Erythrocyte Concentrations Research Articles

Semi-refined carrageenan induces eryptosis in a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent manner

Background: Semi-refined carrageenan (food additive E407a) is a widely used thickener, which has been reported to exert toxic and pro-inflammatory effects. In particular, there is accumulating evidence that it induces eryptosis, i.e. a programmed cell death of eryptocytes, via ROS-mediated pathways. However, the role of Ca2+-dependent mechanisms in E407a-induced eryptosis is not elucidated. Material and methods: Semi-refined carrageenan at concentrations of 0 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml was incubated with blood of intact female WAG rats (n=9) for 24 h in RPMI and fetal bovine serum. After 24 h, the samples were used to obtain erythrocyte suspensions. The obtained suspensions were stained with a Ca2+-sensitive FLUO4 AM probe (30 min, 2.5 µM). The fluorescence of FLUO4 in erythrocytes was detected by a BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer. Results: The intracellular Ca2+ levels are proportional to the fluorescence of FLUO4. The mean fluorescence intensities (MFI) were compared. Low levels (1 mg/ml) of E407a had no impact on Ca2+ concentrations in erythrocytes (p>0.05). On the contrary, high concentrations (5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml) of this food additive promoted an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ levels. The MFI values were 2.3- and 2.5-fold higher, respectively (p<0.0001). In addition, the exposure to E407a at concentrations of 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml (p<0.0001) increased the percentage of cells with high FLUO4 fluorescence. Conclusion: Food additive E407a induces eryptosis in a Ca2+-dependent manner.

Normalization of Blood Viscosity According to the Hematocrit and the Shear Rate.

The rheological properties of blood depend highly on the properties of its red blood cells: concentration, membrane elasticity, and aggregation. These properties affect the viscosity of blood as well as its shear thinning behavior. Using an experimental analysis of the interface advancement of blood in a microchannel, we determine the viscosity of different samples of blood. In this work, we present two methods that successfully normalize the viscosity of blood for a single and for different donors, first according to the concentration of erythrocytes and second according to the shear rate. The proposed methodology is able to predict the health conditions of the blood samples by introducing a non-dimensional coefficient that accounts for the response to shear rate of the different donors blood samples. By means of these normalization methods, we were able to determine the differences between the red blood cells of the samples and define a range where healthy blood samples can be described by a single behavior.

Biological activity and comparative analysis of probiotic preparations on basis of Enzymesporine

In the article there is view the impact of application of microencapsulated probiotic medication "Enzymesporine with enzyme" compared to microencapsulated and non-encapsulated analogues which are without enzyme on Genesus selection pigs. There are studied the effects on intestinal digestion, live growth and weight gain, and also on hematological and biochemical parameters of blood. The experience was performed at the time of the experiment the duration of pigs' life was since 48 to 148 days. There were analyzed data of four groups: experimental group №1 (microencapsulated Enzymesporine with enzyme), experimental group №2 (microencapsulated Enzymesporine), experimental group №3 (non-encapsulated Enzymesporine) and control group (without additing of Enzymesporine - intact). During the providing of the experiment on pigs of Genesus selection, after the usage of reliable results of increasing of life weight and daily weight gain in the period from the 48th to the 98th and from the 98th to the 148th day of life, that are demonstrating its superiority. The general blood test shown that in animals that were treated with microencapsulated "Enzymesporine with enzyme" the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin reaches the upper physiological limit, which is significantly higher than in other groups. When determining the biochemical parameters of blood there was revealed a reliable enhancement of quantity of total protein and albumins in experimental animals by 148 days of life. The observed reliably high level of immunoglobulins on the whole length of the experiment in animals received "Enzymesporine with enzyme" in comparison to control is revealing of high resistance and immune status

Association of Genetic Variants in IL6 Gene (rs1800795) with the Concentration of Inflammatory Markers (IL-6, hs-CRP) and Superoxide Dismutase in the Blood of Patients with Acute Pancreatitis-Preliminary Findings.

In the course of acute pancreatitis, interleukin-6 plays an important role as a mediator in the inflammatory response. The course of inflammatory disease is associated with intensive oxidative stress, which may activate transcription factors leading to gene-expression changes. Isoenzymes of superoxide dismutase are involved in the defense against free radicals. This study aimed to evaluate changes in IL-6 concentration and the concentration/activity of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes (SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3) in the blood of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) in terms of rs1800795 polymorphism in the IL6 gene. In the smoking AP patients group with the GC and GG genotypes, the plasma SOD1 concentration was significantly higher (p = 0.0146 and p = 0.0250, respectively) than in patients with CC genotype for SNP rs1800795 in the IL6 gene. An increase in SOD1 concentration in erythrocytes of AP patients with GC genotypes was also demonstrated compared to the individuals from the group with GG genotype (p = 0.0408). Furthermore, a positive correlation between IL-6 and SOD1 concentrations in the plasma of AP patients with GC genotype for SNP rs1800795 was shown. These results indicate that SOD1 may play a protective role against oxidative damage induced by inflammation in the group of AP patients with GC genotype.

Influence of a complex mineral feed additive on hematological and biochemical blood parameters of replacement heifers

The purpose of the work was to establish the effect of a complex mineral feed additive (CMFA) on hematological and biochemical blood parameters of replacement heifers. The research has been carried out under the conditions in the Republic of Bashkortostan on 3 groups of replacement heifers of Black-and-White breed per 10 heads in each, selected by the method of pairs of analogues. The animals of the control group have been received the main ration adopted on the farm + individual minerals, the heifers of the 1st experimental group have been received the main ration +50 g/head of CMFA according to recipe No. 1, the heifers of the 2nd experimental group have been received the main ration + 50 g/head of CMFA according to recipe No. 2. The use of the complex mineral feed additive contributed to the improvement of hematological and biochemical parameters in the heifers of experimental groups. Thus, the content of erythrocytes in the 1st experimental group by 4,78 % and in the 2nd experimental group by 7,48 % was higher, hemoglobin by 5,2 and 8,1 % (P &lt; 0,05) in comparison with control animals. The leukocyte content in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups has been increased by 5,33 and 6,74 %, the total protein content by 2,94 and 6,52 % (P &lt; 0,05), the calcium content by 9,52 and 14,72 % (P &lt; 0,01–0,001), phosphorus by 10,0 and 14,86 % (P &lt; 0,01–0,001), respectively, in comparison with the control group. At the same time, the experimental animals showed the increase in AST and ALT in the 1st experimental group by 2,78 and 1,05 %, respectively, in the 2nd experimental group by 8,33 and 1,08 %. The carotene content was within the physiological norm, the increase in this indicator has been noted in the experimental groups by 8,26 % (P &lt; 0,05) and by 16,05 % (P &lt; 0,01). Consequently, the use of complex mineral feed additives in the rations of replacement heifers of Black-and-White breed had a positive influence on the hematological and biochemical parameters of their blood. The effect of the feed additive made according to recipe No. 2 turned out to be more effective.

An Indian polyherbal phytogenic source improved blood serum biochemistry and immune response of dairy calves

ABSTRACT Herbal formulas supplemented have improved the health of ruminants. Our objectives were to determine the effects of supplemental Indian polyherbal phytogenic sources (IndPPs) on the growth performance, blood chemistry, blood cells, and antibody amounts of dairy calves. Forty Holstein calves (Initial BW 45.8 ± 7.2 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments: 0, 1, 2, and 3 gd-1 of IndPPs. The herbal supplement was characterized by GC-MS analysis. The calves treated with IndPPs additive did not affect the average productive variable involved in growth. The use of IndPPs linearly reduces the blood serum biochemistry glucose (P < 0.01) but linearly increases the blood serum concentration of protein, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and antibody concentrations (P < 0.05). On blood cells from calves, supplementation with IndPPs linearly increases the concentrations of hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocytes (P < 0.05). These results were attributed to the IndPPs containing bioactive substances with phytogenic properties.

No differences in splenic emptying during on-transient supine cycling between aerobically trained and untrained participants.

PurposeThe role of splenic emptying in O2 transport during aerobic exercise still remains a matter of debate. Our study compared the differences in spleen volume changes between aerobically trained and untrained individuals during step-transition supine cycling exercise at moderate-intensity. We also examined the relationship between spleen volume changes, erythrocyte release, and O2 uptake parameters.MethodsFourteen healthy men completed all study procedures, including a detailed medical examination, supine maximal O2 uptake ({dot{text{V}}text{O}}_{2} max.) test, and three step-transitions from 20 W to a moderate-intensity power output, equivalent to {dot{text{V}}text{O}}_{2} uptake at 90% gas exchange threshold. During these step-transitions pulmonary {dot{text{V}}text{O}}_{{2{text{p}}}}, near-infrared spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis, and cardiovascular responses were continuously measured. In parallel, minute-by-minute ultrasonic measurements of the spleen were performed. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after step-transition cycling.ResultsOn average, {dot{text{V}}text{O}}_{2} max. was 10 mL kg min−1 (p = 0.001) higher in trained compared to their aerobically untrained peers. In response to supine step-transition cycling, the splenic volume was significantly reduced, and the largest reduction (~ 106 to 115 mL, ~ 38%, p = 0.001) was similar in both aerobically trained and untrained individuals. Erythrocyte concentration and platelet count transiently increased after exercise cessation, with no differences observed between groups. However, the vastus lateralis deoxygenation amplitude was 30% (p = 0.001) greater in trained compared to untrained individuals. No associations existed between: (i) spleen volumes at rest (ii) spleen volume changes (%), (iii) resting hematocrit and oxygen uptake parameters.ConclusionGreater splenic emptying and subsequent erythrocyte release do not lead to a slower tau {dot{text{V}}text{O}}_{{2{text{p}}}}, regardless of individual {dot{text{V}}text{O}}_{2} max. readings.

A Flow Cytometry-Based Assay for the Measurement of Total Complement Activity in the Serum and Clinical Practice.

Objective To develop a novel sensitive and accurate assay suitable for high-volume testing of the total complement activity in the serum for clinical laboratories. Methods The total complement activity (TCA) to be measured was quantified by detecting the number of fragments produced by erythrocyte lysis and the erythrocyte fragmentation index (EFI), indicating TCA. EFI = M × M2/(M1 + M2), where M is the number of erythrocyte fragments (removed from the background), M1 is the number of unagglutinated red cells, M2 is the number of agglutinated red cell groups, and M2/(M1 + M2) is the agglutination coefficient indicating the degree of erythrocyte agglutination. Mild changes in hemolysin and erythrocyte concentrations were made to optimize the testing conditions. The same serum samples were tested for 10 consecutive days to determine the stability of the experimental results. Serum EFI was detected in both nephrotic syndrome patients and healthy subjects. Results There was a linear relationship between hemolysin and erythrocyte agglutination (r = 0.999, P < 0.001). A good linear relationship existed between EFI and TCA (r = 0.991, P < 0.001). The results were not affected by slight fluctuations in the concentrations of hemolysin or erythrocytes. The interbatch CV = 8.6% of the test results showed good stability. There was a significant difference in the EFI between nephrotic syndrome patients and healthy individuals, P < 0.001, and EFI was reduced in nephrotic syndrome patients compared to healthy individuals. Conclusion The flow cytometry-based assay for TCA was sensitive and accurate and had potential value for clinical application.

Определение индивидуальных и средних характеристик эритроцитов нативной крови методом статической спектральной цифровой микроскопии

The method of static (non-flow) spectral digital microscopy (SSDM) method to identify, to count and to determine the standard and individual characteristics of native blood erythrocytes is suggested. The object to study was the whole donor blood diluted by saline and placed into the counting Goryaev camber. Among the standard characteristics of erythrocytes, the following were determined: the concentration of erythrocytes in a blood sample RBC (Red Blood Cells concentration), the scatter of erythrocytes by volume RDW (Red cells Distribution Width), including RDW-SD and RDW-CV, hematocrit HCT, mean erythrocyte volume MCV (Mean Cell Volume). n addition, the possibility of measuring the average hemoglobin content in erythrocyte MCH (Mean Cell Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration), as well as the total content of hemoglobin HGB in the blood sample (Hemoglobin) was investigated. The peculiarity of SSCM method proposed lies in the fact that it fundamentally allows to determine not only the general hematological characteristics of blood samples (RBC, RDW-SD and RDW-CV, HGB), but also the mean values of the characteristics of native blood erythrocytes (MCV, MCH, MCHC), and also, and most importantly, the individual characteristics of each erythrocyte. The latter permitted the authors to introduce a new type of erythrocyte characteristics ICV, ICH, ICHC (Individual Cell Volume, Individual Cell Hemoglobin, Individual Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration). In turn, this made it possible to obtain the histograms of hemoglobin distribution in erythrocytes of a blood sample along with the traditional distribution of their volumes, which can serve as an additional tool in the field of hemodiagnostics. Thus, the paper shows that SSCM method makes it possible to compile an individual metrological "passport" for each erythrocyte of the blood sample under study - this is the main feature of this work.

Determination of individual and average characteristics of native blood erythrocytes by the static spectral digital microscopy method

The method of static (non-flow) spectral digital microscopy (SSDM) method to identify, to count and to determine the standard and individual characteristics of native blood erythrocytes is suggested. The object to study was the whole donor blood diluted by saline and placed into the counting Goryaev camber. Among the standard characteristics of erythrocytes, the following were determined: the concentration of erythrocytes in a blood sample RBC (Red Blood Cells concentration), the scatter of erythrocytes by volume RDW (Red cells Distribution Width), including RDW-SD and RDW-CV, hematocrit HCT, mean erythrocyte volume MCV (Mean Cell Volume). n addition, the possibility of measuring the average hemoglobin content in erythrocyte MCH (Mean Cell Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration), as well as the total content of hemoglobin HGB in the blood sample (Hemoglobin) was investigated. The peculiarity of SSCM method proposed lies in the fact that it fundamentally allows to determine not only the general hematological characteristics of blood samples (RBC, RDW-SD and RDW-CV, HGB), but also the mean values of the characteristics of native blood erythrocytes (MCV, MCH, MCHC), and also, and most importantly, the individual characteristics of each erythrocyte. The latter permitted the authors to introduce a new type of erythrocyte characteristics ICV, ICH, ICHC (Individual Cell Volume, Individual Cell Hemoglobin, Individual Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration). In turn, this made it possible to obtain the histograms of hemoglobin distribution in erythrocytes of a blood sample along with the traditional distribution of their volumes, which can serve as an additional tool in the field of hemodiagnostics. Thus, the paper shows that SSCM method makes it possible to compile an individual metrological &amp;quot;passport&amp;quot; for each erythrocyte of the blood sample under study --- this is the main feature of this work. Keywords: erythrocyte identification, erythrocyte counting, individual characteristics of erythrocytes, static spectral digital microscopy.

ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ БОЛЕВОГО СТРЕССА НА АДАПТИВНЫЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ СИСТЕМЫ КРОВИ И БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЕ ЛОШАДЕЙ

The full genetic potential of productive animals can only be realised if high standards of welfare are maintained in production. One of the indicators of animal welfare is animal health, and one of the markers of various pathological processes is pain. Sports horse breeding is a specific concept in which the competent work of trainers and riders significantly effects on the health of animals, and therefore their performance, in addition to housing and feeding conditions. Timely diagnosis of pain is important for evaluating animal welfare, as pain can be considered as a predictor of various diseases. Using the standardized Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) pain scale, the population of sports horses of the equestrian sports complex of Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy was evaluated for the presence and intensity of pain syndrome, followed by analysis of some blood parameters. A correlation has been established between the intensity of pain and the number of diseases previously diagnosed in animals. Pain, as a powerful stress factor, causes tension in almost all functional systems of the body, including the blood system. Horses with a severe pain syndrome showed changes in the cellular composition of peripheral blood, in particular, an increase in the level of leukocytes, a decrease in the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content therein, with a simultaneous increase in the mean erythrocyte volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin,, as well as an increase in glucose concentration. Such changes can be considered as adaptive mechanisms that make the animal body function normally under the effect of pain stress.

The effect of mineral complexes on the growth intensity of young bulls for sustainable agriculture

The article presents the material on the study of the influence of mineral granular complexes developed from mineral raw materials at the enterprise of JSC “United Chemical Company “URALCHEM” according to different recipes on the growth intensity, clinical-physiological and hematological parameters of Ayshir bulls. It was found that the young animals that received a mineral granular complex, developed according to four recipes, surpassed the analogues from the control in live weight by 7.17, 5.44, 6.01 and 8.56%, average daily growth by 17.61, 13.19, 14.74 and 19.82%. In the blood of young animals of the experimental groups, in comparison with analogues from the control, an increase in the content of erythrocytes by 0.53-5.74% and hemoglobin by 2.8, 0.4, 1.6 and 3.3 g/l were noted. The total protein in their blood serum contained more by 4.79, 1.67, 2.47 and 8.97% and albumins, respectively, by 10.15, 6.25, 3.82 and 17.02%. The use of mineral granular complexes in the feeding of bulls is economically expedient. Additional products for 32844-49368 rubles were obtained for groups of bulls who consumed mineral granular complex. The complexes developed according to recipes No. 1 and 4 showed the highest efficiency.

Pilot study of the effect of EPA + DHA supplementation on the fatty acid profile of erythrocytes and breast milk of lactating women from Sonsón, Colombia

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the concentrations of EPA and DHA in the erythrocytes and breast milk of a group of lactating women in the municipality of Sonsón (Antioquia) before and after receiving supplementation with these fatty acids for three months. DesignIn a quasi-experimental study, 11 lactating women were evaluated before and after EPA (100 mg) and DHA (250 mg) supplementation for three months. The consumption of omega-3 food sources was determined by simple frequency, anthropometry (weight, height) was performed, and the fatty acid profiles of erythrocytes and breast milk were determined with gas chromatography. EnvironmentSonsón, Colombia. ParticipantsA group of lactating women in the municipality of Sonsón (Antioquia). ResultsLow consumption of foods that are sources of omega-3 fatty acids was found, as was low EPA and DHA content in erythrocytes and breast milk at the beginning of the study period. After supplementation, there was no significant change for EPA, however, there was a significant increase in DHA in both erythrocytes and breast milk; in addition, there was a decrease in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. ConclusionsSupplementation with 250 mg of DHA increased its concentration in the blood and breast milk to levels approaching the recommended average DHA of 0.3%, where benefits have been seen for the mother.

INFLUENCE OF FEED ADDITIVE "FEED BIOPROTEIN" ON BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL BLOOD VALUES IN BROILER CHICKENS

The article presents the results of the influence of the experimental feed additive "Feed bioprotein" on biochemical and morphological blood values of broiler chickens, as well as economic indicators. The positive effect of the application of this feed additive has been noted, which is expressed in a higher average daily gain, a decrease in the conversion of feed and an increase in the safety of the stock of experimental groups in comparison with control groups. An increase in erythrocyte concentrations (by 2.16-4.32%), hemoglobin (2.76-5.86%) and total serum protein (by 3.10-6.25%) was found in experimental groups of chickens.

Vermiculax drug effect on blood parameters, immune response, calcium and phosphorus, and weight of laying hens

This paper presents the experiment on 160 laying hens of the white Leghorn breed divided into 4 groups. Group I (taken as a control group) was given a basic diet (OR). Group II had OR + Vermiculax at a dosage of 30 mg per 1 kg of the laying hen weight. Group III had OR + Vermiculax at a dosage of 37 mg per 1 kg of the laying hen weight. Group IV consumed OR + Vermiculax at a dosage of 44 mg per 1 kg of the laying hen weight. According to the results of the study, we came to the following conclusions. The drug Vermiculax increases the content of erythrocytes (by 21.45%) and hemoglobin (by 4.94%), which indicates the prevention of anemia, increases the index of total protein by 30.57%, calcium by 0.7% and inorganic phosphorus in the blood by 4.16%. Thus, it affects phagocytic processes, increases the immune response and absorption processes; increases the activity of macrophages and affects the process of degranulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which in turn increases lysozyme activity by 3.9%. This is a sign of strengthening the natural antibacterial barrier. There is an increase in the retention of calcium in the body by 115.32% and phosphorus by 107.94% (on the 30th day of the study). In addition, increased retention of calcium by 8.3% and phosphorus by 8.5% (on the 180th day of the study) was observed. There is an increase in the deposition of calcium in the body by 132.8% and phosphorus by 133.45% (on the 30th day of the study), and increased retention of calcium by 66.36% and phosphorus by 66.4% (on the 180th day of the study). There is a high dynamic in weight gain by the second month of the study (increased by 21.88%), as well as a decrease in the level of feed consumption per weight gain of 1 kilogram by 13.33%.

CHANGES IN HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS IN SOWS DURING GESTATION

The article presents the results of studying changes in hematological and biochemical indicators in pregnant sows during different gestation periods on an industrial pig breeding farm. It has been established that more pronounced changes are noted with an increase in the duration of gestation and are manifested by a decrease in the serum content of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, color index (globular value), platelets, albumins, iron, an increase in hematocrit, ESR, globulins to maintain balance in the hemostasis system.

Analysis of the Value of Copper Erythrocyte Concentration Measurement in the Diagnosis of Copper Deficiency in Bovines

Analysis of the Value of Copper Erythrocyte Concentration Measurement in the Diagnosis of Copper Deficiency in Bovines

Comparison of toxic effects of iron-molybdenum polyoxometalates and mixture of their components

Introduction. The physicochemical properties and the impact on living organisms of nanoparticles and components that make up nanoparticles may differ radically, however, insufficient attention is paid to a comparative study of the toxicity of nanoparticles and constituents of nanoparticles. Material and methods. Biochemical and hematological parameters in the blood of 50 male Wistar rats were determined after a single, seven-fold and thirty-fold intramuscular injection of an aqueous solution of iron-molybdenum nanocluster polyoxometalates (POM) and a mixture of the POM components at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. A solution of a POM components’ mixture was obtained by the destruction of POM with an increase in pH, followed by neutralization, since POM are unstable in an alkaline medium. Results. The introduction of POM did not cause deviations from the norm in the activity of AST, ALT, total alkaline phosphatase and its bone isoenzyme, α-amylase, protein content, urea and creatinine, which indicates the absence of cytolytic syndrome, including in the liver and myocardium, no damage to the acinar part of pancreas, changes in bone tissue, preservation of the protein-synthetic function of the liver and the filtering ability of the kidneys. The introduction of a solution of POM components (molybdenum, iron) was accompanied by an increase in the activity of AST, alkaline phosphatase, the AST / ALT ratio after 7 injections and an increase in the last two parameters after 30 injections. The impact of POM is characterized by an increase in the content of hemoglobin and erythrocytes in the blood and less pronounced leukopenia, in contrast to the mixture of POM components. Conclusion. A less pronounced deviation from the norm of biochemical parameters and a lower degree of leukopenia make it possible to assess the effect of POM nanoparticles as less toxic than the action of POM components not organized into nanoparticles.

The Participation of the Organism Adaptation Mechanisms to the Lack of Oxygen According to the Assessment of the Fethemoglobin Content in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Community-acquired Pneumonia

Introduction. Сommunity-acquired pneumonia (COP) is a global socio-medical problem. At emergence of pneumonia by any genesis, hypoxia develops. Oxygen homeostasis of the body is provided by the coordinated interaction of external respiration, circulatory system and oxygen-transport system of the blood. Hypoxia, due to the malfunction of the external respiratory system, causes the formation of compensatory changes, in the implementation of which involved components of the oxygen transport system. Molecular genetic mechanisms play an important role in the body's adaptation to oxygen deficiency. Fetal hemoglobin (FetHb), having an increased affinity for oxygen, makes a significant contribution to the body's adaptation to new conditions with altered gaseous environment in the presence of pathological processes occurring with hypoxia. In this regard, it is interest to determine FetHb in adults with COP to study its effect on the diagnosis, prognosis and outcome of the disease. The aim of the study. To determinate the participation of the organism adaptation mechanisms to the lack of oxygen according to the assessment of the content of fetal hemoglobin in the peripheral blood of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Materials and methods. We examined 34 adult patients (18 women and 16 men) with COP, aged 18 to 80 years, who were in the therapeutic department of the City Clinical Hospital № 25 in Kharkiv. The control group was formed of 20 healthy individuals. Spirography was performed on the diagnostic complex "Valenta"; hematological examinations – on the analyzer "ADVIA 60"; measurement of pO2 and pCO2, oxygen saturation, content of fetal hemoglobin – on the device "RAPIDLAB865". Results. In patients with community-acquired pneumonia, there was a decrease of the ventilatory function of external respiration, which is confirmed by a marked decrease in partial oxygen pressure. Oxygen saturation of blood was reduced in the group of patients with COP, but the difference was not statistically significant 94.8 ± 1.0 %. This indicates the presence of compensatory mechanisms aimed at maintaining adequate blood oxygen saturation. Significant increase in pH (from 7.40 to 7.53) and decrease in standard bicarbonate (from 1.27 to 0.68 mmol/l) resulting from violation of the gas composition of the blood can be regarded as a manifestation of partially compensated respiratory alkalosis. In patients with COP, there was a reduction in the total time of hemolysis, a shift of the maximum erythrogram to the left and an increase in the maximum itself, indicating a sharp decline in erythrocyte resistance. The proportion of erythrocytes with reduced resistance was twice as large as similar forms in the control group and the number of highly resistant cells in patients with COP sharply decreased. Obviously, oxygen starvation-mediated stress erythropoiesis is accompanied by the entry into the circulation of functionally defective erythrocytes. They are subject to accelerated elimination from the vascular bed, which causes a decrease in the quantitative indicators of red blood (erythrocyte content, hemoglobin) while maintaining corpuscular parameters (Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration). At the same time, the analysis of individual hemoglobin fractions revealed an increase in the proportion of fetal hemoglobin (from 2.90 ± 0.31 % in the group of healthy individuals to 5.43 ± 1.05 % in patients with COP) (p less than 0.05). Conclusions. Changes in the parameters of acid hemolysis, fetal hemoglobin in the peripheral blood of patients with community-acquired pneumonia with impaired pulmonary ventilation function indicate their participation in the mechanisms of adaptation to oxygen deficiency and they have informative potential. Elevated fetal hemoglobin in peripheral blood in these patients can be used as an indicator of hypoxia, accompanied by impaired oxygen delivery to tissues, which should be used as an additional criterion for diagnosing tissue hypoxia and justify the timely appointment of antihypoxia drugs. Keywords: hypoxia, community-acquired pneumonia, red blood cells, fetal hemoglobin.

ОЦЕНКА АНТИТОКСИЧЕСКОГО И АНТИИНФЕКЦИОННОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ПРЕПАРАТА

In the course of the research, the antitoxic and anti-infectious effects of the developed drug were determined on white mice and white rats. To assess the antitoxic effect in the experiment on white rats, cadmium damage was modeled, followed by taking into account the antidote activity. An increase in the survival rate of animals receiving the drug was found – 60 % versus 40 % in the control, higher hematological indicators: the content of hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood of experimental animals was higher than similar control values, respectively, by 3.8, 15.3 and 16,4 %. The anti-infectious effect of the feed additive was determined during the experiment on infecting white mice with the causative agent of Escherichiosis – E. coli (strain "KB-1"). It was found that the introduction of the study drug into the diet of infected animals smoothed the clinical picture of the infectious process, had a hemoprotective effect: the content of erythrocytes, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils in the blood of experimental animals exceeded the control values, respectively, by 2.5, 13.6, 16, 7, 14.3, 28.6 %. The results of the investigated subject showed that the investigational drug has a well-pronounced antitoxic and anti-infectious effect.