Erythrocyte Concentrations Research Articles

Control Parameters for Separation and Concentration of Rat Erythrocytes and Lymphocytes and Human Erythrocytes in the Field of a Standing Ultrasonic Wave

Control Parameters for Separation and Concentration of Rat Erythrocytes and Lymphocytes and Human Erythrocytes in the Field of a Standing Ultrasonic Wave

Anemia of critical illness: a narrative review

The prevalence of anemia in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) reaches 66%. Moreover, numerous patients develop anemia during ICU hospitalization. In fact, anemia is the most common hematologic disease in the ICU. The majority of patients hospitalized in the ICU present with acute systemic inflammation, so called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). These patients may develop anemia of inflammation (AI). In crtitically ill patients AI may present acutely (acute systemic inflammation) or chronically (comorbidities associated with prolonged systemic inflammation), here we describe both presentations of AI as ‘anemia of critical illness’ (ACI). The second most frequent type of anemia in critically ill patients is iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). A mixed type of anemia (ACI + IDA) may also be present in these patients. The three major pathophysiological mechanisms leading to ACI are: iron restriction, decreased erythropoiesis, and decreased erythrocyte lifespan. Cytokines synthesized during SIRS induce the production of hepcidin that inhibits the only transmembrane iron exporter (ferroportin) present in the duodenum and macrophages. Etiological classification of anemia in critically ill patients poses a significant challenge to clinicians, as there is a multitudeof tests available, and there are various reference ranges for these tests reported in the literature in the patient population in question. Pure ACI or mixed ACI + IDA can be diagnosed using a single laboratory test — complete blood count with analysis of reticulocytes — which provides Hb concentration in erythrocyte and reticulocyte. The management of ACI incorporates discontinuation with erythropoiesis-stimulating agent causing anemia, reduction of iatrogenic blood loss, parenteral iron, and combined therapy of parenteral iron with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in approved indications.

Leptin and its relationship with magnesium biomarkers in women with obesity

Some studies have demonstrated the participation of leptin in magnesium metabolism. On the other hand, there is evidence of the role of magnesium in the leptin intracellular signaling pathway. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the existence of a relationship between serum leptin concentrations and magnesium biomarkers in women with obesity. Case-control study involving 108 women aged between 20 and 50years, divided into two groups: obese (n = 52) and control (n = 56). Body weight, height and waist circumference, body mass index, dietary magnesium intake, magnesium biomarkers and serum leptin concentrations were measured. Serum leptin concentrations showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p < 0.001). Mean values of magnesium intake were lower than intake recommended, and with no statistically significant difference between two groups (p > 0.05). Women with obesity had lower plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations than control group did (p < 0.001). Magnesium concentrations found in the urine of women with obesity were higher than the control group was, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). There was a correlation between serum leptin and magnesium biomarkers (p < 0.001). Women with obesity show an inadequate magnesium nutritional status characterized by low plasma and erythrocyte concentrations and high concentrations in urine, and they also have high serum leptin concentrations. Thus, it was possible to observe a correlation between hyperleptinemia and magnesium biomarkers, requiring further studies to determine whether the dysfunction of this hormone can influence the compartmentalization of the mineral in obese organisms.

Hematological adaptations in diploid and triploid Salvelinus fontinalis and diploid Oncorhynchus mykiss (Salmonidae, Teleostei) in response to long-term exposure to elevated temperature

Hematology is a simple but reliable method to determine the influence of environmental stressors on the physiology and performance of teleost fish. Understanding the detailed impacts of elevated temperature on the hematology of fish can help us to evaluate fish responses to climate change. Therefore, cellular and biochemical changes in peripheral blood were investigated in diploid (2n) and triploid (3n) brook trout and in 2n rainbow trout exposed to 20 °C for 32 days in comparison to fish acclimated to 9 °C. Additionally, survival and growth rates and the relative mRNA expression of heat-shock proteins were recorded. All brook trout and rainbow trout survived exposure to 20 °C. At 20 °C, growth was decreased in 2n rainbow trout, increased in 2n brook trout and similar to growth at 9 °C in 3n brook trout. The erythrocyte cell volume, nucleus volume, cell surface, and nucleocytoplasmatic ratio were significantly lower at 20 °C than at 9 °C in all investigated species/ploidy levels. In contrast, the erythrocyte surface-to-volume ratio was not affected by temperature. In 2n and 3n brook trout, erythrocyte concentration and blood hemoglobin content were increased at 20 °C; in 2n rainbow trout, there were no differences in comparison to 9 °C. Exposure of 2n and 3n brook trout and 2n rainbow trout to 20 °C had no negative effect on cellular and molecular immune components in blood. Serum diagnostic enzymes and metabolites indicated neither organ inflammation nor disease nor disturbance in energy metabolism or nutrition status in fish exposed to 20 °C. In addition, the mRNA expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90 relative to the 28S ribosomal protein S32 did not differ between 9 °C and 20 °C.

Analysis of Intracellular and Extracellular Selenium Concentrations: Differences According to Training Level.

Trace mineral element concentrations are under homeostatic control. Selenium (Se) is a very important micronutrient for the antioxidant and immune system. Se metabolism could be modified due to physical training. This research aimed to analyze the extracellular (plasma, urine and serum) and intracellular (platelets and erythrocytes) concentrations of Se in athletes and to compare it with subjects with low levels of physical training. Forty young men divided into a control group (CG; n = 20; 19.25 ± 0.39 years) and a training group (TG; n = 20; 18.15 ± 0.27 years) participated in this study. The TG was formed by semi-professional soccer players. The analysis of Se was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The TG obtained higher values of maximum oxygen consumption and muscle percentage (p < 0.05). The TG showed reduced absolute (p < 0.01) and relative (p < 0.05) Se concentrations in erythrocytes and platelets in comparison to CG. Trace element assessments should not be limited only to extracellular compartments as there could be deficiencies at the intracellular level.

Comparative effectiveness of the use of various gonadoliberin analogues and the effect of the morphobiochemical composition of blood on the fertilization of cows

Synchronization schemes of sexual cyclicity are widely used in dairy cattle breeding to optimize reproductive function in cows and heifers. A comparative evaluation of the use of three synthetic analogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) in a complex synchronization scheme was carried out, as well as the influence of the morphobiochemical composition of blood on fertilization was determined. For experimental work, 3 groups of full-aged cows were formed, 10 in each. The first group of animals was intramuscularly administered surfagon at a dose of 10 ml, the second – fertagil 2.5 ml, the third - fertagon 5 ml. In cows treated with surfagon fertilization after the first insemination was 70%, fertagil - 20%, fertagon - 50%. According to the results of 3 months of observations, after treatment with surfagon and fertagon, fertilization was 80%, with a multiplicity of inseminations of 1.13 and 1.38 times, respectively, whereas after treatment with fertagil, fertilization was 60% with a multiplicity of 1.67. The morphological picture of blood in infertile cows on the day of artificial insemination was characterized by a lower content of erythrocytes (by 10.7%; P&lt;0.05), lower hematocrit (by 6.3%; P&lt;0.05), with a higher content and concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (by 7.0%; P&lt;0.05 and 2.9%; P&lt;0.05, respectively). It was also found that infertile cows had lower progesterone levels on the day of insemination. Thus, in the group treated with surfagon, the hormone concentration was 2.7 times lower compared to those fertilized, in animals treated with fertagil 4.2 times (P&lt;0.05), fertagon 2.0 times (P&lt;0.05), which is apparently due to the different functional activity of the pituitary-gonadal system.

Erysense, a Lab-on-a-Chip-Based Point-of-Care Device to Evaluate Red Blood Cell Flow Properties With Multiple Clinical Applications.

In many medical disciplines, red blood cells are discovered to be biomarkers since they “experience” various conditions in basically all organs of the body. Classical examples are diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. However, recently the red blood cell distribution width (RDW), is often referred to, as an unspecific parameter/marker (e.g., for cardiac events or in oncological studies). The measurement of RDW requires venous blood samples to perform the complete blood cell count (CBC). Here, we introduce Erysense, a lab-on-a-chip-based point-of-care device, to evaluate red blood cell flow properties. The capillary chip technology in combination with algorithms based on artificial neural networks allows the detection of very subtle changes in the red blood cell morphology. This flow-based method closely resembles in vivo conditions and blood sample volumes in the sub-microliter range are sufficient. We provide clinical examples for potential applications of Erysense as a diagnostic tool [here: neuroacanthocytosis syndromes (NAS)] and as cellular quality control for red blood cells [here: hemodiafiltration (HDF) and erythrocyte concentrate (EC) storage]. Due to the wide range of the applicable flow velocities (0.1–10 mm/s) different mechanical properties of the red blood cells can be addressed with Erysense providing the opportunity for differential diagnosis/judgments. Due to these versatile properties, we anticipate the value of Erysense for further diagnostic, prognostic, and theragnostic applications including but not limited to diabetes, iron deficiency, COVID-19, rheumatism, various red blood cell disorders and anemia, as well as inflammation-based diseases including sepsis.

The combined effect of low-level laser therapy and dietary supplements at the microcirculation system in athletes

The problem of athletes’ body resistance to effects of extreme loadings which lead to decreased adaptive capabilities of the body and over training is particularly relevant in modern sports. In order to improve the physical performance of athletes, there is a constant search for new tools and methods. Aim: to study the effect of dietary supplements at the microcirculation system, both in isolated use and in combination with low-level laser therapy. Material and methods. The study included 28 highly qualififi ed male all-around athletes of the CMC and MS levels. To study the parameters of skin microcirculation, laser Doppler flfl owmetry (LDF) was used, device “LAKK-02” (NPP “LAZMA”). The following parameter was calculated: microcirculation index (MI) proportional to the number of red blood cells in the diagnosed volume and their average velocity. The received signal give the information about endothelial, neurogenic and myogenic active mechanisms of vascular tone regulation and passive mechanisms – respiratory and cardiac flfl uctuations in blood flfl ow; flfl ax index, specififi c oxygen consumption index by tissues, erythrocyte concentration index in the probed blood volume and the ratio of coenzymes of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flfl avinadenine dinucleotide (FAD) (NADH/FAD). Results. After isolated use of dietary supplements, the level of perfusion increases signififi cantly by 48 % (p &lt; 0.05), and the value of the flfl ax increases by 78 % (p &lt; 0.05). More red blood cells by 22 % (p &lt; 0.05) are released from blood depots into the microcirculatory bed. The tone of arterioles decreases by 48 % (p &lt; 0.05), of precapillary sphincters – by 59 % (p &lt; 0.05). In mitochondria, ratio of NADH/FAD coenzymes increases by 55 % (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion. Laser radiation in combination with dietary supplements optimizes recovery processes in the body of athletes who are subjected to heavy physical exertion. Under the combined effect, the intensity of microcirculation increases, oxygen output of erythrocytes by hemoglobin improves as well as its active diffusion from blood into tissues and participation in the ATP synthesis at the level of cell mitochondrial. It is worth noting that there is similarity in the isolated use of dietary supplements and in combination with low-energy laser radiation which enhances the mechanism of action of dietary supplements.

Thrombus characteristics evaluated by acute optical coherence tomography in ST elevation myocardial Infarction.

ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is caused by an occlusive thrombosis of a coronary artery. We wanted to assess if the thrombus can be characterized according to erythrocyte content and age using intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a clinical setting. We performed manual thrombus aspiration in 66 STEMI patients. OCT was done of the thrombus remnants after aspiration. A light intensity ratio was measured through the thrombus. Forty two of the aspirates had thrombus which could be analyzed histomorphologically for analysis of erythrocyte and platelet content, and to determine the age of thrombus as fresh, lytic or organized. There were 11 red, 21 white and 10 mixed thrombi. Furthermore, 36 aspirates had elements of fresh, 7 of lytic and 8 of organized thrombi. There was no correlation between colour and age. OCT appearance could not predict erythrocyte or platelet content. The light intensity ratios were not significantly different in fresh, lytic or organized thrombi. OCT could not differentiate between red and white thrombi, nor determine thrombus age.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELENIUM NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND MARKERS OF LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN OBESE WOMEN.

Low-grade chronic inflammation is one of the main disorders that characterize adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and is an important element in the pathogenesis of several comorbidities. In this context, selenium is an essential micronutrient that exerts important anti-inflammatory functions, and the role of selenium in controlling inflammation associated with obesity is not well defined. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between markers of the nutritional status of selenium and low-grade chronic inflammation in obese women. This cross-sectional study included 81 women aged between 18 and 50years, who were divided into two groups according to body mass index (BMI): the obesity group (n = 38) and normal weight group (n = 43). Selenium intake was assessed by 3-day diet records. The plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary selenium concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The analysis of serum cytokines interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was performed using flow cytometry. The results of this study revealed that the obese women had higher dietary intake of selenium than eutrophic women. However, obese participants showed decreased selenium concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes, in parallel with increased concentrations of selenium in the urine. Regarding the inflammatory parameters, obese women exhibited higher concentrations of IL-6 and lower concentrations of the cytokines IL-8, IL-1β, and TNFα than eutrophic women. In the binary logistic regression analysis, erythrocyte selenium was considered an independent predictor of the serum concentrations of cytokine IL-8 in obese women, reflecting the anti-inflammatory action of this micronutrient.

Effects of diabetes mellitus complicated by admission hyperglycemia on clot histological composition and ultrastructure in patients with acute ischemic stroke

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects the occurrence and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the impact of diabetes on thrombus characteristics is unclear. The relationship between the composition and ultrastructure of clots and DM with admission hyperglycemia was investigated.MethodsConsecutive patients with AIS who underwent endovascular thrombus retrieval between June 2017 and May 2021 were recruited. The thrombus composition and ultrastructure were evaluated using Martius scarlet blue stain and scanning electron microscopy. Clot perviousness was evaluated via thrombus attenuation increase on computed tomography angiography (CTA) versus non-contrast CT. Patients with admission hyperglycemia DM (ahDM) and those without DM (nonDM) were compared in terms of thrombus composition, ultrastructure, and perviousness.ResultsOn admission, higher NIHSS scores (17 vs. 12, respectively, p = 0.015) was evident in ahDM patients. After the 90-day follow-up, the rates of excellent outcomes (mRS 0–1) were lower in patients with ahDM (16.6%, p = 0.038), but functional independence (mRS 0–2) and handicapped (mRS 3–5) were comparable between patients with ahDM and nonDM. The outcome of mortality was higher in patients with ahDM (33.3%, p = 0.046) than in nonDM patients. Clots in patients with ahDM had more fibrin (39.4% vs. 25.0%, respectively, p = 0.007), fewer erythrocyte components (21.2% vs. 41.5%, respectively, p = 0.043), equivalent platelet fraction (27.7% vs. 24.6%, respectively, p = 0.587), and higher WBC counts (4.6% vs. 3.3%, respectively, p = 0.004) than in nonDM patients. The percentage of polyhedral erythrocytes in thrombi was significantly higher in ahDM patients than in nonDM patients (68.9% vs. 45.6%, respectively, p = 0.007). The proportion of pervious clots was higher in patients nonDM than in patients with ahDM (82.61% vs. 40%, respectively, p = 0.026).ConclusionPatients with ahDM presented with greater stroke severity on admission and poorer functional outcomes after 3 months. Clots in patients with ahDM had more fibrin, leucocytes, and fewer erythrocyte components than in patients nonDM. The content of polyhedral erythrocytes and impervious clots proportion were significantly higher in thrombi of patients with AIS and ahDM. Further research is required to validate these findings.

Эффективность использования в кормлении молодняка крупного рогатого скота органического кобальта

Aim. The study of the regularities of metabolism in the body when feeding various types of trace elements. Materials and Methods. The studies were carried out using generally accepted and modern biotechnological, biochemical and mathematical methods and certified laboratory equipment. All digital material obtained in the course of the research work was processed using the Microsoft Excel software package and the method of variation statistics, taking into account the Student's probability criterion. Results. Studies have found that the use of 1 mg/ kg of cobalt acetic acid compound feed in feeding young bulls aged 3-6 months had a positive effect on the physiological state of animals, expressed in an increase in the content of erythrocytes in the blood by 2.4%, hemoglobin – by 2.1, total protein – by 1.1, calcium and phosphorus – by 1.4 and 1.3%, respectively. At the same time, the glucose level decreased by 1.8%, urea – by 1.9%. it did not have a significant effect on the processes of cicatricial digestion. All indicators were within the limits of physiological norms. The animals of the experimental group showed a tendency to decrease the ammonia content in the scar fluid by 4.1%. At the same time, in the experimental group, the level of volatile fatty acids increased by 3.0%. Feeding the bulls with cobalt acetic acid salt provided an increase in the average daily live weight gain by 3.1%. The increase in productivity had a positive effect on the efficiency of the transformation of nutrients in the diet into products. Thus, feed costs for products decreased by 2.8%. Conclusion. The adding of cobalt acetic acid in the diet of young bulls had a positive effect to decrease the ammonia content in the rumen fluid, increasing the average daily gain and, in general, the productivity of animals.

Effect of encapsulated Cosmos caudatus leaf extract on the physiological conditions, immune competency, and antioxidative status of broilers at high stocking density

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effect of encapsulated Cosmos caudatus leaf extract on the physiological conditions, immune competency, and antioxidative status of broiler chickens raised at a high stocking density. After 15 days of rearing, 370 Lohmann broiler chicks were assigned to five treatment groups, including T0 (chicks were raised at a density of 10 birds/m2 and received no additive), T1 (chicks were raised at a density of 16 birds/m2 and received no additive), T2 (chicks were raised at a density of 16 birds/m2 and received 0.5 g/kg encapsulated C. caudatus leaf extract), T3 (chicks were raised at a density of 16 birds/m2 and received 1.0 g/kg additive), and T4 (chicks were raised at a density of 16 birds/m2 and received 1.5 g/kg additive). On days 28 and 42, blood samples from two chicks per pen were collected. On day 42, the chicks that had been blood-sampled were sacrificed, and blood samples and lymphoid organs (i.e., bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus) were collected. The daily weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers (P&lt;0.01) in groups T2 and T3 were higher than those of broilers in groups T0, T1, and T4. Daily feed intake was greater (P&lt;0.01) in groups T0 and T1 than in groups T2 and T3. The erythrocyte content and hematocrit value of groups T1, T2, T3, and T4 were greater (P&lt;0.05) than those of group T0. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in group T4 was lower (P&lt;0.05) than that in groups T0, T1, and T2. Leukocyte and lymphocyte levels were higher in group T1 (P&lt;0.05) than in other groups. Serum albumin was higher in chicks reared at a high density (P&lt;0.05) than in chicks reared at a normal density. Lesion scores were higher in group T1 (P&lt;0.05) than in other groups. Chicks in groups T1 and T2 showed more severe pathological changes in their bursa of Fabricius compared with those in groups T0, T3, and T4. Serum superoxide dismutase was higher in groups T2, T3, and T4 (P&lt;0.05) than in groups T0 and T1. Chicks in group T4 had higher (P&lt;0.05) malondialdehyde levels than chicks in other groups. In conclusion, a high stocking density influences the metabolic rate and physiological conditions of broiler chicks, as reflected by alterations in the blood profiles of the animals. Stress due to a high stocking density could damage the bursa of Fabricius, but feeding with encapsulated C. caudatus leaf extract, especially at a rate of 1.5 g/kg, could alleviate the cortical and lymphocyte cell depletion of broilers. Regardless of the stocking density effect, dietary supplementation with encapsulated C. caudatus leaf extract at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg could improve the daily weight gain of broilers.

Maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition as a predictive marker for pregnancy health.

Pregnancy is accompanied by a surge in demand for fatty acids (FAs) in order to support maternal health, as well as fetal growth and development. Of particular demand is essential for long-chain polyunsaturated FAs. FAs are primarily obtained from dietary sources and are distributed in the body. In comparison with the use of self-reporting approaches, measuring the FA levels within different blood compartments can present a more accurate image of nutritional, and thus tissue, FA composition. Hence, the FA profile of plasma or serum is commonly used for physiological analyses. Nevertheless, plasma and serum FAs are not yet incorporated into cell membranes, and consequently may not be a suitable reflection of the FA status of body tissues. The evaluation of erythrocyte FA levels offers a superior possibility for the following reasons: the biological fluctuation of erythrocyte FA composition is low, phospholipids account for almost all the lipid content of erythrocytes, and the FA profiles of erythrocytes represent those of tissues. Here, we elaborate on whether the status of maternal erythrocyte FAs can serve as a prognostic biomarker for reproductive health and fetomaternal complications, including embryonic and fetoplacental development, gestational length, and preeclampsia. In addition, factors with the potential of altering the maternal erythrocyte FAs such as maternal diet, lifestyle habits, genetics, and body composition are discussed.

Influence of physical load of maximum aerobic power on hemodynamics and morpho-biochemical changes in erythrocytes in female volleyball players

Purpose: to study the types of cardiohemodynamic response of the organism and morpho-biochemical changes of erythrocytes of peripheral blood of volleyball players to physical activity of maximum aerobic capacity.&#x0D; Material and methods In 18 highly qualified volleyball players aged 22.0±0.60 years, cardiohemodynamics (by functional methods), functional changes (by biochemical methods) and the structure of erythrocytes (using scanning electron microscopy) were studied before and after the maximum (3.5 W/kg of body weight) of physical activity.&#x0D; Results. It was found that maximal physical activity causes significant changes in cardiohemodynamics, which result in morphological rearrangement of peripheral blood erythrocytes (increase in erythrocyte deformation index) and closely correlate with biochemical changes (decrease in ATP concentration and increase in magnesium concentration in erythrocytes). Possible mechanisms of realization of features of reaction of an organism of volleyball players to physical activity of the maximum aerobic power depending on type of regulation of blood circulation and morpho-biochemical changes of erythrocytes of peripheral blood are discussed.&#x0D; Conclusions. Physical activity of maximum aerobic power in highly qualified female volleyball players reveals the typological features of the cardiohemodynamic response of the body of volleyball players, which is expressed by conformational changes in peripheral blood erythrocytes and depends on the concentration of individual macroelements in these cells and on the type of cardiohemodynamics.

Еритроцити та їх значення в патогенезі негоспітальної пневмонії

The purpose of the study was to study the response of erythrocytes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and to assess its importance in the pathogenesis of this disease. Materials and methods. Thirty patients with community-acquired pneumonia were examined. The diagnosis was established on the basis of epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, radiological data. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit number, erythrocyte indexes were determined: mean erythrocyte volume, mean hemoglobin content in erythrocyte, mean hemoglobin concentration in erythrocyte. Results and discussion. It is established that with community-acquired pneumonia in the body there is an increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species at all times of observation. The study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of blood cells in our study found significant shifts in all indicators. Thus, the number of erythrocytes on the 1st day of observation increased by 20.9% relative to the group of healthy individuals, and then decreased and remained by 8 % – 10 % less than in the control on the 5th day. Subsequently, after 10 days there was a sharp (2.2 times) decrease in the number of erythrocytes. However, in general, the concentration of erythrocytes in this observation period remained significantly reduced relative to the group of almost healthy individuals by 20%. Changes in hemoglobin concentration had a similar dynamic. The maximum decrease in erythrocytes count and hemoglobin concentration in the blood over time indicates active hemolysis of erythrocytes during this period. Hematocrit in the examined patients increased sharply on the 1st day of the study, which indicated blood clotting. However, on day 5, hematocrit decreased sharply, amounting to only 57% of the level of the practically healthy individuals’ group and practically did not recover to the ascending level on the 10th day. The mean erythrocyte volume did not change significantly during the study. Conclusion. Changes in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and erythrocyte indices in community-acquired pneumonia are due to membrane-destructive processes in erythrocytes, a decrease in their absolute number – due to hemolysis, hematocrit changes – due to redistribution of blood and hypoxia that develops in non-hospital pneumonia. Changes in erythrocytes are oxygen-dependent mechanisms in the pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonia

Settleable atmospheric particulate matter induces stress and affects the oxygen-carrying capacity and innate immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Steel industry emissions of atmospheric particulate matter are responsible for air to water cross-contamination, which deposits metal/metalloid contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. This source of contamination has not been considered in most of the environmental monitoring protocols. Settleable atmospheric particulate matter (SePM) collected in an area of steel industry influence was used to analyze the sublethal effects on the hematological and innate immunological variables in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after short-term exposure (96 h). Blood samples were analyzed to evaluate the oxygen-carrying transport capacity, innate immune activity and stress biomarkers after exposure to ecologically relevant concentration of SePM. The exposure reduced blood oxygen-carrying capacity by lessening hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Compensatory increments in mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin have also been observed. The contaminant impacted the immune system by reducing the number of leukocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes, total plasma protein, leukocyte respiratory activity, and by increasing lysozyme concentration. Furthermore, the contaminant caused endocrine stress response, raising plasma cortisol and glucose. Therefore, the alterations caused by SePM threatened the capacity of sustaining aerobic metabolism, impaired the immune system, and changed the energy allocation due to both stress response and immune effect. This may have important implications for the impact of SePM on aquatic ecosystems. Future investigations should assess SePM impact on general physiology and aerobic performance, especially to face common ecological challenges such as hypoxia and sustained swimming. These results point out the need to develop proper protocols to address the air-to-water cross-contamination risks by iron ore processing industries.

Physiological state of the hybrid Russian sturgeon × Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii × Acipenser baerii) grown in cages in the Volga delta

Three-year-olds (15 individuals) and six-year-olds (15 individuals) of the hybrid Russian sturgeon × Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii × Acipenser baerii), grown in net cages in the Volga delta, were studied at the end of the fishbreeding season in order to establish the functional state of the body according to a set of indicators of the erythron and metabolism. The results of the study revealed that the erythron system in six-year-old ROLO hybrids is characterized by a lower content of erythrocytes and blood hemoglobin (0.37±0.02 × 10¹²/l and 51.32±1.38 g/l, respectively), compared with three-year-olds (0.47±0.03 × 10¹²/l and 59.08±2.38 g/l, respectively) (p &lt; 0.05). The content of serum iron in the groups of three-year-olds and six-year-olds did not differ (15.05±0.62 and 14.63±0.42 µmol/l, respectively) (p &gt; 0.05). It has been established that indicators of protein metabolism in ROLO have age-related features. Thus, six-year-old hybrids have a higher level of whey protein content (39.3±1.34 g/l) and AST activity (4.71±0.11 µkat/l), but a lower level of ALT activity (1.67±0.18 µkat/l), compared with three-year-olds, in which the average values of these indicators were, respectively, 31.84±0.92 g/l, 3.05±0.39 and 2.58±0.16 mkat/l. Age differences were also found in the study of lipid metabolism. In the group of six-year-olds, the cholesterol content was lower than in three-year-olds (1.67±0.11 and 2.05±0.1 mmol/l, respectively) (p &gt; 0.05). But the content of serum triglycerides did not differ significantly, only a tendency to a higher level of this indicator in six-year-olds compared to three-year-olds was noted (3.07±0.14 and 2.28±0.11 mmol/l, respectively). When studying carbohydrate metabolism, a higher level of glycemia was found in the group of six-year-olds compared to three-year-olds: 2.52±0.16 and 1.68±0.15 mmol/l, respectively (p &gt; 0.05). The pronounced variability of the glycemia index in both groups is characteristic — the coefficient of variation was at the level of 25.3–33.6%. The established parameters of variation and age specificity of indicators of the erythron system, protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism can be used in assessing the state of physiological adaptation of the ROLO hybrid at the end of the growing period in cages in the Volga delta.

The discovery of berberine erythrocyte-hemoglobin self-assembly delivery system: a neglected carrier underlying its pharmacokinetics

Berberine (BBR) has extremely low concentration and high tissue distribution. However, current pharmacokinetic studies predominantly focus on its concentration in plasma, which could hardly make a comprehensive understanding of its pharmacokinetic process. This study made a pioneering endeavor to explore the erythrocyte-hemoglobin (Hb) self-assembly system of BBR by exploring the interaction of BBR with erythrocyte and the combination of BBR with Hb. Results showed that BBR had a low bioavailability (C0 = 2.833 μg/mL via intravenous administration of 2.5 mg/kg BBR and Cmax = 0.260 μg/mL via oral administration of 400 mg/kg BBR). Besides, BBR achieved higher concentrations in erythrocytes than plasma, and the erythrocytes count and Hb content were significantly decreased after intravenous administration. Hemolysis rate indicated the BBR-erythrocyte system (with 2% erythrocytes) was relatively stable without hemolysis at the concentration of 1.00 mg/mL. And the maximum percentage of drug loading was 100% when the BBR-erythrocyte concentration was 0.185 μg/mL. Furthermore, incubation of BBR and erythrocytes resulted in internalization of the erythrocyte membrane and the formation of intracellular vacuoles. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the binding process of bovine hemoglobin (BHB) and BBR was spontaneous. UV-vis absorption spectra, synchronous fluorescence, circular dichroism and Raman spectra collectively indicated that BBR showed strong binding affinity toward BHB and affected the molecular environment of residues like tryptophan and tyrosine in BHB, resulting in the conformational changes of its secondary and tertiary structure. Molecular docking indicated BBR interacted with Arg-141 residue of BHB via hydrogen bond with the bond length of 2.55 Å. The ΔG value of the BHB-BBR system was −31.79 kJ/mol. Molecular dynamics simulation indicated the root mean square derivation of BBR-BHB was <0.025 nm, suggestive of stable conformation. Cumulatively, there was an erythrocyte-Hb self-assembled drug delivery system after oral or intravenous administration of BBR, which conceivably gained novel insight into the discrepancy between the extremely low plasma concentration and relatively high tissue concentration of BBR.

Metabolic changes in the blood of cows with acute endometritis

The results of hematological and biochemical blood tests of cows with acute catarrhal-purulent endometritis showed a decrease in the concentration of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, an increase in the level of leukocytes, platelets, glucose, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, LDH, AST, ALT compared with clinically healthy animals. Intrauterine administration of the Mitrek preparation for the treatment of cows with acute catarrhal-purulent endometritis had a positive effect on the normalization of the main indicators of metabolic processes in the animal body within 20 days after its use.