Contemporary Linguistics Research Articles

Rational supererogation and epistemic permissivism

A number of authors have defended permissivism by appealing to rational supererogation, the thought that some doxastic states might be rationally permissible even though there are other, more rational beliefs available. If this is correct, then there are situations that allow for multiple rational doxastic responses, even if some of those responses are rationally suboptimal. In this paper, I will argue that this is the wrong approach to defending permissivism—there are no doxastic states that are rationally supererogatory. By the lights of contemporary linguistics, ‘rational’ is an absolute gradable adjective, and as such, can only be applied to things that satisfy the top of the scale of rationality. For this reason, it is not possible to believe what is rational while also failing to believe what is rationally optimal.

SEMANTIK BANDINGAN: PENGENALAN KEPADA TEORI PENGADUNAN KONSEPTUAL

Conceptual Blending Theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002) aims to provide a general cognitive model related to meaning construction. This theory was created based on the fundamental question raised by contemporary linguists about how a new concept is formed based on the human cognition system. According to Fauconnier, the theory encompasses all domains of meaning creation, whether involving language domains (metaphors, advertisements, and satire) or the use of gestures to convey non -linguistic meaning, such as the way people line up to get tickets at the cinema or certain symbolism in communication. If we can see at the current scenario in linguistic research, this theory has attracted wide attention in various fields of research, from the study of discourse analysis by Oakley (2008), the study of Haiku by Hiraga (1999) to the study of ritual by Sweetser (2000). Due to its holistic nature, it is not surprising that this theory has been heavily criticized by some linguists from the structural school (Broccias, 2004; Gibbs, 2000), and not least there are some Vygotsky scholars (scholars that influenced by Vygotsky thought) who doubted the ability of this theory. Therefore, this paper is written to (i) provide an overview of the proposed theory; (ii) display some analysis of non-linguistic domains based on conceptual blending perspective; and lastly (iii) some counter respond to a previous criticism about this theory.

The Genre Differentiation and Linguistic Peculiarities of English Diplomatic Discourse

This paper deals with English diplomatic discourse as an independent type of discourse, which is characterized by its genre typology. The goals of diplomacy and diplomatic discourse are to protect the national and state interests and to implement norms and values in the context of globalization. For a long time, diplomatic discourse has been a part of political discourse. English diplomatic discourse has its own unique features and parameters that set it apart from other types of institutional discourse. Diplomatic discourse is a complex communicative phenomenon that covers the entire spectrum of diplomatic interactions. There are accurate and regulated standards and requirements for writing diplomatic documents, that depend on and vary according to the genre typology. The research’s relevance is found in the growing interest of contemporary linguistics in the issues of communicative interaction and the study of language in close connection with the practical actions of a person. The paper attempts to systematize knowledge about the texts used in international relations. The fact that English diplomatic documents are widely used determines their genre diversity. Documents of diplomatic discourse are divided into 7 groups: contractual (agreement, treaty, pact), informative (resolution; government statement), instructive (verbal note; circular note), argumentative (diplomatic speech; letter of concern), regulatory (communiqué; verbal note; memorandum), authoritarian (declaration; act), courteous (letter of invitation; letter of condolence). This division of diplomatic texts is performed on the basis of Nataliya Kashchyshyn’s classification of taxonomic units in English diplomatic discourse and makes it possible to consider structural, terminological and pragmatic factors in the formation of diplomatic documents. The purpose of diplomatic discourse is to protect national interests, prevent war and strengthen peace, as well as to implement foreign policy on behalf of the state.

إعراب المضارع عند النحویین

الملخص : اختلف البصريون والکوفيون في علة إعراب المضارع، فقيل: إعرابه أصل، وذلک لاختلاف معانيه، وقيل: بل فرع؛ لمشابهته الاسم المستحق للإعراب، وتوسط متأخرون بين المذهبين فجعلوا إعرابه فرعا، وعلته اختلاف المعاني التي يدل عليها. والمضارع إذا أسند إلى نون النسوة سکن آخره، وقد عدوه مبنيا، وخالف بعضهم فلم ير حاجة إلى عده مبنيا لدخول نون النسوة، وکأنه اسم أضيف إلى ياء المتکلم، وکذلک اختلف في بناء المتصل بنون التوکيد. واختلفوا في رافع المضارع، فقيل: العامل لفظي، وهو حروف المضارعة، وقيل: السين وسوف، وقيل: عامل معنوي، واختلف في العامل المعنوي، الإهمال، أم التجرد من النواصب والجوازم، أم المضارعة نفسها، أم وقوعه موقع الاسم؟. واختلفوا في ناصب المضارع إذا سبق بأحد الحروف الستة (اللام، وحتى، والواو، وأو، وثم، والفاء)، ففريق جعل العامل معنويا، وهو الخلاف، وفريق جعله الحروف الستة نفسها، وذهب الجمهور إلى أن العامل هو (أن) المضمرة. وفي جزم المضارع اختلفوا في جازم جواب الشرط، فجعله جمهور البصريين أداة الشرط، وجعله آخرون أداة الشرط وفعله، وجعل الکوفيون الجازم معنويا، وهو الجزم على الجوار، وعند المازني أنه مبني لعدم مشابهته الاسم في هذا الموضع، إذ الاسم لا يجيء جوابا لشرط. وکذلک اختلفوا في جازم المضارع الواقع جواب طلب، فقد ذهب الخليل وسيبويه إلى أن الجازم هو الجملة الطلبية التي قبله؛ لتضمنها معنى الشرط، وعند الفارسي والسيرافي جازم المضارع هنا النيابة، مثل ضربا زيدا، وذهب المتأخرون إلى أن الجازم هو أداة الشرط المقدرة. وحاول بعض اللغويين المعاصرين جعل تغير المضارع مرتبطا بالمعاني التي يقصدها المتکلم، فإن قصد المتکلم الاستقبال والإيهام أتى بالمضارع منصوبا، وإذا استقر عند المتکلم وقوع الفعل رفعه، وإذا أراد أن يبقي وقوع الفعل ممکنا جعله مجزوما، وقد سبقهم إلى ذلک قدماء اللغويين فقد ذکروا أن المتکلم هو الذي يرفع وينصب ويجزم بحسب ما يريده من معان. Abstract The Basaris and the Kufuvians differed in the reason for the syntax of the present tense. Because it is similar to the Noun deserved for syntax, and late mediators between the two sects made Arabic a branch, and the reason for it is the difference in the meanings that it indicates. And the present tense, if assigned to Nun al-Nisa, dwelt the end of it, and they counted it constructively, and some of them disagreed, and he did not see the need to count it based on the entry of Nun al-Niswa, as if it were a name added to the speaker J, and it also differed in the construction of the person related to the affirmation. And they differed in the riser of the present tense, it was said: the verbal factor, which is the present-day letters, and it was said: the sin and will, and it was said: the moral factor, and they differed in the moral factor, the negligence, or the abstraction of the accusative and impermissible, or the present-day itself, or its occurrence in the name of the name ?. And they differed in the noun of the present tense if it was preceded by one of the six letters (lam, even, waw, or, and then, wafa), then a team made the factor moral, which is the disagreement, and a group made it the six letters themselves, and the audience went to the fact that the factor is (that) the contra. And in the assertion of the present tense, they differed in the assertive answer of the condition, so the majority of the Basrians made it the instrument of the condition, and others made it the instrument of the condition and its action, and the assertive Kovis made it morally, which is the assertion of the neighborhood, and according to the Mazni it is based on the lack of similarity to the name in this position, since the name does not come in response to a condition. Likewise, they differed regarding the definite present tense, which is the answer to a request. Hebron and Sibawayh went to the conclusion that the affirmative is the ordering sentence that preceded it. Because it includes the meaning of the condition, and according to the Persian and the Seraphic, the present tense is asserted here the prosecution, such as the multiplication of Zaid, and the later went to the fact that the deterministic is the instrument of the condition. Some contemporary linguists tried to make the change of the present tense related to the meanings that the speaker intended, for the speaker's intention to receive and delude it came in the present tense set up, and if he settled with the speaker the occurrence of the verb would raise it, and if he wanted to keep the occurrence of the act it is possible to make it definite, and the ancient linguists have preceded them to that. He is the one who raises, erects and asserts according to the meanings he wants.

The Language Variation Shown in 'yat’aqaboon fi:kum mala’ika'

This study examines the linguistic structure in the "yat’aqaboon fi:kum mala’ika” (lit. Angels take turns in attending to you" attributed to the Arabic language variety known in Arabic linguistics fields as Aklouni albaraghith (lit. Flies ate me). Because some linguists find such language variation to be weak while others think otherwise, this study is conducted to show both views, to study the evidence provided, and finally to come up with the researcher’s conclusion about this variety. The study includes an introduction, a thorough account about this language variation, and the different views of grammarians, interprets and contemporary linguists. The study also provides evidence and examples from Quranic verses, Hadith, quotes from poetry and poetic examples. The study includes an analysis section which addresses the linguistic evidence provided; it also discusses the views of linguists about (yat’aqaboon fi:kum mala’ika) and states the researcher’s own analysis. The conclusion includes the main findings of this study. A list of references which includes the resources used brings this study to a close.

THE NOTIONS AND TERMS “LANGUAGE”, “SPEECH”, “SPEECH ACTIVITY”, “LANGUAGE MATERIAL” IN THE THEORY OF LANGUAGE AND SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF AHMET BAYTURSYNULY

The article focuses on the issues of dichotomy and polychotomy from the following perspective: a) language and speech; b) language, speech, speech activity; c) language, speech, speech activity, language material.The author analyzes the works by A.Baytursynuly, the founder of Kazakh linguistics, linguodidactics, methodology and literary criticism, with the purpose of determining and describing his scientific views on the issue of dichotomy and polychotomy. In the scientific heritage of A.Baytursynuly, the issue of dichotomy and polychotomy is presented by the notions and terms – til (language), so'iley (speak), so'ilesu (communicate through speech, i.e. speech activity). The author considers these issues on the basis of the works devoted to the dichotomy and polychotomy by W. von Humboldt, F. de Saussure and L.V.Scherba. The article presents the analysis of terminological nomination of these notions in contemporary Kazakh linguistics, which is characterized by the continuity of terminological traditions of A.Baytursynuly and is closely related to the conceptions of W. von Humboldt and F. de Saussure. A.Baytursynuly differentiated language, speech, speech activity in the Kazakh language in 1914 in the work “Til-qural” (“Language – Instrumentation”) written in Arabic script, i.e. 19 years before the publication of the book by Ferdinand de Saussure in Russian “Course in General Linguistics” (1933). The author of the article puts forth his own terminological designation of the types of speech activity in the Kazakh language, taking into account the admissibility, but undesirability of some synonymous terminological nominations, functioning in the studies of both Kazakh linguists and linguists working on the material of other Turkic languages. 1) Til – language; tildesim – speech; tildesimdik qyzmet – speech activity; til materialy – language material; 2) Tyn’dalym – listening; so’ilesim – speaking; oqylym – reading; jazylym – writing; ishtei tildesim – inner speech; audarma tildesim – translation speech. In the research process, the methods of intralinguistic comparison and inter-linguistic comparison, as well as the semanticstylistic method and the method of linguistic description have been used.

Media Genres and Compositional Speech Forms of Journalism: Relationships and Connections

The existing set of media text modifications with their numerous contexts remains largely understudied in terms of text typology. There are no complex descriptions of the types of media messages. The article raises the problem of correlation between media genres and the compositional speech forms of journalism. The author interprets compositional speech forms as complex functional textual units that structure the thought and give it integrity and completeness. Genre approaches to classifications and current media text typology issues dominate in the contemporary text linguistics, despite the fact that the genre remains its central category. The Germanic studies have accumulated enough experience to generalize the existing points of view and cover all possible journalistic representation forms (journalistische Darstellungsformen). From the standpoint of text linguistics, it is the genre variety of media proposals that confirms the priority of the term Textsorte, which covers homogeneous text classes that are hierarchically the same. This article focuses on the term Textsorte, since it covers the whole variety of media genres and fixes the hierarchical principle of the text function in the system of communicative speech classifications. Therefore, Textsorte is the main operational reference point in German genre studies and the basis for multidimensional classifications of media texts.

Walking Gastrolinguistic Landscapes, with Metonymy as a Travel-guide

The present article is concerned with the role of metonymy in gastrolinguistic landscape, specifically with its role in creating a message for guests in the names of restaurants. Linguistic landscape is a relatively novel concept in contemporary linguistics, its methodology still in the flux, while its topics and approaches keep diversifying. The purpose of this article is to show that there is also a very important cognitive linguistic aspect to it. Specifically, the article points out the role of metonymy in creative examples of restaurant names that contain one or more elements from a language different from the rest of the restaurant name, focusing on the gastrolinguistic landscape of Central and Eastern Europe, primarily Croatia and Hungary. It is demonstrated that that in addition to some more general cultural models of language, speakers also have a multitude of specific folk models of particular languages, mostly based on stereotypes, which in turn are also metonymic. These activate a series of metonymic inferencing steps most of the time resulting in complex cumulative metonymies such that one is superimposed on the other, the target of one simultaneously functioning as the source for the next one, and so forth.

Testing MaxEnt with sound symbolism: A stripy wug-shaped curve in Japanese Pokémon names

An issue that is actively explored in the contemporary linguistics literature is how to account for probabilistic generalizations, for which there are currently various competing theories. To bear on this debate, Hayes (2021) proposes that we examine a grammatical framework in terms of its quantitative signature, typical probabilistic patterns that the framework is predicted to generate. In this research report, I zoom in on the quantitative signature of maximum entropy harmonic grammar (MaxEnt HG), because this framework has proven useful in modeling probabilistic generalizations across different linguistic domains. Given a linear scale of violations of one constraint, MaxEnt yields a sigmoid curve. When another constraint is relevant and can be violated multiple times, this sigmoid curve can be shifted, yielding multiple sigmoid curves, which results in a stripy wug-shaped curve. Expanding upon a previous study (Kawahara 2020b), the current experiment demonstrates that we observe a stripy wug-shaped curve in a particularly clear manner in patterns of sound symbolism, systematic associations between sounds and meanings. Concretely, the experiment with Japanese speakers shows that the judgment of Pokémons' evolution status is affected by the mora counts of nonce names, resulting in a sigmoid curve, and that this sigmoid curve is shifted according to the number of voiced obstruents contained in the names. The overall results suggest that MaxEnt is a useful tool for modeling systematic sound-meaning correspondences.

В. фон Гумбольдт о языке и современная лингвистика: миссия языковеда

This article examines the ideas of W. von Humboldt on language and their simi­larities and differences with the fundamental ideas about the nature of natural languages within the generative framework founded by N. Chomsky. Chomsky famously argued that von Humboldt expressed and defended some of the key ideas of the generative approach. This paper relates Chomsky’s idea of the innate universal grammar and idea of generative rules as the underlying basis of the lan­guage creativity to the similar ideas of W. von Humboldt. The paper also dis­cusses Humboldt’s problematic from the generative perspective view that natural languages can have a primitive or an advance grammar. The paper considers a possible explanation for the fact that this idea seemed consistent to Humboldt with the idea of the innate universal grammar. The contemporary linguistics views all grammars of all languages as equal because a natural language is con­sidered to be a biological feature of our species developed in the process of evo­lution. This idea was not present in Humboldt’s philosophy, which made it possi­ble for him to think that some natural languages have not fully developed a potential hidden in its speakers. In this regard, the author considers the ques­tion of the social mission of the linguist; emphasizes that this is a fight against prejudices based on unscientific understanding of languages and dialects.

Verbalization of positive emotions in English and Ukrainian (comparative aspect)

Comparative language studies belong to one of the most relevant tasks of contemporary linguistics. Both related and unrelated languages are treated as open-ended systems of definite structures, and the aim of the present paper is to make a comparative analysis of adjectives in English and Ukrainian, focusing on their system and structural characteristics, to reveal their vocabularies’ specificity and discuss national as well as cultural components in the semantics of the words in question. Furthermore, much attention is paid to finding both common and distinctive features of the latter to predict their role, place and significance in the semantic space of the definite fragment of the languages’ lexical systems. The problems of emotive semantics study are closely connected with emotional aspect of human factor in language and are relevant in modern linguistics. Attaching words to feelings and emotions is one of the most important aspects of our everyday language, cognition and society interaction. Experiencing positive emotions like happiness, excitement, joy, hope, and inspiration is vital for anyone who wants to lead a happy and healthy life. Emotions are biologically-based psychological states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure. In human life the role of emotions is extremely great as far as they accompany any activity and perform communicative, cognitive and regulatory functions. Happiness is such a central concept in life that not many people pause to consider what happiness is and why we strive so tirelessly to attain it. The power of positive thinking comes in different forms. Modifying nouns, English and Ukrainian adjectives give more specific information about the object, person, place, thing, idea, etc. 59 English adjectives and 36 Ukrainian ones are used to signify the quality of being happy. Their semantics is unique, yet with clearly anthropocentric character. The words under research form complex systems possessing certain structures. They are divided into three groups according to their degree of polysemy: words with high and middle degree of polysemy and monosemantic units. In English the group of monosemantic adjectives prevails while in Ukrainian the group of words with middle degree of polysemy is predominant. Monosemy as a linguistic phenomenon expresses the ability of the lexical units in question to interpret the objects of the world in detail, specifying cultural notions characteristic of their semantics. In their turn, these adjectives possess both common and distinctive features, and vary in their qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

Intellectio e Inventio en la Traducción de Poesía del Turco

New Rhetorics has returned to the classical meaning of rhetoric as a science of discourse and not only as a study of literary figures. The contributions of contemporary linguistics, particularly pragmatics, to the analysis of discourse as «language in action» demonstrate the validity of the postulates of classical rhetoric. In this sense, it is perfectly possible to apply categories of rhetoric to the analysis of translation since it is a communicative activity that uses language as a means of transmission. However, it is convenient to overcome the traditional dedication at the most superficial level of elocutio and pay attention to other levels, be it before the performance of the discourse, such as intellectio, or being formants of it, such as inventio. We can consider the intellectio as the location of the author prior to the text from the point of view of field, mode and tenor. Inventio is an encyclopedia of topics and ways of treating them conditioned culturally and historically. The translation of a text can find problems at both levels that go beyond those strictly lexical, even if they end up being reflected in words. As an example, we use the translations into Spanish, with an intermediate language, of two poems by Ataol Behramoğlu originally in Turkish.

SOME PECULIARITIES OF S. LEACOCK’S SHORT-STORY «THE MAN IN ASBESTOS: AN ALLEGORY OF THE FUTURE» TRANSLATION INTO UKRAINIAN

The role of S. Leacock as a representative of English-Canadian literature and peculiarities of his creative works are given in the article. The peculiarities of the literary translation which aim is to reflect ideas, feelings transforming the author’s images with the help of another language material, the main features that make it different from a classical one were stated. The scholars who scrutinize the problems of a literary text translation in the contemporary linguistics was found out. The differences between the original text of S. Leacock’s short-story «The Man in Asbestos: an Allegory of the Future» and the text of translation and its translation by A. Yevsa were analyzed in the article. The translation can be called adequate as some change of content of the original text by the target language means did not impact into general perception of the short-story in its translation. The translator conveys the author’s ideas provoking reader’s reaction to the story. A. Yevsa preserved its content, the system of images and the author’s style, emotional atmosphere and plot identity of the original text and the choice of linguo-stylistic devices used in the original text. General peculiarities of the translation into Ukrainian, main grammar and lexical transformations used by A. Yevsa were marked, among which are generalization, concretization, compensation, semantic development and combination of sentences prevail.

Text Genres in Cardiac Emergency: from activity to typology

Different lines and research traditions from contemporary Linguistics share an interest for text genres. The aims of this article are, firstly, briefly presenting some fundamental antecedents on the subject for Linguistics and reviewing the main research perspectives and traditions. Secondly, it intends to introduce conceptual developments elaborated within the German Text Linguistics (TL) framework, which in my opinion offer a global and explanatory vision of text genres. Thirdly, the article illustrates the corresponding theoretical aspects, based on a corpus of verbal interviews from an Argentine public hospital, during the treatment of cardiac emergencies. The analysis performed applies a qualitative methodology, which combines the conversational analysis methods (GÜLICH; SCHÖNDIENST; SURMANN, 2003; GÜLICH, 2007) in the case of oral data, and the methods of genre linguistics for the typologizing of texts (HEINEMANN, 2000; ADAMZIK, 2004; CIAPUSCIO, 2005). The theoretical-descriptive paper describes and addresses two complementary angles of analysis for text genre, developed within the TL framework: both as speakers’ communicative activities and theoretical-analytical instruments for the typologizing of texts.

Between Shame and Fear. Review of Selected Cognitive Models of Shame in Lithuanian (On the Basis of Text and Lexicographic Data)

Linguistic and cultural research of concepts of emotional states and values finds its place among the most frequently chosen research directions in contemporary linguistics. Such popularity could be determined, on the one hand, by the desire to penetrate the complicated mental structure of human consciousness and its cognitive and cultural determinants. On the other hand, it is due to the belief in close links between language, human cognitive abilities and culture, resulting from cognitive sciences, as well as treating the research on linguistic structures and semantics of language as a tool for reaching the way of understanding and evaluating the world (cf. Bartmiński 2007; Geeraerts 2006, Evans, Green 2006). This conviction is of particular importance in the study of the lexicalization of objects and abstracts invisible to the naked eye, including emotional states.One of the main goals of the analysis of the names of emotions is revealing the way of understanding and evaluating the underlying emotional states and the experiences associated with them. In order to achieve this goal, conceptual representations of individual categories of feelings are reconstructed on the basis of the American cognitive models proposed by cognitive scientists or the base image profiles proposed by J. Bartmiński. The aim of this article is to present cognitive models and lexical units related to them, which constitute a specific borderline of emotional states of SHAME and FEAR, e. g. shame as fear of rejection, fear as a consequence of shame, etc. Thus, these are cases of linguistically certified transmissions of certain aspects of the feeling of shame and fear and their mutual convergence. The analysis presents a linguistic image of the areas of emotional experiences that constitute the periphery of the category of feelings from the family of SHAME, but not yet included in the category of feelings of FEAR in its basic sense.

Metaphorical Analyses of Russian Verbs of Thinking Activity Meaning

The study of cognitive semantics of verbs is an important topic in contemporary linguistics. Taking Russian metaphorical thinking meaning verbs as the object, this article discusses the cognitive semantics of verbs. First of all, the paper combs out the subconscious thinking activity verbs derived from the metaphors of prototype actions of volitional and non volitional activities, and the autonomous thinking activity verbs from the prototype action metaphor of will activity; then focusing on the cognitive similarity and semantic violation, the article separately analyses the metaphorical semantic derivation of these two kinds of thinking activity, meanwhile, it correspondingly discusses the problem of polysemy of Russian verbs. Relevant research will be helpful to further investigate the metaphorical performance and mechanism of the unique thinking activity verbs, at the same time, it is beneficial to promote the theoretical exploration of semantic derivation of Russian polysemous verbs. The relevant study will be helpful to further investigate the cognitive semantic attributes and operational characteristics of Russian verbs with metaphorical thinking meaning, and it is beneficial to promote the research of lexical semantic theory of Russian language on the cognitive level.

КОЛОКАЦІЯ ЯК МІНІМАЛЬНА ОДИНИЦЯ ПОБУДОВИ СЛОВНИКОВОГО ЗАПАСУ В ПРОЦЕСІ ВИВЧЕННЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

This paper presents an academic research primarily focuses on defining collocation as a minimal unit in vocabulary acquisition building, on its importance for English Learners during English Learning Process and finally on its main role in practical usage of the English language. The main objectives were realized through various materials exploration of general English vocabulary acquisition building in Canadian English (CE), American English (AE), and British English (BE). The research area was original Canadian, American, and British informational sources with special emphasis on different scholars’ ideas as forEnglish spoken language and vocabulary load in written texts. The research highlighted the significance of collocations through their necessary and completely right usage in English Teaching and Learning Processes. The investigation made it possible to specify the definition of ’collocation’ and provide background information about collocations by gathering and analyzing Contemporary Linguistics scientists’ works and expressed their opinions. General scientific methods include deduction and induction, observation and generalization. Major linguistic methods employed in this paper are the structural (adefinitive and distributional analysis) and contrastive (based on three variants of English) ones. The methodology used for this academic research is simple being profound and scientifically approved. The notion of ’collocation’ refers to the frequent co-occurrence and mutual expectation of some words which appear more often than by chance. In this sense, collocation can be called ’a restricted combination’, which exists between a free combination and anidiom and has semantic transparency. The study of collocations was scanned through modern international researchers of CE / AE / BE. On having specified the definition of collocation and then shown the importance of collocations usage, we could finally provide some recommendations for the teaching and learning processes of collocations in order to improve and refresh modern English studies for students of linguistics / philology departments. These recommendations are as follows: teach / learn English via modern CE / AE / BE sources; emphasize on collocations structure and meaning during English Teaching and Learning vocabulary; pay a special attention to difference in similar collocations among various variants of English (for instance, as presented for CE / AE / BE in this paper);give preference to teaching / learning materials in native English; encourage students to read and listen to genuine CE / AE / BE written by native speakers; make use of online dictionaries, free corpora, and the Internet rich materials on a regular basis. Nowadays, there are many excellent dictionaries of CE / AE / BE collocations which are free and easy to be accessible. The prospects for further study may cover building of a digital dictionary of most frequent collocations in Canadian English, American English, and British English.

Linguocultural approach to the study of lexical semantics

Contemporary linguistics is characterized by the growing interest in the study of lexical semantics. In this respect of primary importance is the in-depth analysis of the system and structural organization of modern English vocabulary. In the globalization period the most perceptible changes in the life of a person, his/her everyday and social activities etc. take place in the language’s vocabulary, i.e. lexis. The latter possesses a variety of verbal means to transfer, reveal, and even alter the existing ones, replacing them by the newly created words together with their meanings. Like any other language, English has its unique system and structure, and also elements, which are hierarchically placed in its semantic space. Both role and place of words are of great significance, and help establish various relationships between the words belonging to a definite group as well as other elements within the language system under research. Complex analysis of lexico-semantic specificity of words makes it possible to deeper study the most essential features of corresponding national cultures. The present paper deals with linguocultural approach to the study of lexical semantics. Lexicographical sources of modern English serve as a means of collecting, analyzing and classifying the obtained language material. English is best and to the fullest extent represented in the dictionaries, especially explanatory ones. On the material of monosemantic adjectives denoting the property of being happy, close links between language and culture, peculiarities of their expressions as well as their verbalization means have been revealed. 19 monosemantic adjectives have been studied, their common and distinctive features determined, their semantic specificity and ways of emotive lexis’ fragment verbalization revealed. On the basis of the conducted research, both semantic and communicative essence of being happy, its expression and functioning peculiarities in English have been determined and described. Keywords: lexical semantics, language vocabulary, culture, system and structure, semantic space, dictionary, common and distinctive features, monosemantic adjectives, linguocultural approach.

القدرة اللغویة والأبعاد التداولیة دراسة تطبیقیة على خطابات دکتور طارق الحبیب المنطوقة والمکتوبة.

: يأتي البحث في مجال علم اللسانيات المعاصرة وخاصة بفرعها المسمى باللسانيات التداولية، في نظريتي أفعال الکلام والتلفظ، ويقوم البحث على ربطها بمسمى في العربية الفصحى في مجال تطبيقي في الفضائيات العربية ،واتخذ البحث الدکتور طارق الحبيب أنموذجا له، والمنهج الوصفي التحليلي طريقا ، وينهض البحث على تمهيد ومبحثين: التمهيد: وفيه إيضاح معنى القدرة اللغوية و لغة واصطلاحا. المبحث الأول: وعلاقتها باللسانيات التداولية. المبحث الثاني: الدراسة التطبيقية على بعض حلقات الدکتور طارق الحبيب في الفضائيات العربية. ثم الخاتمة وأوضحت فيها النتائج التي توصلت إليها . ففي التمهيد تناولت فيه معنى , لغة في المعاجم القديمة وحاولت البحث في المعاجم الخاصة بالمصطلحات حديثا . أما اصطلاحا فقد حاول البحث وضع معيار لما يسمى بالقدرة في المفهوم العربي الأصيل ، والتي لها معنى أشمل مما عند تشومسکي في اللسانيات التوليدية التحولية .وأعمق مما عند بنفست وجورج ويل وغيرهم. ثم عرج البحث على معنى لغة واصطلاحا ، وفي مفهومها الاصطلاحي مازالت تتحثى الخطى في مجال الدراسات العربية ولدى الدارسين العرب . ويأتي المبحث الأول في دراسة وعلاقتها باللسانيات التداولية، والتفصيل في توضيح اللغوية في الناحية الصوتية والصرفية والنحوية ، وقد أرجأت النا حية الدلالية لموضوع آخر لإفرادها بالدراسة حيث تضمن المعاجم والظواهر من مشترک وأضداد وترادف وغيره ؛ لذا رأيت أن تکون في بحث مستقل . والمبحث الثاني جاء بالدراسة التطبيقية على بعض حلقات الدکتور طارق الحبيب في الفضائيات العربية. وتم اختيار الدکتور طارق لاستخدامه العربية الفصحى من جهة ،ومن جهة أخرى إلى إظهار استعمال الفصحى لغير المتخصصين بها ، ليکون البحث أکثر منطقية في إظهار الفصحى ومدى قدرتها عند الفرد وتأثيرها لدى المتلقى أو السامع. وجاءت الخاتمة لتبين ما وصل إليه البحث من نتائج . الکلمات المفتاحية: اللغوية- التداولية – نظرية أفعال الکلام – نظرية التلفظ – طارق الحبيب . Contemporary linguistics and Pragmatics aspects on Arabic satellite channels (applies study) Dr. Tarek Al-Habeb model Iman Sherif Zaki Suleiman. Assistant Professor of Linguistics - College of Science and Arts in Onaiza - Qassim University - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: eman197345@gmail.com Abstract: The research comes in the field of contemporary linguistics, especially its branch called Pragmatics linguistics, and in two Theories: Speech Act and Pronouncement. The research ties it with in Classical Arabic in applied field at Arabic satellite channels. DR Tarek Al-Habeb took this research as a model. He depended on descriptive and analytical approach. The research has been divided into: Introduction: It includes the meaning of Linguistic competence and Pragmatics in linguistic and General consent meaning. First chapter: Linguistic competence and its relationship to Pragmatics linguistics. Second Chapter: The applied study on some of Dr. Tarek Al-Habeb episodes on Arabic satellite channels. Then Conclusion and I have explained the findings. In Introduction, I have discussed the linguistic meaning of Linguistic competence in an old dictionaries and I tried to search in specific Lexicons on linguistic terms recently. In the context meaning, the research tried to set a standard for Linguistic competence in the original Arabic concept, which has more comprehensive meaning than Chomsky in transformative pragmatics linguistics and deeper than that of Benvest and George Will and others. Then the research returned to the linguistic and context meaning of “Pragmatics”. In its context concept, it still begins in Arabic studies and among Arab scholars. The first chapter discussed Linguistic competence and its relationship to Pragmatics linguistics and Linguistic competence in terms of phoneme, morphological and grammatical in details. I delayed semantic aspect to another subject to study it alone, as it included Lexicons and linguistic phenomena from conditions, opposites, synonyms and so on, so I thought that it should be in another research. The second chapter covered the applied study on some of Dr. Tarek Al-Habeb episodes on Arabic satellite channels. Dr. Tariq was chosen to use classical Arabic on the one hand and on the other hand to show classical Arabic to non-specialists, So that the research become more logical in showing classical Arabic and its ability on the individual and its impact on the receiver or the listener. finally, the conclusion clarified the re sults of the research. Key words: linguistic ability - deliberative - speech action theory - articulation theory - Tariq Al-Habib.

الإعلال والإبدال من منظور لُغَوِىّ

الملخص مجال هذا البحث هو: الإعلال والإبدال، بين الصرفيين العرب القدماء، وعلماء اللغة المتأخرين. وتنبع أهمية هذا البحث من هذه المعالجة اللغوية الصوتية؛ التي تؤکد أثر الصوت، في تغيير بنية الکلمة، سواء أکان هذا التغيير إعلالا، بأقسامه المختلفة، أم إبدالا ، مقتصرا على أصوات معينة قابلة للتبادل، بعضها من بعض، أم أثرا للقراءة القرآنية، التي يترتب عليها تغيير، بهذه البنية الصرفية. وقد جاءت أهداف البحث متسقة مع مباحثه ومطالبه، ومنسجمة. وکشف البحث عن اختلاف معالجة اللغويين المتأخرين، عن معالجة الصرفيين العرب القدماء، لهذه الظاهرة الصرفية المهمة (الإعلال والإبدال) تبعا لاختلاف مصطلحات الحرف والحرکة، وتبعا لاختلاف المتبع في دراسة کل فريق؛ فقد اتخذ الصرفيون القدماء المنهج المعياري أساسا في تحليل بنية الکلمة، على حين اعتمد اللغويون المعاصرون على المنهج الوصفي، الذي يعنى بوصف واقع الکلمة العربية وبنيتها، ويضرب صفحا عن الأصل الصرفي الافتراضي، الذي تبناه أسلافهم القدماء، عند وزن الکلمة، وبيان ما اعتورها من تغيير. هذا، وقد توصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج المهمة، لعل أهمها: أهمية تعرف أصوات الکلمة المکونة لها، ومقاطعها الصوتية، وعلاقة صوامتها بصوائتها؛ من أجل الکشف عما أصابها من إعلال أو إبدال، وتفسيره في ضوء نظر الصرفيين القدماء، ورؤية اللغويين المتأخرين. Abstract: The scope of study is is: and among ancient Arab morphologists and recent linguists. The significance of study comes from this linguistic and phonological handling; that confirms impact of sound in changing structure of word, whether it is a and its various sections or a that is limited to some substitutable sounds with each other, or an influence from Quranic reading that is followed by a change by this morphological structure. The objectives of present study are consistent with its branches of knowledge and requirements. Moreover, searching for differences of recent linguists handling with ancient Arab morphologists handling for this significant morphological phenomenon, which is (vocalization and substitution) according to differences of terms letters and diacritics and also according to difference of adopted in each study of different schools. Ancient morphologists adopt the standard method as a basis in analysis of word structure, where contemporary linguists depend on descriptive method that interests in Arabic word structure that does not consider the virtual morphological origin that is adopted by their ancient ancestors of morphological balance of word to consider changes it happened. At conclusion, study came up with a group of significant outcomes, most importantly: importance of finding out sounds of word that made it up, its phonological syllables and relationship between consonants and vowels; in order to revealing what occurs whether vocalization or substitution and its interpretation in perspectives of both ancient morphologists and recent linguists.