The urban fabric of French colonial cities in northern Algeria was shaped by broader objectives of spatial control and modernisation, transforming pre-existing urban forms and leaving a lasting morphological legacy. This study addresses an important research gap by analysing the colonial fabric of the city centre of Mostaganem. This urban context has not previously been subject to systematic morphological analysis. Using Conzen’s morphological approach and Panerai’s theoretical framework, supported by quantitative indicators (including block dimensions, land-use ratios, connectivity, and permeability), the study reconstructs the formation and development of the colonial urban structure. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating morphological and quantitative methods and reveals how French planning models were adapted to local conditions to produce a hybridised urban form. It concentrates on the second (1880–1930) and third (1930–1962) phases of Mostaganem’s colonial evolution, intentionally excluding the initial phase (1834–1880). The findings show that during the so-called “Golden Age” (1920s–1930s), half of the blocks were mixed-use and characterised by Haussmann-style arcaded galleries; 66% consisted of single land plots (monoplots), reflecting processes of land consolidation; and block shapes became significantly more regular. This period also saw the emergence of a consolidated civic and commercial core through major public building programmes. In the final colonial phase, the urban fabric incorporated modernist principles – such as simplified geometry and reinforced concrete construction, while still preserving elements from earlier stages. Beyond its historical contributions, the study offers valuable insights for heritage assessment and contemporary urban planning strategies.

The rapid growth of agro-food and bioresource industries has intensified pressure on waste management infrastructures while simultaneously creating a vast, underutilised reservoir of organic, inorganic and mixed solid residues. Contemporary circular bioeconomy strategies increasingly reconceptualise these wastes as feedstocks for biorefineries that co-produce bioenergy, bio-based materials, high-value chemicals and environmental services. Building on earlier literature, this review integrates recent advances from 2023–2026 in microbial bioprocessing, thermochemical conversion, bioleaching, biopolymer and biosurfactant production, and circular supply chains for agro-industrial and food waste. Microbial routes now valorise residues into bio-enzymes, organic acids, hyaluronic acid, bioplastics, biosurfactants and biofertilisers, supported by process-intensified extractive technologies, novel solvents and non-sterile solid-state bioprocessing. Thermochemical pathways, including pyrolysis and gasification, are increasingly guided by computational fluid dynamics and feedstock-aware control strategies. Waste-derived functional materials, such as bioactive extracts for food, cosmetic and biomedical applications, and bio-based packaging from by-products, are progressing toward commercialisation. At the system level, digitalised reverse logistics, circular supply-chain optimisation, open innovation in SMEs, and supportive policy instruments (e.g., biofuel replanting schemes) are beginning to operationalise circularity at scale. Across these domains, we critically examine techno-economic feasibility, environmental performance, health and safety risks (including bioaerosols and pathogens), and social implications such as poverty reduction and regional economic development. Remaining challenges include feedstock heterogeneity, regulatory uncertainty, scale-up risks, and integrating bioproduct portfolios with market demand. We conclude with a research agenda for multi-product, digitally enabled, and regionally adapted biorefineries that treat agro-industrial and food waste as strategic resources rather than liabilities. Keywords: circular bioeconomy; agro-industrial waste; waste valorisation; biorefinery; bio-based products; sustainable bioprocessing; organic waste management

This research delves into the socio-philosophical dimensions of security, assessing its metaphysical and existential aspects and considering how existential threats reshape philosophical perspectives in the contemporary society. The relevance of this study is underscored by the urgent need to understand how traditional and non-traditional security threats - ranging from military conflicts to cybercrime and climate change - impact societal structures and individual freedoms. The paper highlights the intersection of social structures and security, revealing how security is instrumentalised by various actors, including governments, to control or influence social dynamics. Moreover, it emphasizes how media representation and public fear can influence political decision-making, urging a critical examination of how security discourses are constructed and whose interests they serve. By integrating socio-philosophical perspectives, this paper establishes a framework for understanding security as a multifaceted phenomenon. Notably, this research underscores the role of cultural, psychological, and ethical dimensions in shaping public understanding and policy responses to security threats. Key findings illustrate that contemporary security cannot be narrowly defined; rather, it necessitates an integrated approach encompassing political, economic, social, and environmental considerations and a re-evaluation of traditional security models to address contemporary challenges such as cybersecurity threats and digital ethics. Ultimately, this work argues for highlighting the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches in developing contemporary security strategies effectively addressing fluctuating dynamics of the international agenda.

Fibrotic remodeling of the filtration area after glaucoma surgery remains a major cause of surgical failure, driving the development of multi-tiered preventive strategies. Purpose. To summarize and critically appraise contemporary strategies for modulating the wound-healing response after glaucoma surgery—encompassing surgical approaches, physical and biological barrier technologies, nanostructured surface coatings, and geneand cell-based therapies—to prevent and control postoperative fibrosis. Materials and methods. This review draws on 30 peer-reviewed articles published within the past decade and indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The analysis focused on studies addressing reparative mechanisms following glaucoma surgery, fibrosis prevention strategies, and emerging biomedical technologies. Results. Analysis of modern surgical optimization techniques shows that the use of adjustable sutures, Ahmed and Baerveldt drainage devices, and minimally invasive implants (iStent, Hydrus, XEN Gel Stent) helps reduce inflammation, ensure uniform aqueous humor outflow, and suppress fibroblast activity. Minimally invasive technologies demonstrate favorable clinical outcomes in patients with early-stage glaucoma, whereas drainage devices provide more sustained intraocular pressure reduction in patients at high risk of fibrosis. Anti-adhesive membranes and nanostructured coatings based on titanium or silver effectively prevent cellular adhesion and exhibit additional anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Gene therapy and mesenchymal stem cells show high potential in suppressing fibrosis at the preclinical level but require further investigation to confirm safety and efficacy. The most clinically applicable developments include antiproliferative gels and implantable physical barriers that provide long-term protection of the filtration area after surgery. Conclusion. Modern technologies for preventing postoperative fibrosis in glaucoma surgery represent varying degrees of translational maturity—from clinically implemented methods to those still undergoing preclinical validation. The most evidence-based options for clinical use are minimally invasive drainage devices, anti-adhesive coatings, and physical barriers, whereas geneand cell-based therapies require additional proof of efficacy and safety.

Background: The impact of cytoreductive surgery on survival in patients with FIGO stage IVB endometrial cancer remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the independent effect of surgery within contemporary multimodal treatment strategies using a large population-based registry. Patients and methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis of 6582 patients with endometrial cancer recorded in the Saxony-Anhalt cancer registry between 2000 and 2020. After exclusions, 294 patients with FIGO stage IVB disease were included. Disease-free survival (DFS) was the primary outcome and overall survival (OS) the secondary outcome. Patients were initially categorized into three treatment groups: surgery only, non-surgical therapy, and combined multimodal therapy. To address potential selection bias, a propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis was performed to compare surgery versus no surgery. Time-period subgroup analysis was conducted for 2000-2010 and 2011-2019. Results: The median follow-up was 68 months (range 0-265 months). Combination therapy resulted in significantly improved median DFS and OS compared to surgery or non-surgical therapy alone. After IPTW adjustment, surgery was independently associated with improved OS (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.53-0.78, p < 0.01) and DFS (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.48-0.94, p = 0.02). Subgroup analysis demonstrated a significant survival benefit of surgery in the contemporary period (2011-2019), whereas the effect was weaker and not statistically significant in the earlier period (2000-2010). Conclusions: Cytoreductive surgery is independently associated with improved survival in patients with FIGO stage IVB endometrial cancer, particularly within modern therapeutic eras. These findings support the integration of surgery as part of a multimodal approach in selected patients while highlighting the importance of refined patient selection in the context of evolving systemic therapies.

Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by autonomous overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to hypercalcemia and an increased risk of renal and skeletal complications. Historically a symptomatic disease, most cases are now detected incidentally via routine biochemical screening, presenting a shift towards asymptomatic or mild presentations. However, untreated PHPT can still lead to significant morbidity, including nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Aim: This article provides a comprehensive review of PHPT from diagnostic, imaging, and laboratory perspectives, detailing its pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and contemporary management strategies. Methods: A narrative synthesis of current literature and clinical guidelines is presented, covering the etiology, epidemiology, diagnostic workup (including biochemical assays and imaging modalities), and treatment options for PHPT. Results: Diagnosis is confirmed by concurrent hypercalcemia and inappropriately elevated PTH levels, after excluding secondary causes and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Localization studies like ultrasound and sestamibi scans are reserved for preoperative planning. Management is individualized: parathyroidectomy is the only curative treatment and is recommended for symptomatic patients or those meeting specific criteria (e.g., age &lt;50, osteoporosis, renal stones). For asymptomatic patients not meeting surgical criteria, a strategy of monitoring with regular calcium, renal function, and bone density checks is appropriate. Medical therapies like bisphosphonates, denosumab, and cinacalcet can help manage bone loss and hypercalcemia in non-surgical candidates. Conclusion: PHPT requires a tailored approach based on symptom status, biochemical severity, and end-organ involvement. A multidisciplinary team is essential for accurate diagnosis, appropriate selection of surgical candidates, and effective long-term management to prevent complications.

Digital marketing commonly known as online or web marketinghas become an essential component of contemporary business strategies. This study primarily aimed to enhance brand awareness among the general public and increase the adoption of online behavioural advertising. Additional objectives included examining customer expectations and developing approaches to build long-term customer relationships. The findings indicated that approximately seventy percent of marketers consider social media marketing a key tool for improving brand visibility. Essential elements of digital marketing, such as search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click advertising (PPC), and social media marketing, play a crucial role in promoting products effectively. The planning process within digital marketing typically involves three fundamental components of marketing management: identifying opportunities, formulating appropriate strategies, and initiating actionable steps. The research adopted a descriptive qualitative methodology, utilizing interviews and participant observation to gather relevant insights. Overall, the study concluded that digital marketing is a cost-effective promotional method and provides measurable avenues for engaging and connecting with customers in their daily lives.

Global soil salinization and alkalization affect 10.7% of terrestrial ecosystems, critically threatening food security and ecological stability. Contemporary remediation strategies have evolved from traditional land reclaiming approaches to innovative biological solutions focusing on saline-alkali-tolerant (SAT) plant development, offering dual benefits of enhanced agricultural productivity and arable land expansion in marginal environments. However, significant knowledge gaps persist, especially regarding the systematic classification of SAT plant resources, their multilevel adaptation mechanisms, the identification of exploitable gene pools for precision breeding, and the synergistic interactions between microalgae and plants in soil amelioration. This perspective provides a comprehensive synthesis of the field spanning from fundamental research to practical applications. Notably, we propose a "microalgae-SAT plants-crop" tripartite symbiosis model that simultaneously facilitates ecological restoration through microbial-plant interactions, enables economic valorization of degraded lands, and promotes sustainable intensification of saline agriculture. By integrating molecular technologies with ecological engineering principles, this work provides both theoretical frameworks and implementable solutions for managing global saline-alkali land and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

In the face of limited reciprocal engagement with Russia’s pro-­Western diplomatic efforts and mounting strategic pressure from the European Union and NATO in the post-­Soviet space, Russia has experienced a significant shift in its ideological paradigm. This article examines the ideological transformation embedded in Russia’s contemporary state development strategy, focusing on the evolution of Eurasianism from a theoretical discourse into a practical framework of state policy under Vladimir Putin’s administration. Domestically, this ideological project is grounded in a threefold critical reconstruction: a systematic critique of European radical individualism; a reassessment of the role of Mongol imperial governance traditions in shaping Russian statehood; and a genealogical analysis of Turanian civilizational elements that underscores the normative function of the Russian people’s subconscious philosophy in shaping modern social norms. Externally, Eurasianism promotes a paradigmatic shift in Russia’s geopolitical orientation — from maritime to continental — and advocates the construction of a regional economic and security community with Russia as a strategic hub, supported by the modernization of Eurasian transport corridors. Ultimately, this model seeks to challenge the US-led unipolar global order and foster the emergence of a multipolar world structure. The article argues that this process of intellectual borrowing and creative adaptation constitutes an ideological reconfiguration through which Russia is pursuing alternative pathways for development in response to contemporary modernization challenges.

Advanced burn management has evolved into a highly specialized, staged, and multidisciplinary process aimed at restoring form, function, and long-term quality of life. Early excision and grafting remain the cornerstone of care for deep partial- thickness and full-thickness burns, significantly decreasing infection, systemic inflammation, and mortality. Split-thickness skin grafts remain the primary modality, while full-thickness grafts are selectively applied in small but functionally critical areas. In extensive burns, limited donor availability necessitates temporary coverage with allografts, dermal substitutes, or newer cellular adjuncts such as cultured epithelial autografts, which permit wound closure despite their structural limitations. Reconstruction of complex defects—particularly those involving exposed tendons, nerves, or bone—requires a graduated approach involving local flaps, regional pedicled flaps, and microsurgical free flaps tailored to functional and aesthetic needs. Adjunctive modalities including dermal matrices, scar-modifying procedures, and staged flap prefabrication contribute significantly to long-term outcomes. In select cases of catastrophic disfigurement, composite tissue allotransplantation offers the possibility of near-anatomic restoration despite considerable immunologic risk. This review consolidates contemporary reconstructive strategies, provides an algorithmic framework for clinical decision-making, and emphasizes the central role of multidisciplinary collaboration in optimizing outcomes for burn survivors.

High grade gliomas are aggressive intrinsic brain tumors with limited treatment options and a universally poor prognosis. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the genetic and molecular underpinnings of high grade gliomas and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment, including vasculature, immune cells, neurons, and glia, and, consequently, in the development of novel molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Here, we review ongoing work in the clinical development of new therapeutic strategies for high grade gliomas, discuss ongoing challenges, and highlight emerging opportunities for targeted intervention, with particular focus on molecularly targeted and immunotherapy in recent and ongoing clinical trials. We discuss relevant molecular targets in high grade glioma, including IDH, VEGF, RTK signaling (EGFR, PI3K/Akt, Ras/Raf/MEK), p53, CDKN2A/B, CDK4/6, MGMT, PARP, TERT, and ATRX, as well as contemporary immunotherapeutic strategies including immune checkpoint inhibition (including classical and emerging targets), cell-based immunotherapy (CAR-T cells, TCR therapy, TIL therapy, and other engineered cell therapies), cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, as well as emerging mechanisms including cancer neuroscience-based therapies. High grade glioma is a networked disease, involving numerous interconnected molecular and microenvironmental phenomena from tumor-intrinsic pathways and antigenicity to immune recognition and attack to neuronal modulation of both tumor and immune signaling. Emerging therapies harness several of these intersectional mechanisms, often simultaneously, and together offer hope for the future of clinical treatment of these devastating cancers.

This study aims to present a comprehensive synthesis of four major qualitative research approaches narrative inquiry, phenomenology, grounded theory, and Islamic research design as a multidimensional framework for studying phenomena in Islamic education. Narrative inquiry emphasizes the reconstruction of life stories as sources of meaning; phenomenology seeks to uncover the essence of participants’ lived experiences; grounded theory systematically generates concepts or theories emerging from empirical data; while Islamic research design integrates contemporary qualitative strategies with Islamic epistemology, ethics, and values. The analysis demonstrates that each approach offers distinctive strengths yet remains compatible for integrative use. Narrative inquiry supports studies requiring an exploration of individual life trajectories, phenomenology is suitable for examining spiritual and religious experiences in depth, grounded theory is relevant for developing contextually rooted theoretical constructs, and Islamic research design ensures that the research process aligns with Islamic ethical and epistemological foundations. Taken together, these approaches form a multidimensional qualitative model that enriches methodological discourse in Islamic studies and promotes research practices that are both contextually grounded and aligned with the needs of contemporary Muslim societies.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease that predominantly affects synovial joints, resulting in progressive joint damage, disability, and systemic effects. There are still unanswered questions regarding the origin and pathophysiological complexities of the disease despite advances in treatment. A systematic review of the complex molecular pathways involved in RA pathophysiology is presented. Among the molecular processes involved in RA pathophysiology are oxidative stress, activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, aberrant innate and adaptive immunity, and dysregulated cytokine signalling. Important inflammatory signalling pathways related to the inflammation and destruction of joints including NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and RANK will be detailed. We will discuss the molecular components of the disease and the genetic and epigenetic predispositions such as HLA-DRB1 alleles, non-HLA loci, and regulation of miRNA and DNA methylation. We will highlight environmental and lifestyle related risk factors including smoking, infections, gut dysbiosis, and hormones contributing to disease manifestation and maintenance. We will describe the autoantibodies, rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, as diagnostic and prognostic RA biomarkers. This review will summarize studies from in vivo animal models and translational studies to illustrate contemporary treatment strategies and drug development based on lessons from molecular knowledge of RA studies. Furthermore, progressive paradigms such as personalized medicine and multi-omics methodologies are discussed as potential future strategies to advance prediction, monitoring, and management of RA. This review seeks to provide an updated, broader view of the molecular biology and risk factors for RA, ultimately supporting better clinical outcomes and precision therapy.

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), widely known as runner’s knee, is one of the most common yet frequently misunderstood causes of anterior knee pain in active individuals. This review highlights the multifactorial nature of PFPS, emphasizing the complex interplay between biomechanical dysfunction, muscular imbalances, anatomical variations, overuse, and psychological influences. The article synthesizes current evidence on pathophysiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, and diagnostic challenges, demonstrating why accurate identification of PFPS remains difficult and often requires a comprehensive, cluster-based clinical approach. Special attention is given to the role of hip and quadriceps weakness, abnormal lower-limb alignment, and altered movement patterns in generating patellofemoral overload. The review also evaluates contemporary treatment strategies, with strong support for conservative, exercise-based rehabilitation focused on strengthening, movement retraining, flexibility, and patient education. Adjunctive tools such as taping, bracing, and orthoses are discussed as supportive options rather than primary interventions. Early, individualized therapy is essential for preventing chronic symptoms and enabling a safe, lasting return to physical activity.

This review examines contemporary strategies of cardiorespiratory monitoring and predictors of complications in abdominal and thoracic surgery. The relevance of this topic is driven by the high incidence of perioperative cardiorespiratory complications, which substantially worsen clinical outcomes by prolonging hospitalization and increasing mortality. Three key stages of perioperative patient management are analyzed. In the preoperative period, the necessity of comprehensive risk stratification beyond standard clinical scoring systems is substantiated, including the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program model. High prognostic value is demonstrated for biomarkers (such as N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity troponin), as well as for advanced instrumental diagnostics (echocardiography, stress testing, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing) aimed at assessing functional reserve. In the intraoperative period, the effectiveness of goal-directed hemodynamic optimization based on changing parameters (stroke volume variation and pulse pressure variation) is highlighted for the prevention of perioperative myocardial injury and hypoperfusion. In terms of respiratory protection, the focus has shifted from isolated reduction of tidal volume to comprehensive monitoring of lung mechanics, with driving pressure identified as a key determinant. The importance of individualized positive end-expiratory pressure settings and the use of recruitment maneuvers guided by objective monitoring methods is emphasized to prevent atelectasis and ventilator-associated lung injury. In the postoperative period, the efficacy of respiratory support strategies (including noninvasive ventilation and high-flow nasal oxygen therapy) is substantiated for the prevention of acute respiratory failure. Particular attention is paid to active complication surveillance using serial measurements of biomarkers (high-sensitivity troponin) for early diagnosis of myocardial injury. The review concludes that integration of modern cardiorespiratory monitoring strategies into enhanced recovery after surgery protocols, including adequate analgesia and early mobilization, is a necessary condition for improving surgical outcomes.

Histiocytic neoplasms with xanthogranulomatous morphology encompass a continuum of disorders-from isolated cutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) or adult xanthogranuloma (AXG) to the multisystem Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD)-that share overlapping histopathologic and molecular features. In this article, we (1) define the spectrum of xanthogranuloma lesions, highlighting morphologic and immunohistochemical commonalities; (2) examine the clinical and radiographic criteria that distinguish localized juvenile xanthogranuloma/adult xanthogranuloma from classical Erdheim-Chester disease and related entities; (3) review the latest insights into MAPK pathway alterations that blur traditional diagnostic boundaries; and (4) outline contemporary management strategies, including approaches to staging "occult" disease, patient selection for BRAF and MEK inhibitors, and the role of other targeted and nontargeted agents. Readers will gain practical frameworks for recognizing early or atypical presentations, integrating molecular testing into routine practice, and optimizing personalized therapy across the xanthogranuloma family.

Abstract: Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors, accounting for approximately one-third of all brain neoplasms. Although a majority are histologically benign, their location, growth pattern, and biological variability often lead to significant neurological morbidity. This review summarizes modern concepts of meningioma epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of tumor development, clinical presentation, and contemporary diagnostic strategies, highlighting the relevance of integrated radiological and molecular assessment for optimal patient management.

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization and international treatment guidelines recommend rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all treatment-naive (TN) people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH). However, data on temporal trends and clinical outcomes of ART initiation and regimen selection among TN PLWH remain limited in China. This study is designed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of contemporary treatment strategies within the Chinese context. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 1460 TN PLWH who initiated ART between January 2021 and December 2023 at Beijing Ditan Hospital. Data on sex, age, initiation time, ART regimens, CD4 counts, and HIV viral load were collected. Initiation time was categorized based on the time from diagnosis to ART initiation: same-day initiation (0 days), rapid initiation (1 – 7 days), regular initiation (8 – 30 days), and delayed initiation (&gt; 30 days). The main endpoint was the rate of PLWH with virological suppression (HIV-1 RNA &lt; 40 copies/mL) during the study period. Additionally, the durability of ART regimens and the CD4 T-cell count recovery were also evaluated. Factors associated with regimen durability were assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to identify factors associated with virological suppression among TN PLWH. Results: From 2021 to 2023, the proportion of patients with same-day initiation and that of patients with rapid initiation significantly increased, rising from 8.4% (55/656) to 14.0% (69/493) and from 49.5% (325/656) to 57.6% (284/493), respectively ( P &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, 32.9% (46/140) and 36.3% (269/741) of PLWH who underwent same-day and rapid initiation, respectively, chose initial regimens containing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. A representative regimen was efavirenz, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV+3TC+TDF). All patients achieved a viral suppression rate of over 95.0% at the 24- and 36-month follow-up visits. In TN PLWH who adhered to initial regimens, GEE analysis of virological suppression factors showed both bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) and dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) were non-inferior to EFV+3TC+TDF (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75 – 2.39, P = 0.318; OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 0.54 – 6.80, P = 0.311, respectively). Moreover, BIC/FTC/TAF and DTG/3TC were associated with a lower likelihood of regimen switching, with hazard ratios of 0.35 ( P &lt; 0.001) and 0.39 ( P = 0.004). Besides, BIC/FTC/TAF achieved CD4 T cell counts above 350 cells/μL significantly earlier ( P = 0.015). Conclusion: Our findings revealed the positive trend in rapid initiation in China and several challenges in clinical practice. More targeted interventions are needed to promote the use of BIC/FTC/TAF and DTG/3TC, enhance the accessibility, and ultimately improve health outcomes for PLWH.

Intramural hematoma (IMH) is an infrequent but clinically significant complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), characterized by blood accumulation within the medial layer, causing true lumen compression and impaired coronary flow. Often under-recognized on angiography, the use of intravascular imaging has enhanced diagnostic accuracy and facilitated timely management. This review outlines the pathophysiology and mechanisms of iatrogenic IMH during PCI, clinical presentations, and contemporary strategies for detection and treatment. Illustrative case examples highlight practical considerations. We discuss the roles of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and near-infrared imaging in diagnosis; summarize interventional approaches including stenting, cutting/scoring balloons, and drug-coated balloons; and propose a pragmatic clinical management algorithm. This reinforces that early identification of PCI-related IMH coupled with imaging-directed therapy significantly improves procedural accuracy and correlates with more favorable long-term vascular outcomes.

Background: Large bowel obstruction (LBO) is a critical surgical emergency characterized by the cessation of normal colonic transit, leading to rapid physiological decompensation. It is a common initial presentation of advanced colorectal cancer and can also arise from benign causes like volvulus, diverticulitis, or pseudo-obstruction. Aim: This comprehensive review aims to detail the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and contemporary management strategies for LBO, emphasizing the integration of emergency care, diagnostic imaging, and multidisciplinary treatment. Methods: A narrative synthesis of current literature was conducted, analyzing diagnostic approaches (including CT imaging and endoscopy) and evidence-based interventions. The review evaluates guidelines and recent clinical trials comparing endoscopic, radiologic, and surgical management. Results: Initial management prioritizes aggressive fluid resuscitation and electrolyte correction. CT imaging is the diagnostic cornerstone. For malignant LBO, self-expanding metal stenting has emerged as an effective bridge-to-surgery, reducing stoma rates and enabling elective single-stage resection with similar long-term oncologic outcomes to emergency surgery. Surgery remains definitive for many cases, with approach (single vs. multi-stage) tailored to patient physiology and disease characteristics. Specific etiologies like sigmoid volvulus require endoscopic decompression, while acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is managed with neostigmine. Conclusion: Successful LBO management requires timely diagnosis, hemodynamic stabilization, and an etiology-driven intervention strategy. A coordinated, interprofessional approach optimizes outcomes by integrating endoscopic, radiologic, and surgical expertise to reduce morbidity and mortality.