Contemporary Sport Research Articles

Exploring the Relationship Between the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio and Running Parameters in Elite Football Athletes

In contemporary sports science, the integration of wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) has revolutionized athlete performance monitoring, offering insights into training load management and injury risk mitigation. The acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) has emerged as a pivotal metric, indicating the balance between acute training stress and chronic adaptation. This study investigates the relationship between ACWR and running parameters, i.e., contact time (CT), flight time (FT), and vertical stiffness (Kvert). Data from thirty-five elite male soccer players were analyzed using the WIMU Pro system. Statistical analyses showed that CT increased with workload, with significant differences observed between athletes in the sweet spot and others in the danger zone (p < 0.05), and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) ranging from 0.28 to 0.37. Kvert values were consistently lower in athletes in the danger zone across all workload indicators (p < 0.001), with large effect sizes going up to 0.94. Conversely, FT showed no significant variation between ACWR groups. These findings suggest that elevated ACWRs may be linked to reductions in vertical stiffness, highlighting a potential increase in risk of injury. Coaches and practitioners can utilize these insights to tailor training programs, integrating load monitoring with tactical considerations to optimize athlete performance. Understanding the nuanced interplay between workload ratios and biomechanical parameters provides valuable insights for performance optimization for elite football athletes.

MIXING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN SPORTS

In contemporary sports research, the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is becoming increasingly popular due to its ability to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the complexity of sports phenomena. Quantitative methods enable the collection of objective numerical data and the conduction of statistical analyses, while qualitative methods offer deeper insights into experiences, perceptions, and contexts. This paper explores various approaches to mixing these methods in sports research, analyzing the advantages and challenges this methodological approach presents. Through a literature review and case study analysis, examples of successful integration of qualitative and quantitative methods are presented, with a focus on enhancing the validity and reliability of findings. The conclusions of the paper emphasize the importance of methodological pluralism in sports research and propose guidelines for future studies aiming for a holistic understanding of sports phenomena.

Sport, Gambling and Masculinity: A Gendered History of Australian Sports Betting

ABSTRACT Sports betting has risen dramatically in prominence over the past 20 years and is now one of Australia’s most popular, and fastest growing, gambling activities. The practice has a long and gendered history in Australia, with almost 9 out of 10 regular sports bettors today being men. This article offers a short cultural history of sports betting that outlines its growth, along with several key reasons for its popularity among men specifically. In the early colonial period, gambling on racing and sports was a masculine pursuit from which women were largely excluded until the late 20th century. Contemporary sports betting’s focus on male-dominated football codes, along with advertising campaigns that objectify women and emphasise masculine narratives, continue to reinforce the idea that sports betting is primarily a men’s practice in modern Australia.

A109: Toward a Better Understanding of Programming Sport Artistic Entertainment

Background/Purpose: Artistic entertainment has been integrated into live sporting events for nearly a century, offering spectators a unique and engaging experience. Artistic entertainment activities serve to maintain audiences’ attention and interest, provide pleasure and delight, and help achieve gratification (Vorderer et al., 2004; Zillmann & Vorderer, 2000). To boost attendance and enhance the overall game experience, event managers are updating artistic entertainment offerings (Haidary, 2015). However, the mechanisms of artistic entertainment in contemporary sports are not well understood. For example, there are difficulties in using artistic entertainment effectively because the nuances of programming it based on gender, sports fandom, or ticket types have never been explored. This study aimed to address this void by conducting an Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) to examine the relative importance of different aspects of programming artistic entertainment activities in enhancing sport spectators’ game-day experience. Method: Relevance, appropriateness, variety, local culture, sensory appeal and integration, information and guidance, engagement and interaction, evolution and innovation, and quality of sensory elements are the nine main factors identified in our previous qualitative investigation on the quality and programming of artistic entertainment. We recruited spectators who had attended at least one live sporting event in the past six months to complete a survey measuring these nine factors, consumption intentions and satisfaction, gender, sport fan identification, and ticket types. In conjunction with partial least squares structural equation modeling, data were analyzed using the IPMA, a statistical technique to identify and prioritize factors based on their performance and importance. The nine factors’ significance scores were compared across gender, sports fandom, and ticket types through significance testing, aiming to examine any notable differences in the perceived importance of these factors among different spectator groups. Results: The results of IPMA analyses, which are based on gender, sports fandom, and ticket types, depicted visual representations of the relative importance of the nine factors. For instance, when designing artistic entertainment, factors in the top right quadrant of a matrix were considered high importance and high performance and thus should be given priority. Low performance and low priority factors found in the bottom left quadrant indicated areas to be minimally addressed. Conclusion/Discussion: Our study adds to event management literature and emphasizes the benefits and necessity of understanding artistic entertainment programming for sporting events in a more nuanced way. Managerially, we will provide IPMA-compliant practical recommendations for better and seamless integration of marketing initiatives.

A088: Virtual and Real

Background：The advent of eSports has catalyzed a fresh wave of contemplation within the sports science community regarding the concept of the body. With the digital revolution, eSports has emerged as a significant segment within the realm of sports, further solidified by its recognition in prestigious events like the Asian Games. However, despite its elevated status, eSports continues to grapple with skepticism over its 'non-physical' nature due to the apparent lack of physical activity that characterizes traditional sports. Exploring Generation Z's experiences in eSports enhances our grasp of digital gaming's corporeal aspects and unveils complex ties between the body, eSports, and cultural narratives. Methods: This study employed sensory ethnography to collect qualitative data from Generation Z players of "Honor of Kings". Motor behavioral intention analysis and individual motor behavior logs were utilized to explore the nuanced bodily sensations experienced during eSports gameplay. Participants were engaged through in-depth interviews and participatory observations, with data collection focusing on capturing the dual aspects of virtual and real-world body sensations. The analysis integrated sensory narrative techniques to construct a comprehensive picture of the embodied experiences within the digital gaming context. Results: The study revealed that Generation Z players experienced a dichotomy of bodily sensations in eSports: "virtual world body sensations" characterized by immersion and spatial awareness, and "real-world body sensations" marked by warmth and discomfort. The virtual sensations reflect the rich and individualized culture of eSports, influenced by technology and game mechanics. In contrast, real-world sensations resonate with traditional sports' physical exertions, highlighting the subjective physicality in eSports. This interplay between virtual and real sensations underscores a unique bodily experience in eSports, extending the conventional understanding of physical engagement in sports. Conclusion: The investigation into Generation Z's bodily sensations in "Honor of Kings" underscores the transformative impact of digital gaming on traditional perceptions of the body in sports. The dual sensations experienced in both virtual and real-world contexts highlight the complex interplay between digital immersion and physical embodiment. This study not only broadens the scope of sports sciences by integrating digital culture but also challenges the binary distinction between physical and non-physical sports, suggesting that digital gaming experiences contribute significantly to our understanding of bodily experiences in contemporary sports culture. Future research should further explore this intersection, considering the implications for digital literacy, gaming ethics, and the holistic well-being of eSports participants.

Transgender athletes and the sex category: change in competition level

Most contemporary sports have a sex category with two sub-categories (male and female). The participation of transwomen in the female category has been the subject of heated discussion, from the standpoint of fairness and safety. However, no research has been conducted to determine how the competition level has changed for transgender athletes who have changed their sex sub-category following transition, which brings additional complexity to the issue. This study examines changes in competition level of transgender athletes, comparing pre- and post-transition changes in the sex (male/female) category. This study was an investigation of the content of English-language newspapers published between 1 January 2016 and 31 August 2021 that identified individual transgender athletes. Nexis Uni was used to investigate gender (transwoman or transman), sport, and competition levels. Competition levels were classified as international, national, and regional. Change of sex sub-category was compared statistically with the decrease/increase in competition level. The study examined 2220 articles, which yielded usable data from 68 athletes (52 transwomen, 16 transmen) in 23 sports. The study found that transwomen were more likely to participate in the female category than transmen in the male category; and that, when the sex sub-category was changed, 41% of transwomen improved their competition level, while no transmen improved their competition level.

Stick Fighting and Stick Fencing in Ancient Egypt and Their Impact On the Present Day

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of stick fighting or stick fencing-like activities in ancient Egypt on modern sport. In the study, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to investigate stick fighting and fencing activities in ancient Egypt and their impact on contemporary sport. The literature review focused on historical documents, tomb paintings, hieroglyphs and archaeological findings from the ancient Egyptian period from 3000 B.C. In ancient Egypt, stick fighting was a widely practised sport alongside wrestling. In ancient Egypt, stick fighting was a rivalry between two players. Although stick fencing is a very popular attraction for exhibition fights, it is sometimes not seen as a fight against an opponent, but rather as a dance performance. It is said that the stick or club wielders wore masks during the matches. The fencers had to bow to the audience before the fight. They then held their sticks in a crossed position. It is assumed that there was a scoring system for fighting with sticks. Although in ancient Egypt fighting with sticks or acrobatic movements with sticks were used for demonstration purposes such as dance events, this could have been the origin of modern fencing and combat training. The aesthetic movements and manoeuvres with sticks and the wearing of masks by the athletes are similar to today's fencing. In ancient Egypt, stick fighters can be seen as stick fencers. In African and Middle Eastern cultures, stick fencing is still widespread and is reflected in the traditions.

Fair Play Principle in Esports

ABSTRACT The aim of the article is the analysis of the principle of fair play which co-creates an axiological basis of contemporary sport as well as its basic moral category. The constituents of fair play are, first of all, responsibility and justice. Both values are central values, connected with each other, and also closely connected with other values inscribed in fair play, e.g. respect, solidarity, care or honesty. The conducted analysis shows that the rules of fair play connected with formal responsibility and justice, i.e. following the rules and caring for the integrity of sport, are constituent for both sport and esports, whereas the rules of fair play connected with acting responsibly, i.e. respect and avoiding victory at all costs, are hard to realise in esports. It results from the fact that contact between the players is digitally mediated. Hence, apart from gestures and verbal communication, display of respect towards a player during a game is impeded, as is still more a spontaneous reaction to his or her being hurt. Also, avoiding winning at all costs is impeded in esports, as activities directed at obtaining victory are built into the content of the game and therefore should be carried out in accordance with the regulations, from the technical and tactical side and according to the possessed skills. However, it is possible to stop the game when the connection with the other player is suddenly interrupted. From a fair-play perspective also the content of some games employed in esports is questionable, as it assumes contesting moral rules, which in turn is at variance with the realisation of integrative, educational and formative functions of esports in society.

The Double Folds of Racism and History

Abstract Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men have been overrepresented proportionately in specific sports—boxing, rugby league, and Australian rules football—that have been associated with concussion, but there is little written material, research, scholarship, commentary, or understanding about how they have been affected by traumatic brain injuries related to their participation. This article addresses this silence by examining two overlapping folds of history. The first fold explores the general silences about sport concussion that existed until recently. The second fold is centered on the traumatic consequences of colonization on the health and well-being of Australia's First Nations peoples. While the first silence is being addressed in a multitude of complex ways, the second silence remains a disturbing feature of contemporary sport. We argue that for the recognition, diagnoses, and treatment of concussion and brain injuries in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, there needs to be an appreciation of the continuing consequences of colonization and significant changes in the Western health system.

Surfveillance: SurfCams, Social Issues and Regulatory Intervention

We make a unique contribution to the field of sport and social issues with a place-based case study of one SurfCam fixed to a private residence overlooking the world famous and iconic Bells Beach Surfing Recreation Reserve on the Surf Coast of Victoria, Australia. This case study offers a paradigm example of corporate extractivism that occurs through the surveillance of public space by a private company, which contributes to a range of social and environmental issues and has impacts on the culture of surfing. We argue that SurfCams reconfigure our understanding of surveillance and the governance of open spaces where recreational or competitive nature sports take place. We consider impacts of SurfCams for individual rights, as well as the environment, and surfing culture. We examine deficiencies in existing regulatory governance and highlight tensions between local community interests, corporate extractivism, and the neoliberalization of contemporary sport facilitated by surveillance technology. Our analysis shows these developments occur in a context where several intersecting governance modes are, at present, incapable of regulating the SurfCam.

Winning with mētis: embodied virtues in sport practice, from Odysseus to Maradona

ABSTRACT The Greek word mētis (μῆτις) traditionally refers to a particular form of wily intelligence associated with the arts of deception (dolos) and the knowledge of tricks (kerdē), subterfuges, and traps. Mētis evokes innovative and ground-breaking solutions, based on the capability to understand, anticipate, and possibly violate the others’ expectations. Most importantly, mētis presupposes practical wisdom, or prudence (phrόnesis), a dispositional quality that underpins all the virtues that deserve to be cultivated by sportspersons and that is pivotal to perfect sportspersons’ moral character. Not only is prudence required to apply mētis profitably for winning a game, but it is also indispensable to perform consistently with the game’s norms—cognizant of sport values. This analysis of mētis is key to illuminate the embodied dimension of tactical and moral reasoning in contemporary sport practice. In this paper, we first argue that the strategic effectiveness of mētis proves that not only sensorimotor control but also higher forms of intelligence, like strategic reasoning, are embodied and inform skilful performance; second, we argue that relying on mētis is necessary not only to interpret the rules of the game in one’s own favor but also to respect the shared values that these rules uphold in the sport practice.

The construction of an information network platform for traditional sports of Chinese minorities

There has been a discernable increase in interest throughout the world in traditional sports and games in recent times. This trend can be seen across the globe. These activities not only provide a source of entertainment and an opportunity for physical exercise, but they also serve the purpose of reflecting the cultural past of the many groups of people who take part in them. Traditional Chinese sports, such as dragon boat racing, wrestling, and martial arts, have been handed down through the générations by numerous Chinese ethnic minorities, who also take pleasure in their significant athletic legacy. Other examples of traditional Chinese sports include taichi and kung fu. Nevertheless, despite the cultural significance of these sports, their popularity has been on the decline in recent years due to a variety of causes such as the expansion of urbanization and the growing importance of contemporary sports. Despite the cultural significance of these sports, their popularity has been on the decline in recent years. The effect of this is that younger people's declining interest in traditional sports presents a danger to the continuance of our cultural heritage. Establishing an information network platform that is entirely dedicated to the traditional sports of China's ethnic minorities is very required in order to find a solution to this issue. The sharing of information, communication, and collaborative efforts will all be facilitated via the use of this platform. People and communities will have access to a multitude of materials and opportunities to engage, learn, and share their knowledge and experiences as a result of this initiative. The accessibility and user-friendliness of the platform will be given high importance in its design, which will involve the inclusion of components such as online lessons, virtual contests, and interaction with social networking platforms. This will be done in order to make the platform as user-friendly and accessible as possible. Individuals and communities, regardless of their location or their level of competence, will have simple access to traditional sports and will be able to participate in them because of these attributes. In addition to this, the platform will foster connections and collaborations, both of which will contribute to the development of a sense of community and shared identity among its users. Chinese minorities will have the chance to exhibit their cultural past to a more broad audience if they make use of this innovative platform. As a result, new générations will be encouraged to cherish and actively engage in traditional sports. By placing an emphasis on the cultural significance of these sports, the platform will play an important part in the maintenance and dissémination of the cultural inheritance of China's ethnic minorities. This will make certain that the cultural legacy is handed down from one generation to the next. In addition to this, the platform will provide people and communities who have an interest in traditional sports with opportunities to broaden their economic horizons. This will be possible in a number of different ways. Through the facilitation of virtual tournaments and other events, the platform has the ability to foster the growth of new markets and outlets for traditionally practiced sports. Because of this, traditional sports will have a better chance of being financially successful and sustainable in the long run

Mimicry of European Football Commentary: Arap Uria’s Comic Lip-Sync Impressions in Kenyan Social Media

ABSTRACT The popularity of football in Africa is evident in the widespread viewership of televised top world league matches across the continent. Entertaining as they are to African fans, the broadcast images raise significant questions regarding the political implications of sports television as a medium for conveying cultural content. The matches are often played in far-off places and feature hardly any African commentators. New media technologies present African users with a host of technological affordances that enable them to challenge the hierarchical logic of industrial media production and the restricted communicative space of sports television. Comedy is a common form of political engagement with televised football images. This article analyses lip-sync impressions by a Kenyan comedian, Arap Uria, who records short parody videos that comment on iconic moments in football matches and posts them on social media platforms. Reading the audiovisual texts as politically motivated comic performances, this article argues that Uria’s lip-sync commentaries are a significant part of the contemporary sports television consumption culture in Kenya. The article discusses the place of the football commentator as a cultural mediator as well as how lip-sync performances can generate protest through artistic truth, remixing and parody.

Level of psychological barriers of students who are engaged in bodybuilding

The article explores the psychological barriers among students engaged in bodybuilding compared to those who are not involved in sports. It emphasizes the integral role of psychological preparation in sports training, with a focus on reducing athletes' psychological barriers. The study identifies seven key barriers in sports: personal initiative, faulty mindset, autonomy, achievement, risk aversion, communication, and openness to new experiences.
 The research involves 52 students, comprising 25 bodybuilders and 27 non-athletes. A specialized psychological barrier assessment test, adapted for contemporary sports psychology needs, evaluates the prevalence of these barriers among participants. The identified barriers include personal initiative, which underscores the importance of athletes taking initiative and acting independently for success in sports. Faulty mindset refers to negative perceptions of one's abilities, potentially hindering performance. The results of the study are presented through a comparison of psychological barrier levels between the two groups. Significant differences are observed in the barriers of personal initiative, risk aversion, and openness to new experiences. Bodybuilding students exhibit lower barriers in personal initiative, indicating a proactive approach to their training, while demonstrating higher resistance to risk and greater openness to new experiences compared to non-athletes. The findings suggest that engagement in bodybuilding may influence students' psychological characteristics in these aspects.
 In conclusion, the research underscores the importance of addressing psychological barriers in sports, particularly in bodybuilding. The study provides insights into how sports engagement may impact students' psychological states, highlighting areas where bodybuilders differ significantly from their non-athlete counterparts. Understanding and overcoming these barriers are crucial for enhancing athletes' mental resilience and overall success in sports.

Ad Santel is Coming to Town: The 1921 Yasukuni Shrine ‘MMA Fights’ Between Catch Wrestling and Kōdōkan Judo

In February 1921, catch wrestlers Ad Santel and Henry Weber traveled to Japan to engage in several public bouts against fighters from the Kōdōkan judo school. The matches were held in a sumo ring at Tokyo’s Yasukuni shrine and became a mega-event, attracting between 20,000 and 25,000 spectators. The Kōdōkan judo headquarters and the center’s founder Kanō Jigorō positioned themselves in opposition to the bouts to protect the Kōdōkan brand. What became known as the ‘Santel Incident’ (Santeru jiken) caused major controversy in Japan’s judo community. To understand the significance of the Santel Incident in the history of Kōdōkan judo, this article focusses on the aspects of medialization, commercialization, and eventization of sports, thus placing the bouts within the larger context of contemporary Japanese and global sport history. We demonstrate that the challenge by the American professional wrestlers brought to the surface generational tensions as well as divergent visions concerning the definition of judo between sports and martial art, and professionalism and amateurism. Our analysis is based on close readings of contemporary primary sources, including Japanese newspaper articles, research essays in judo magazines, and (auto)biographical writings, some of which are analyzed and discussed for the first time.

Women coaches, professionalisation, and national governing body mergers in England, 1989–2000

ABSTRACT Between 1989 and 2000, many women’s sports which had previously been governed separately to men’s sport were forced into ‘mergers’ with male governing bodies. These processes were profoundly disempowering for the women involved, often leaving them with very limited voice and representation in the governance of their sport post-merger. In this article, I detail the experiences of female coaches caught up in these merger processes, based on an analysis of archival documents and oral history interviews across six sports (squash, athletics, football, hockey, lacrosse and cricket). For some women coaches, the mergers proved a positive step on the path to professionalisation: they began to be paid for work which previously was often done for free. However, in other cases, elite coaching roles were removed and reallocated to men at the point of merger. Prior to the mergers, many women’s sports were coached entirely or predominantly by women; however, the mergers led to the loss of a generation of women coaches who were either actively pushed out or were asked to ‘requalify’ for their roles and left coaching altogether. The legacies of the mergers are still evident today in the structural gender discrimination which operates across contemporary British sport coaching.

Research on Business Value Development Methods of Top Sports Athletes - A Case Analysis of NBA Players

With the development of sports, the commercialization model of players is becoming more and more mature. The rise of commercialization has become a prominent trend in the field of contemporary sports, which has a far-reaching impact on athletes and the wider sports industry. Commercial development has a significant impact, not only expanding the sports audience, but also reshaping the role of athletes and the financial structure of the sports sector. This paper studies the means of commercial value development of top sports players, based on the case analysis of NBA players, using case analysis method, literature review method and other methods, taking the famous NBA star Curry, the spokesman of Under Armour, and the basketball legend Jordan as examples, to explore the commercial value of top players behind them. Through the study of the means of personal brand building and maintenance, social media marketing and fan interaction, sponsorship and endorsement, the economic principles behind it and the operation mode of NBA business alliance are summarized, and the conclusion is drawn.

All In

Abstract This article situates the recent explosion of online and app-based sports betting within longer histories of datafication and financialization in sports business and culture. The author tracks four histories in which media technologies and financial logics dissolved previously stable sporting events, athletes, and results into aggregations of data and derivatives that could be leveraged and wagered on. Photography established feelings of confidence and objectivity in horse-race results during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Screen and computational technologies since the 1970s have enabled Las Vegas casino sportsbooks to overwhelm bettors with data abundance. Television and web-based play moved poker at the turn of the millennium away from surprise, chance, and reading people toward probability, risk, and reading data. Around the same time, fantasy sports and management-based video games mirrored financial markets in transforming athletes and leagues into derivatives, that is, disaggregated units that could be reassembled in new digital permutations. Each story helps position contemporary online sports betting within a longer historical arc in which gambling and speculation moved to the center of global economy and culture.

The moral economy of the English football crowd: The European Super League and the contingency of football fan activism

On 18 April 2021, six of the most storied clubs in English football – Arsenal, Chelsea, Manchester City, Liverpool, Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur – announced they would be joining a new breakaway European Super League. These proposals triggered vehement opposition from football fans, which catalysed the intervention of the UK government in the form of a fan-led review of football governance. The reaction to the European Super League – which collapsed within 48 hours – demonstrates that the commodification and globalisation of football is contested. This article applies the lens of moral economy to analyse the contemporary mobilisations of football fans in England counter to these processes. The novel application of a moral economy framework provides a fresh perspective within the extant literature on football fan activism. This article represents the first systematic application of a moral economy approach to the political sociology of contemporary sport and its fandom. Employing an expanded understanding of moral economy, the article extends its application beyond the analysis of pre-modern food riots popularised by E.P. Thompson, incorporating the insights of Karl Polanyi and Andrew Sayer. Adopting this broader meaning, the concept of moral economy enables us to explore emergent and dynamic forms of fan activism, which seek to contest the commodification of football. The supporter mobilisations against the European Super League are examined to illuminate this perspective. Through an exploration of the contingency of the moral economy of football fandom, this article expands, in conceptual terms, the literature on football-based social movements, connecting it to the wider commodification and financialisation of football (as an important aspect of everyday life) and the internal contradictions and crisis of advanced capitalism.

A Synopsis of Smart Textiles for Sportswear

Engaging in sports during hot and muggy weather can lead to a variety of heat-related illnesses that can have either mild or fatal consequences. The creation and manufacture of sportswear has become increasingly important with the growth of contemporary sports, particularly in many challenging and hazardous sports. The most crucial element is the choice of fiber fabrics since it affects efficiency and performance while guaranteeing safety and physical comfort. Globally, there has been a surge in demand for smart textiles and materials in recent years. E-textiles and smart clothing can serve as a second skin to help track activity beneath the surface of the body. These days, smart textiles use sensors extensively. So, in order to become a good textile engineer, we must be knowledgeable about sensor technology and how it operates. People’s changes in body composition and the environment around them can be monitored by electronic or digital sensors painted or woven into clothing. Here are several textile-based sensors that have been incorporated into clothing for a range of sports applications. It is the hope of some researchers that smart clothes will be powered by the body’s natural energy. Since the sensors are integrated into the garment, they can come into close contact with the skin of the wearer and pick up a remarkably wide range of personal data. Sensors from various production-method levels are combined in one system, depending on the application area. To ensure the correct operation of the system, the textiles used for textile-based sensors must be carefully tailored to the specific application. A literature search shows that a small number of studies have been published on the development of smart clothing for monitoring, the features of textile sensors are, Longer functional life, High performance, Easy maintenance and Reliable operations. There are various sensor technologies employed in the textile sector like, Humidity and moisture monitoring, Pressure-mapping systems, Fiber-coated sensors, Printed sensors etc.