo-hydraulic process, with thawing times differing depending on whether hysteresis is considered. It is concluded, that the inclusion of the hysteresis response is crucial for obtaining an accurate representation of the freezing process.

Compressibility of lime-treated dredged slurry with high water content

Lime is widely used for soft ground treatment, rendering the compressibility of lime-treated soil a crucial factor in deformation analysis in engineering applications. This study investigated the compressibility of three remoulded lime-treated slurries with high water content in Southeast China. Sixty groups of oedometer tests were conducted on lime-treated soils with an initial water content of 1 to 3 times the liquid limit and lime contents between 1 and 3%. The oedometer test results were discussed to examine the remoulded yield stress σy′\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\upsigma }_{y}^{\\prime}$$\\end{document} of lime-treated slurry. Considering the relationships between σy′\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\upsigma }_{y}^{\\prime}$$\\end{document}, the void ratio, lime content, and initial water content were preliminarily discussed and quantitatively established. Research on the normalised compression curve of lime-treated soil revealed that for soil samples containing a lime content of 0–%, the normalised compression curve at σp′\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\upsigma }_{p}^{\\prime}$$\\end{document}>σy′\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\upsigma }_{y}^{\\prime}$$\\end{document} can be represented by a unique line. Furthermore, the log(1 + e) − log σv′\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\sigma }_{\ ext{v}}^{\\prime}$$\\end{document} compression curve of lime-treated slurry at pre-yield state is analysed, and a prediction method for the modified compression index is proposed.

Ionic liquid-containing polymer including membrane for the removal of cobalt: Synthesis, adsorption, transport, and modeling studies

This work describes synthesis of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), which is prepared by using varying ratios of polyvinylidene fluoride co-hexafluorophosphate (PVDF-HFP) as the base polymer and trioctyldodecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate) (P88812BTMPP) as extractant carrier, and its utilization for the Co(II) sorption and transport. PIM with 40 wt% ionic liquid content showed a high sorption efficiency (>95 %) for 100 mg/L Co(II) feed with 0 and 5 mol/L HCl. Likewise, the transport experiment was achieved with Co(II) in 5 mol/L HCl as feed solution and 2 mol/L H2SO4, which exhibited excellent performance with a recovery factor of more than 85 %. The effect of various parameters on the efficiency of Co(II) sorption and transport was examined systematically. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies revealed that Co(II) sorption onto PIM was chemisorption in nature. Interestingly, the adsorption mechanism of Co(II) was found to be dependent upon the HCl concentration, resulting in two different mode of sorption mechanisms. Moreover, Co(II) desorption (>95 %) was achieved effectively, using 2 mol/L H2SO4. The recycling experiments suggested that PIM could be reused effectively without significant performance loss after six consecutive sorption-stripping cycles. Therefore, the reported PIM holds a good potential as a sorbent of critical metals, such as cobalt, due to its cost-effectiveness, excellent performance in batch-sorption and continuous transport processes, as well as good regeneration properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on Co(II) transport, employing a membrane transport system with a novel phosphonium-based ionic liquid.

Canine pulmonary clearance during feto-neonatal transition according to the type of delivery

The success of immediate adaptation to extrauterine life depends on appropriate lung function, however, elective cesarean section can increase the risk of respiratory distress as a result of reduced pulmonary fluid absorption. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of birth mode on pulmonary clearance and respiratory performance of canine neonates in the transition period. For this purpose, 37 neonates were selected according to the obstetric condition: Vaginal Eutocia (n = 17) and Elective C-section (n = 20). Neonates were evaluated for neonatal vitality score, as well as evaluation of heart and respiratory rates, body temperature and body weight, venous hemogasometric evaluation, blood lactate and glucose, pulse oximetry and radiographic evaluation during the first 24 h of life. Additionally, amniotic fluid electrolyte composition of each puppy was evaluated. There was no influence of the type of delivery on electrolyte composition of canine amniotic fluid and neonatal pulmonary liquid content, analyzed by thoracic X-Rays. On the other hand, elective cesarean section delayed pulmonary adaptation, resulting in hypoxemia and less efficient compensatory response to acid-base imbalance and thermoregulation. In conclusion, elective c-section does not delay pulmonary clearance, whilst alters pulmonary adaptation by less efficient gas exchange and lower oxygenation, hindering the compensatory response to acid-base imbalance during the fetal-neonatal transition in dogs.

Determination of radiocarbon content in liquid fuel blends by accelerator mass spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting in the gliwice radiocarbon and mass spectrometry laboratory

Abstract The increase in biobased material usage requires the methods of verification to investigate the actual content of biocarbon in such materials, including liquid fuels. The determination of biocarbon in liquid samples using 14C required adaptation of existing sample preparation methods. In this study, both accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and liquid scintillation counting (LSC) methods were used to determine the content of 14C in six different liquid fuel blends produced from purely bio-based hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and a 14C-free petrodiesel sample (ON/UF-BC). The results obtained for pure petrodiesel provide background values. The results indicate a good agreement between LSC and AMS, and a linear correlation between the 14C measurement results for blended samples and HVO content affirmed the reproducibility between the two methods. The repeatability of AMS results was tested on 10 aliquots of one of the blends, and the results were deemed reproducible.

Seismic performance assessment of an existing anchored and a self-anchored liquid storage tank in high seismic regions

This study presents seismic performance of two existing at-grade industrial liquid-storage tanks located in the Eastern part of Marmara region, which is a high seismic region in Turkey. The first tank is self-anchored (unanchored) and has been in service for 44 years, while the other tank is mechanically anchored to a reinforced concrete foundation and has been in service for 50 years. Tanks seismic performance is evaluated using tank time-history earthquake analyses with recorded ground motions scaled for each tank site. The liquid content was included in the developed model using provisions of API 650. Tanks base uplift, sliding on the foundation, tank shell and bottom plate damage, and demand on tank anchorage were determined. The results shows that self-anchored tank has base plate uplift and sliding that are larger than the allowable limits while the mechanically anchored tank has acceptable seismic performance with potential seismic damage of tank anchorage system. The findings of this study contribute valuable insight into the seismic performance of existing liquid storage tanks in the region under new seismic regulations and increased seismic loads than those used for their design.

Investigating the foaming behavior of a soybean derived surfactant for gas well deliquification in a sparger setup

Surfactant injection is one of the common gas-well deliquification techniques to enhance gas productivity. However, most traditional chemical-based surfactants are often nonbiodegradable, toxic, and lead to environmental and potential health risks. There is a need to investigate surfactants of natural origins, soybean derived surfactants (SODS) offer promising eco-friendly alternatives. It is crucial to understand the foaming behavior of the biosurfactant and its effectiveness in the deliquification process. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the foaming characteristics of SODS and correlate its dynamic surface tension to the foaming properties of other known surfactant solutions using a sparger setup.The results showed that the SODS can generate stable foams and have the potential to mitigate liquid loading problems in gas wells. The bubble formation at the tip of the sparger is highly dependent on the bubble size and foam drainage, so, the surface tension reduction rate (R1/2) is inversely proportional to the bubble radius (R‾) for all the surfactants under study. Consequently, the total foam weight and foam density of SODS are determined at the top of the production column of the experimental setup, hence the liquid content of the foam (∅l) determines the foam formation for the biosurfactant. Also, the foaming qualities in terms of foamability and foam stability increase with maximum R1/2 for the all the surfactants used. The sparger configuration agrees with the Ross-Miles test for ∅l and R1/2 with the R2 value of 0.91. The study offers a novel strategy for effective gas well deliquification using surfactants with natural origins, furthering sustainable practices in the oil and gas production sector.

Glucose-stabilized polyvinyl acetate homopolymer-based wood adhesive: synthesis and characterization

The purpose of this work was to study the synthesis and characterization of an adhesive based on a glucose stabilized polyvinyl acetate homopolymer. Vinyl acetate monomer was stabilised onto liquid glucose using emulsion polymerization, and polymerization happened using potassium persulfate as an initiator. Here, the effects of adding liquid glucose as a stabiliser for adhesives were studied. Therefore, the current research examines whether liquid glucose, introduced at weight-based concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0%, is suitable as a colloid to produce PVAc adhesives for wood. By measuring viscosity, pH, contact angle, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the pencil hardness test of films, the effect of adding liquid glucose as a colloid on physical, thermal, and mechanical properties was investigated. The shear strength of the PVAc homopolymers applied to wood using emulsions with varied liquid glucose concentrations was measured using a universal tensile machine. As the concentration of liquid glucose increased, the viscosity of the adhesives also considerably increased. Water resistance significantly rose when liquid glucose content increased, as was found by measuring the water contact angle. The use of liquid glucose increased the hardness of PVAc films, which was supported by the glass transition temperature. According to EN 204-205, the tensile shear strength with 1.0% of liquid glucose increased by 63.88% and 45.67%, respectively, over a pristine sample after 6 h of bonding in a dry environment and 24 h in a wet environment. The study’s overall conclusion highlights the higher adhesion capability of PVAc emulsion-based adhesives stabilized by liquid glucose.

Preparation and Application of CO2-Resistant Latex in Shale Reservoir Cementing

With the application of CO2 fracturing, CO2 huff and puff, CO2 flooding, and other stimulation technologies in shale reservoirs, a large amount of CO2 remained in the formation, which also lead to the serious corrosion problem of CO2 in shale reservoirs. In order to solve the harm caused by CO2 corrosion, it is necessary to curb CO2 corrosion from the cementing cement ring to ensure the long-term stable exploitation of shale oil. Therefore, a new latex was created using liquid polybutadiene, styrene, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, and maleic anhydride to increase the cement ring’s resistance to CO2 corrosion. The latex’s structure and characteristics were then confirmed using infrared, particle size analyzer, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The major size distribution of latex is between 160 and 220 nm, with a solid content of 32.2% and an apparent viscosity of 36.8 mPa·s. And it had good physical properties and stability. Latex can effectively improve the properties of cement slurry and cement composite. When the amount of latex was 8%, the fluidity index of cement slurry was 0.76, the consistency index was 0.5363, the free liquid content was only 0.1%, and the water loss was reduced to 108 mL. At the same time, latex has a certain retarding ability. With 8% latex, the cement slurry has a specific retarding ability, is 0.76 and 0.5363, has a free liquid content of just 0.1%, and reduces water loss to 108 mL. Moreover, latex had certain retarding properties. The compressive strength and flexural strength of the latex cement composite were increased by 13.47% and 33.64% compared with the blank cement composite. A long-term CO2 corrosion experiment also showed that latex significantly increased the cement composite’s resilience to corrosion, lowering the blank cement composite’s growth rate of permeability from 46.88% to 19.41% and its compressive strength drop rate from 27.39% to 11.74%. Through the use of XRD and SEM, the latex’s anti-corrosion mechanism, hydration products, and microstructure were examined. In addition to forming a continuous network structure with the hydrated calcium silicate and other gels, the latex can form a latex film to attach and fill the hydration products. This slows down the rate of CO2 corrosion of the hydration products, enhancing the cement composite’s resistance to corrosion. CO2-resistant toughened latex can effectively solve the CO2 corrosion problem of the cementing cement ring in shale reservoirs.

Development and physicochemical characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers for entrapment of vitamin D3 prepared at different lipid ratios

Development and physicochemical characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers for entrapment of vitamin D3 prepared at different lipid ratios