Content Adaptation Research Articles

THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN THE FORMATION OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE

This study aims to confirm the importance of accounting and the relevance of its scientific research in achieving economic development with the help of accounting information. The crisis state of almost all spheres of human activity indicates the need for qualitative analysis of management decisions in an unstructured global space. The underestimation of the role of information and analytical training as a basis for development requires adaptation of accounting content to information interests, increasing the value (understandability, appropriateness, and speed) of the process of collection, processing, maintenance, storage, and transmission of data that form modern knowledge and influence the dynamics of development. Economic growth is also possible by studying the contribution of accounting trends and scientific research to economic development. Accounting is a piece of information retrospective and prospective base, the primary source of socio-economic development strategy, and a communication language. Having access to a large mass of data, the consumer must understand its systematicity and use it responsibly because the future depends on the quality of the decisions made. High-quality accounting as a communication component strengthens the economic and social progress of the country because it is considered a tool of social and macroeconomic regulation. Accounting information should influence the integrity and sustainability of these decisions. This study explains the role of accounting research in economic development. Accounting gradually went beyond the accounting and analytical support of enterprise management. It became an essential component of economic science, the general information system of state management, and branch and global leadership.

Study on the Integration and Innovation Pathways of Etiquette Culture in Ceramic Design Theory Courses at Higher Education Institutions

Etiquette culture serves as the core of Chinese traditional cultural values, possessing rich spiritual connotations and significant importance. Currently, ceramic design theory courses in higher education institutions are facing a series of challenges. Design education overly emphasizes the adaptability of course content to social demands, to some extent neglecting the intrinsic humanistic spirit. By employing approaches such as "illuminating etiquette through vessels," "comparing virtues with vessels," and "upholding both art and virtue," and utilizing objects as carriers, the fusion of etiquette culture with ceramic design theory courses can enhance the cultural literacy and spiritual horizons of design talents, achieving a subtle and unobtrusive educational impact.

Zoomification of medical education: can the rapid online educational responses to COVID-19 prepare us for another educational disruption? A scoping review.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, educators have increasingly shifted delivery of medical education to online/distance learning. Given the rapid and heterogeneous nature of adaptations; it is unclear what interventions have been developed, which strategies and technologies have been leveraged, or, more importantly, the rationales given for designs. Capturing the content and skills that were shifted to online, the type of platforms used for the adaptations, as well as the pedagogies, theories, or conceptual frameworks used to inform the adapted educational deliveries can bolster continued improvement and sustainability of distance/online education while preparing medical education for future large-scale disruptions. We conducted a scoping review to map the rapid medical educational interventions that have been adapted or transitioned to online between December 2019 and August 2020. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Education Source, CINAHL, and Web of Science for articles pertaining to COVID-19, online (distance) learning, and education for medical students, residents, and staff. We included primary research articles and reports describing adaptations of previous educational content to online learning. From an initial 980 articles, we identified 208 studies for full-text screening and 100 articles for data extraction. The majority of the reported scholarship came from Western Countries and was published in clinical science journals. Cognitive content was the main type of content adapted (over psychomotor, or affective). More than half of the articles used a video-conferencing software as the platform to pivot their educational intervention into virtual. Unfortunately, most of the reported work did not disclose their rationale for choosing a platform. Of those that did, the majority chose technological solutions based on availability within their institutions. Similarly, most of the articles did not report the use of any pedagogy, theory, or framework to inform the educational adaptations.

Preliminary Evaluation of Translated and Culturally Adapted Internet-Delivered Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Multicenter, Single-Arm Trial in Japan.

Internet-delivered cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder (iCT-SAD), which is a therapist-guided modular web-based treatment, has shown strong efficacy and acceptability in English-language randomized controlled trials in the United Kingdom and Hong Kong. However, it is not yet known whether iCT-SAD can retain its efficacy following linguistic translation and cultural adaptation of treatment contents and implementation in other countries such as Japan. This study aimed to examine the preliminary efficacy and acceptability of the translated and culturally adapted iCT-SAD in Japanese clinical settings. This multicenter, single-arm trial recruited 15 participants with social anxiety disorder. At the time of recruitment, participants were receiving usual psychiatric care but had not shown improvement in their social anxiety and required additional treatment. iCT-SAD was provided in combination with usual psychiatric care for 14 weeks (treatment phase) and for a subsequent 3-month follow-up phase that included up to 3 booster sessions. The primary outcome measure was the self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. The secondary outcome measures examined social anxiety-related psychological processes, taijin kyofusho (the fear of offending others), depression, generalized anxiety, and general functioning. The assessment points for the outcome measures were baseline (week 0), midtreatment (week 8), posttreatment (week 15; primary assessment point), and follow-up (week 26). Acceptability was measured using the dropout rate from the treatment, the level of engagement with the program (the rate of module completion), and participants' feedback about their experience with the iCT-SAD. Evaluation of the outcome measures data showed that iCT-SAD led to significant improvements in social anxiety symptoms during the treatment phase (P<.001; Cohen d=3.66), and these improvements were maintained during the follow-up phase. Similar results were observed for the secondary outcome measures. At the end of the treatment phase, 80% (12/15) of participants demonstrated reliable improvement, and 60% (9/15) of participants demonstrated remission from social anxiety. Moreover, 7% (1/15) of participants dropped out during treatment, and 7% (1/15) of participants declined to undergo the follow-up phase after completing the treatment. No serious adverse events occurred. On average, participants completed 94% of the modules released to them. Participant feedback was positive and highlighted areas of strength in treatment, and it included further suggestions to improve suitability for Japanese settings. Translated and culturally adapted iCT-SAD demonstrated promising initial efficacy and acceptability for Japanese clients with social anxiety disorder. A randomized controlled trial is required to examine this more robustly.

THE METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA ON THE INTERACTION OF THE STUDENT WITH THE E-LEARNING SYSTEM

In the context of digitalization of education, the learning system is being improved and learning management systems (LMS) for mixed and distance learning are being introduced into the learning process. An integral part of any online education system is an electronic information and educational environment. Modern e-learning systems do not provide students with adaptive content, but work on the principle of “the same material for everyone”. The collection and analysis of data on user interaction in the electronic information and educational environment is attracting more and more attention as a promising approach to promoting a modern understanding of the learning process, and also contributes to understanding student’s behavior. The need to collect data on student’s interaction is motivated by the emergence of many educational analysts, who seek to use data analysis to support decisions made at each level of education. The collection and analysis of available data on the participation rate in the elements of the course of students, their activity contribute to the understanding and optimization of learning, as well as the assessment of the educational environment, where learning takes place. The paper considers one of the ways to collect data on the student's work in the system by developing and implementing a plugin in LMS Moodle. The developed plugin successfully collects statistics on the interaction of students in the e-education system with the EIOS system.This statistics can be used for further analysis. To test the developed plugin, different versions of LMS Moodle were installed. As a result of testing the plugin, it was revealed that the application functions with earlier versions of Moodle, but has a relatively lower speed compared to the versions above.

‘지속가능 한류’를 위한 OTT 플랫폼 활용 연구 - 인도네시아 시장을 중심으로

Korean Wave (also known as Hallyu), which started from cultural content, has become a phenomenon and trend familiar to people worldwide. At the same time, Hallyu content is settling down as a major genre in the global market. In particular, as the ‘Corona-19’ pandemic period that put the world in crisis has passed, Korean Wave content is in the limelight as the most adaptable cultural content in the non-face-to-face era using the OTT platform. At this time, research on utilizing the OTT platform is essential in connection with the sustainability of the Korean wave. In this regard, through a case study, this study investigates how the OTT platform was used in the Indonesian market for the globalization of Korean Wave content and sustainable Korean Wave. In particular, through the two cases of &lt;Descendants of the Sun&gt; and &lt;Extraordinary Lawyer Woo&gt;, two Korean dramas that achieved the most tremendous success in the Indonesian market, it can compare how the platforms on which dramas were distributed before and after COVID-19 have changed. Therefore, this study suggests important and valuable insights into what kind of global strategies are needed in the areas of entertainment &amp; media companies, governments, and consumption to create a sustainable Hallyu in the future.

Adaptation of an Adult Web Application for Type 1 Diabetes Self-management to Youth Using the Behavior Change Wheel to Tailor the Needs of Health Care Transition: Qualitative Interview Study.

Youth (aged 14-24 years) living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) encounter increased challenges in their diabetes self-management (DSM), especially during the transition to adult care. Although DSM education and support are imperative, there is insufficient information on how web-based digital tools tailored to their demands can be developed. On the basis of the Behavior Change Wheel, this study aims to identify, among youth living with T1D, the needs and factors influencing their DSM in the context of health care transition and to inform the adaptation (content and features) of an adult self-guided web application (Support). Internet-based semistructured individual interviews based on a phenomenological study design were conducted with 21 youths, and transcripts were analyzed using an inductive approach with concept mapping. Factors influencing T1D self-management were categorized into barriers and facilitators and then as external or internal. Features influencing the accessibility to information, increasing the sense of support, and use of the tool were positively accepted. Features unrelated to their expectations of digital tool use or difficulty navigating were viewed negatively. Participants expressed an interest in reliable, practical, and novel educational content. Although youth considered the information provided by medical professionals to be important, peer exchange was deemed necessary to obtain a practical perspective and real-life examples. Compared with the adult population, in addition to tailored content and a simplified information search process, when building a DSM education and support digital tool for youth, features should be selected to encourage supervised peer exchange.

Redirection and Protocol Mechanisms in Content Delivery Network-Edge Servers for Adaptive Video Streaming

Redirection and protocol techniques are key components of the infrastructure for Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) that aid in the delivery of Multimedia Internet services to end-consumers. Redirection methods are used to route the user’s request to the nearest edge server, minimizing distance, improving delivery times, and lowering latency. Protocol mechanisms, such as HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), and Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP), are used to deliver adaptive video streaming. These protocols are designed to transfer the adaptive streaming and provide high-quality video playback. They also allow the system to adjust the video quality based on the network conditions of the Quality of Service (QoS). Inadequate transmission protocols and poorly designed redirection algorithms are two major challenges that might degrade Cloud–CDN performance. These challenges lead to excessive latency, poor quality of service, and significant packet loss that have potential influences on the user experience. In this paper, firstly, three protocols are proposed by preparing a case study on selecting the optimal protocol for replicating adaptive video streaming content. Secondly, a redirection algorithm based on the Modified Cuckoo Search Algorithm (MCSA) is proposed to provide an accurate redirecting process of selected edge servers to end-users. Test results indicate that, when hybrid FASP/HTTP protocols were chosen (from original server to replicate server and to end-users), the delivery of adaptive video streaming segments was fast with lower latency. The average estimated time needed for replicating video content based on FASP is 25% better than that needed for File catalyst and Signiant protocols. Therefore, the Cuckoo search method presents more efficient results for selecting the optimal edge server for 100 servers, which is 0.296 s, compared to the conventional algorithm, which was 13 s.

Adaptive and Scalable Caching With Erasure Codes in Distributed Cloud-Edge Storage Systems

Erasure codes have been widely used to enhance data resiliency with low storage overheads. However, in geo-distributed cloud storage systems, erasure codes may incur high service latency as they require end users to access remote storage nodes to retrieve data. An elegant solution to achieving low latency is to deploy caching services at the edge servers close to end users. In this paper, we propose adaptive and scalable caching schemes to achieve low latency in the cloud-edge storage system. Based on the measured data popularity and network latencies in real time, an adaptive content replacement scheme is proposed to update caching decisions upon the arrival of requests. Theoretical analysis shows that the reduced data access latency of the replacement scheme is at least 50% of the maximum reducible latency. With the low computation complexity of our design, nearly no extra overheads will be introduced when handling intensive data flows. For further performance improvements without sacrificing its efficiency, an adaptive content adjustment scheme is presented to replace the subset of cached contents that incur the aforementioned performance loss. Driven by real-world data traces, extensive experiments based on Amazon Simple Storage Service demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our design.

Personalised Learning through Context-Based Adaptation in the Serious Games with Gating Mechanism

When the traditional "one size fits all" approach is used in designing educational games, the game context is usually arranged in a fixed sequence. However, the designated content may not effectively support the diversity of players. The player's ability and characteristics should be considered and supported with an appropriate learning context embedded in the game to facilitate personalised experiences. Adapting game scenarios to a player's characteristics can boost motivation and ultimately improve learning outcomes. This research applies a context-aware design approach and the Learner-Centered Design approach to establish a personalised adaptation framework for designing educational serious games and enhancing personalised knowledge delivery. The proposed framework decouples the game logic implementation and adaptation mechanism. It dynamically adapts the designed game objects and activities to personal learning objectives, learning levels and learning progress to achieve a non-linear learning sequence. Through synchronous real-time xAPI message exchange mechanisms, system components and learning content adaptation are enabled. The adaptation aims to fit personal learning objectives and provide a non-linear learning sequence in a game environment. The framework provides students with personalised learning experiences. A game named GhostCoder is implemented and used to evaluate the framework. Based on the externalised adaptive mechanism, the game content is adapted to the player's performance by adjusting the difficulty of the learning content within the game. Testing of the game in the lab environment has been performed. At the next stage, an evaluation will be conducted with the target groups of students.

Adaptive capabilities of the body and aggressive personality manifestations of modern students at various stages of education in a higher education institution

The determination of the subsequent comprehensive assessment of the peculiarities of the course of adaptation processes, which are characteristic of modern student youth who acquire a certain profession, are closely related to the establishment of the regularities of the course of numerous adaptive mechanisms in the plane of implementation of psychophysiological, mental, and socio-psychological adaptation. The purpose of the work is to carry out a comprehensive hygienic assessment of the adaptation capabilities of the organism based on the definition of its social and psychological component and aggressive personality manifestations of modern students at various stages of education in a higher education institution. Scientific studies were conducted using questionnaires by Rogers and Diamond and Bass-Darky. 307 students, including 150 young women and 157 young men, who studied in the first, third and sixth years of the medical faculty were under supervision during the observation period. The analysis of the obtained data involved the application of descriptive statistics procedures based on the application of the statistical analysis program package “Statistica 6.1” (license number ВXXR901E245722FA). It was established that the highest level of expression of integral indicators of social and psychological adaptation of students, regardless of the time of study in a higher education institution, is characteristic of the characteristics of adaptation manifestations regarding the desire to dominate and accept others; at the same time, the lowest level of expression is for the characteristics of internality and therefore, determines the presence of pronounced signs of transformations of the adaptive content, which mark the tense course of the processes of social and psychological adaptation of students to the conditions of stay in a medical institution of higher education. It was found that among the overwhelming number of students who were studied, the indicators of aggressive personality manifestations exceed the values typical for normative age-sex indicators. This situation determines the need for the development of methods for a comprehensive assessment of the state of adaptive resources of the body of young men and women studying and scientific substantiation of health-preserving technologies, based on which measures of psychohygienic correction should take the leading place.

Engaging Stakeholders to Adapt an Evidence-Based Family Healthy Weight Program.

Childhood obesity is associated with negative physical and psychosocial outcomes, especially for children from low-income backgrounds. It is critical to adapt evidence-based family healthy weight programs to meet the needs of this population. The Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications to Evidence-Based Interventions was used to describe the process of using qualitative data from community and intervention stakeholders, children with overweight or obesity from low-income backgrounds, and caregivers to guide adaptations to the JOIN for ME pediatric weight management intervention. Qualitative interviews were conducted with key community and intervention stakeholders (e.g., nurse care managers, prior JOIN for ME coaches; N = 21). Focus groups were conducted in both Spanish and English with children with overweight or obesity from low-income backgrounds (N = 35) and caregivers of children with overweight or obesity from low-income backgrounds (N = 71). Qualitative data analysis informed modifications including content adaptations to simplify and tailor materials, contextual adaptations to improve intervention engagement and framing, resource awareness, and modality of delivery, training adaptations, and implementation/scale-up activities to increase connections with community partners. The process of engaging multiple stakeholder perspectives to tailor an existing intervention can provide a model for future researchers to improve the potential disseminability of an intervention.

Learning Communities: A Project to Enhance the Development of English Communicative Competence

Educational communities are understood as a group of people who participate in the learning processes of an educational institution, academic center, or school. Accordingly, in this review article, the current theory about learning communities and their possible influence on English communicative competence are bonded together through discussion. This, in order to understand how learning community projects, represent a twist from traditional and hegemonic approaches towards a situated and community approach to contextualize practices aimed at the development of English communicative competence. This document adopts the interpretive paradigm and a qualitative approach as its epistemological, ontological, methodological, and axiological basis. Likewise, document research was chosen as its qualitative social research strategy. In this sense, two techniques were selected for data collection and analysis: document review and content analysis. The consulted databases were Scopus, Scielo, EBSCO, Springer Journal, and Google Scholar, and, out of 90 documents selected, 70 were reviewed. It can be said that learning communities are arriving in Latin America. Furthermore, it was found that, with the active participation of all members social realities and conditions can change. As a conclusion, English can be – and needs to be – approached from the appropriation and adaptation of knowledge, contents, competences, language policies, and local needs, i.e., English in Colombia should be taught and learned based on down-top approaches rather than on top-down ones.

6. Design – Synthesis Phenomenon: Art, Science and Technology

Abstract This article discusses the issue of curricular adaptation of subject content for students attending courses in Clothing Design and Visual and Decorative Arts in which the content of the national curriculum components is correlated with the student’s real possibilities to prioritize and compare their individual vocational performance and accumulated acquisitions during the development of design projects, following the individualized and differentiated curriculum in Clothing Design courses through algorithmic teaching strategies or heuristic strategies that require creativity in order to achieve global or sequential learning tasks.

Development and Design of E_MOTIV: A Theory-Based Adaptive E-Learning Program to Support Nurses' Provision of Brief Behavior Change Counseling.

Brief counseling, when provided by adequately trained nurses, can motivate and support patient health behavior change. However, numerous barriers can impede nurses' capability and motivation to provide brief counseling. Theory-based interventions, as well as information and communication technologies, can support evidence-based practice by addressing these barriers. The purpose of this study was to document the development process of the E_MOTIV asynchronous, theory-based, adaptive e-learning program aimed at supporting nurses' provision of brief counseling for smoking cessation, healthy eating, and medication adherence. Development followed French's stepwise theory- and evidence-based approach: (1) identifying who needs to do what, differently, that is, provision of brief counseling in acute care settings by nurses; (2) identifying determinants of the provision of brief counseling; (3) identifying which intervention components and mode(s) of delivery could address determinants; and (4) developing and evaluating the program. The resulting E_MOTIV program, guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, Cognitive Load Theory, and the concept of engagement, is unique in its adaptive functionality-personalizing program content and sequence to each learners' beliefs, motivation, and learning preferences. E_MOTIV is one of the first adaptive e-learning programs developed to support nurses' practice, and this study offers key insights for future work in the field.

The Use of Open-Source Online Course Content for Training in Public Health Emergencies: Mixed Methods Case Study of a COVID-19 Course Series for Health Professionals.

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic generated an urgent need for credible and actionable information to guide public health responses. The massive open-source online course (MOOC) format may be a valuable path for disseminating timely and widely accessible training for health professionals during public health crises; however, the reach and effectiveness of health worker-directed online courses during the pandemic remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the use of an open-source online course series designed to provide critical COVID-19 knowledge to frontline health workers and public health professionals globally. The study investigated how open-source online educational content can be optimized to support knowledge sharing among health professionals in public health emergencies, particularly in resource-limited contexts. The study examined global course enrollment patterns (N=2185) and performed in-depth interviews with a purposive subsample of health professionals enrolled in the course series (N=12) to investigate the sharing of online content in pandemic responses. Interviewed learners were from Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Rwanda, Thailand, Uganda, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States. Inductive analysis and constant comparative methods were used to systematically code data and identify key themes emerging from interview data. The analysis revealed that the online course content helped fill a critical gap in trustworthy COVID-19 information for pandemic responses and was shared through health worker professional and personal networks. Enrollment patterns and qualitative data illustrate how health professionals shared information within their professional networks. While learners shared the knowledge they gained from the course, they expressed a need for contextualized information to more effectively educate others in their networks and in their communities. Due to technological and logistical barriers, participants did not attempt to adapt the content to share with others. This study illustrates that health professional networks can facilitate the sharing of online open-source health education content; however, to fully leverage potential benefits, additional support is required to facilitate the adaptation of course content to more effectively reach communities globally.

Content adaptations in English-medium instruction: Comparing L1 and English-medium lectures

While lecturers' teaching practices continue to be a focal point of English-medium Instruction (EMI) research, contrastive studies between EMI and L1 lectures remain extremely scarce. The present study addresses this research gap by analyzing five sets of matching L1 and English-medium lectures given in different disciplines at three Italian universities. Each set of lectures is given by the same lecturer, about the same topic. Thus, the study, closely examines the lectures’ content in order to investigate which changes, if any, accompany the linguistic shift from L1 to English-medium teaching. The investigation focuses mainly on quantity and organization of content; nonetheless, other variables (such as speech rate, questions, language alternation), which can play a relevant role towards the organization of the lecture, are also considered. The analysis reveals a high correspondence of the core topics addressed in the lecturers; however, significant differences in the way such knowledge is conveyed are also observed. Such differences are grouped into three categories: differences in content quantity, differences in content selection and differences in rhetorical devices used.

Delivering diabetes shared medical appointments in primary care: early and mid-program adaptations and implications for successful implementation

BackgroundSelf-management is essential for good outcomes in type 2 diabetes and patients often benefit from self-management education. Shared medical appointments (SMAs) can increase self-efficacy for self management but are difficult for some primary care practices to implement. Understanding how practices adapt processes and delivery of SMAs for patients with type 2 diabetes may provide helpful strategies for other practices interested in implementing SMAs.MethodsThe Invested in Diabetes study was a pragmatic cluster-randomized, comparative effectiveness trial designed to compare two different models of diabetes SMAs delivered in primary care. We used a multi-method approach guided by the FRAME to assess practices’ experience with implementation, including any planned and unplanned adaptations. Data sources included interviews, practice observations and field notes from practice facilitator check-ins.ResultsSeveral findings were identified from the data: 1) Modifications and adaptations are common in implementation of SMAs, 2) while most adaptations were fidelity-consistent supporting the core components of the intervention conditions as designed, some were not, 3) Adaptations were perceived to be necessary to help SMAs meet patient and practice needs and overcome implementation challenges, and 4) Content changes in the sessions were often planned and enacted to better address the contextual circumstances such as patient needs and culture.DiscussionImplementing SMAs in primary care can be challenging and adaptations of both implementation processes and content and delivery of SMAS for patients with type 2 diabetes were common in the Invested in Diabetes study. Recognizing the need for adaptations based on practice context prior to implementation may help improve fit and success with SMAs, but care needs to be given to ensure that adaptations do not weaken the impact of the intervention. Practices may be able to assess what might need to adapted for them to be successful prior to implementation but likely will continue to adapt after implementation.ConclusionAdaptations were common in the Invested in Diabetes study. Practices may benefit from understanding common challenges in implementing SMAs and adapting processes and delivery based on their own context.Trial registrationThis trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov under Trial number NCT03590041, posted 18/07/2018.

Adapting the World Health Organization iSupport Dementia program to the Indonesian socio-cultural context.

Providing care for people with dementia (PwD) without sufficient understanding of the condition might negatively affect the wellbeing of the caregivers, given the lengthy care and progressive nature of the disease. The iSupport for dementia developed by World Health Organization (WHO) is a self-administered training manual for caregivers of PwD, adaptable to local cultures and contexts. This manual needs translation and adaptation to produce a culturally appropriate version for use in Indonesia. This study reports the outcomes and lessons learnt from our translation and adaptation of iSupport content into Bahasa Indonesia. The original iSupport content was translated and adapted using the WHO iSupport Adaptation and Implementation Guidelines. The process included forward translation, expert panel review, backward translation, and harmonization. The adaptation process included Focus Group Discussions (FGD), involving family caregivers, professional care workers, professional psychological health experts, and Alzheimer's Indonesia representatives. The respondents were asked to express their opinions about the WHO iSupport program, which comprises five modules and 23 lessons covering well-established topics on dementia. They were also asked to suggest improvements and their personal experiences compared to the adaptations applied in the iSupport. Two experts, 10 professional care workers, and eight family caregivers participated in the FGD. Overall, all participants had positive views of the iSupport material. The expert panel identified the need to reformulate definitions, recommendations, and local case studies to fine-tune the original contents to local knowledge and practices. Based on the feedback in the qualitative appraisal, several improvements regarding the language and diction, additional relevant and concrete examples, personal names and cultural habits, and customs and traditions were addressed. The translation and adaptation of the iSupport into the Indonesian context have shown some changes needed to make the iSupport content culturally and linguistically appropriate for Indonesian end users. In addition, given the broad spectrum of dementia, various case illustrations have been added to improve the understanding of care in particular situations. Future studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the adapted iSupport in improving the quality of life of PwD and their caregivers.

Validation of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale in Indonesia: Preliminary Evidence

The South-East Asia region has one of the fastest-growing aging populations, for which standardized dementia screening measures will be essential for geriatric care. The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) is adopted for use in the Indonesian setting but lacks evidence of its cross-cultural transportability. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of scores from the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) in the Indonesian setting. Indonesian older adults from a geriatric nursing center (N = 135; 52 males, 83 females; age range 60-82) completed the Indonesian translation of the RUDAS (RUDAS-Ina), following content adaptation study with community living older adults (N = 35), nine neurologists and two geriatric nurses. For face and content validity, we utilized a consensus-building procedure. Results following confirmatory factor analysis yielded a single-factor model. The reliability of scores from the RUDAS-Ina was marginally satisfactory for research purposes (Cronbach α = 0.61). Multi-level linear regression for examining the association of the RUDAS-Ina scores with gender and age indicated older age to be associated with lower RUDAS-Ina scores. In contrast, the association with gender was not significant. Findings suggest a need to develop and validate locally generated items with cultural sensitivity to the Indonesian setting, which may also be studied in other Southeast Asian countries.