Disposal Containers Research Articles

Adsorption of micropollutants onto realistic microplastics: Role of microplastic nature, size, age, and NOM fouling

This work aims at evaluating the role of nature, size, age, and natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of realistic microplastics (MPs) on the adsorption of two persistent micropollutants (diclofenac (DCF) and metronidazole (MNZ)). For such goal, four representative polymer types (polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)) were tested. MPs were obtained by cryogenic milling of different commercial materials (disposable bottles, containers, and trays), and fully characterized (optical microscopic and SEM images, FTIR, elemental analysis, water contact angle and pHslurry). The micropollutants hydrophobicity determined to a high extent their removal yield from water. Regardless of the MP's nature, the adsorption capacity for DCF was considerably higher than the achieved for MNZ, which can be related to its stronger hydrophobic properties and aromatic character. In fact, aromatic MPs (PS and PET) showed the highest adsorption capacity values with DCF (~100 μg g−1). The MP size also played a key role on its adsorption capacity, which was found to increase with decreasing the particle size (20–1000 μm). MPs aging (simulated by Fenton oxidation) led also to substantial changes on their sorption behavior. Oxidized MPs exhibited acidic surface properties which led to a strong decrease on the adsorption of the hydrophobic micropollutant (DCF) but to an increase with the hydrophilic one (MNZ). NOM fouling (WWTP effluent, river water, humic acid solution) led to a dramatic decrease on the MPs sorption capacity due to sorption sites blocking. Finally, the increase of pH or salinity of the aqueous medium increased the micropollutants desorption.

COMBINING THE CONCEPT OF GREEN ACCOUNTING WITH THE REGULATION OF PROHIBITION OF DISPOSABLE PLASTIC USE

This study aims to uncover the meaning of green accounting in the regulation of the prohibition of the use of plastic materials in Bali. The research method used is a qualitative method with a phenomenological interpretive paradigm that emphasizes an in-depth understanding of the content of green accounting in government rules. The phenomenon is that after the ban on the use of plastic materials, the amount of waste in the final disposal container is increasing, so it is necessary to examine the cause and the implementation of existing regulations. The analysis knife in this research is the ideology of the Tri Hita Karana concept from Bali. The results of this study reveal that first, the concept of green accounting which is a manifestation of corporate social responsibility can be synergized with government regulations based on Tri Hita Karana to reduce the amount of plastic waste. Second, the amount of plastic waste in landfills is dominated by organic waste originating from former religious ceremonial facilities from three regencies in Bali. Third, the regulation of the use of plastic materials in Bali is very effective and has a positive impact on society. Fourth, is the implementation of green accounting has a very significant impact on the amount of waste if all entrepreneurs, especially hotels apply it and have the same goal, namely environmental preservation.Keywords: green accounting, tri hita karana, corporate social responsibility, environmentJEL Classifications: K32, Q56; L65; L51DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10087

458-P: The Current Status and Influencing Factors of In-Home Handling of Disposable Needles among Diabetic Patients in Beijing

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic progressive disease that requires insulin injection to control blood glucose at a certain stage of development, and the used needles are a high-risk medical waste. This study was to understand the current situation and influencing factors of disposable needles handling among diabetic patients treated by injection in Beijing. Methods: From October to November 2020, 420 diabetic patients were recruited from 3 tertiary hospitals and 3 community healthcare centers in Beijing. A questionnaire was conducted on disposal methods of injection needles at home. SPSS statistical software was used to establish the data set and to carry out data analysis. Results: 405 complete questionnaires were retrieved in this survey(the response rate 96.4%). The mean age of patients was 60.3±13.2 years. The average number of injections per day was 2.1±1.1. 73.3% of the patients were aware that needles may transmit diseases, and 71.6% believed that needles need harmless treatment, but only 37.0% of the patients had received education and training in needle treatment, of which 15.1% had used sharps disposal containers. The ways of patient’s disposal of needles were as follows: 64.2% of patients discarded to household waste, 31.6% of patients collected needles in bottles or other containers before discarded to household waste bins, only 3.7% of patients collected them in sharps containers and sent back to the hospital for harmless treatment. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that only “having received education in needle handling” was independently and positively associated with “needle properly disposed of” (OR = 7.317). Conclusion: Most of the patients did not properly handle the needles used in daily life. It is necessary to strengthen education on patients’ knowledge of correct disposal of medical waste, and relevant government authorities should take actions to strengthen the waste classification as soon as possible. Disclosure Y. Yang: None. L. Zhou: None.

Applicability of polymer and composite inner linings in containers for borehole disposal of sealed radioactive sources − A simulation-based study of radiation effects

Borehole disposal concept is a widely applicable, standardized solution for disposal of sealed radioactive sources, developed jointly by IAEA and South African NECSA with the goal of offering a safe and secure disposal solution, based on readily accessible gear and materials. Previous research has considered use of polymer and composite materials in place of standard materials such as concrete and steel in various phases of radioactive waste management. Use of alternatives such as these can be advantageous in environments that have adverse effects on commonly utilized materials, in terms of chemical aggressiveness or radiation damage. The present study examines the suitability of polymers and polymer-based composites for potential use as inner lining in borehole disposal containers, from the perspective of radiation effects. Investigated materials, not envisioned by the original concept, include HDPE, PS, PEEK, PEI and PSU, as well as composite materials having one of these polymers as a matrix reinforced by boron fibers. Such containers would be simpler and safer to manipulate, owing to the lower mass of these materials. Applicability of the investigated materials is analyzed by using Monte Carlo simulations to determine the energy deposited or absorbed dose in various container linings. These results are then used for calculating the overpressure within the container, caused by radiation-induced (i.e. radiolytic) gas generation, as well as the changes in polymer molecular weights which may influence their mechanical characteristics. Radioactive sources used in simulation models, positioned inside disposal containers of known standard dimensions, include Co-60 and Cs-137 gamma sources and the americium-beryllium (AmBe) neutron source. The obtained results indicate that the examined materials do not produce any significant increase in container gas pressure or experience notable changes in molecular weights, and are hence a viable option for linings in borehole disposal containers.

UM ESTUDO SOBRE A INCIDÊNCIA DE DENGUE EM MUNICÍPIOS DA REGIÃO DA ALTA PAULISTA

Currently, dengue is considered one of the biggest public health problems in Brazil and in the world, especially in tropical regions, where environmental conditions (temperature, rainfall, the urbanization process, etc.) favor the presence of breeding sites, which allow the development and the proliferation of the Aedes Aegyptimosquito, the vector of the disease. The increase in the number of dengue cases is the result of several factors, which facilitate the introduction, transmission, and spread of the virus, such as the use of increasingly faster means of transport; the increase in the human migration process; the disorderly urbanization; the fragility of the structure and planning, mainly of the peripheries; the increase in the use of disposable containers and the lack of environmental sanitation. Thus, the general aim of this work was to analyze the incidence of dengue in counties in the region of Alta Paulista. Specifically, fixed time series models were adjusted for historical dengue incidence series in the six main counties in that region and incidence forecasts were obtained, using the models that provided better adjustments to the data. The results showed that the exponential smoothing models are the most robust to adjust the dengue incidence data and, consequently to forecast, allowing dengue prevention and control actions to be continuous.

Influence of the plastic law on the consumption of Biodegradable containers in the Peruvian Population [Educación Influencia de la ley de plásticos en el consumo de envases biodegradables en la población peruana

The pollution is a phenomenon that occurs in every country on the planet, which leads to design strategies to mitigate it. Peru is no stranger to this and generates more than seven and a half million tons of solid waste per year, from which 64% comes from households and the average annual consumption per citizen is 30 kg of plastic. Worrying situation that led the government to approve Law N° 30884 called Law that Regulates Single-use Plastic and Disposable Containers or Containers. The problem was raised: How does the application of the Plastic Law influence the consumption of biodegradable packaging in the population? For this study, a survey was applied to a representative sample made up of randomly chosen consumers in various areas of the country. The results show that despite having carried out campaigns and strategies to stop using plastic bags and tecnopor containers, there are no relevant changes in consumer behavior.

Influence of the plastic law on the consumption of Biodegradable containers in the Peruvian Population [Educación Influencia de la ley de plásticos en el consumo de envases biodegradables en la población peruana

The pollution is a phenomenon that occurs in every country on the planet, which leads to design strategies to mitigate it; Peru is no stranger to this and generates more than seven and a half million tons of solid waste per year, from which 64% comes from households and the average annual consumption per citizen is 30 kilos of plastic. Worrying situation that led the government to approve Law N° 30884 called Law that Regulates Single-use Plastic and Disposable Containers or Containers. The problem was raised: How does the application of the Plastic Law influence the consumption of biodegradable packaking in the population? For this study, a survey was applied to a representative sample made up of randomly chosen consumers in various areas of the country. The results show that despite having carried out campaigns and strategies to stop using plastic bags and teknopor containers, there are no relevant changes in consumer behavior.

Experimental Survey of Anticancer Drug Contamination from Disposal Containers to Prevent Occupational Exposure

Experimental Survey of Anticancer Drug Contamination from Disposal Containers to Prevent Occupational Exposure

A Study on the Evaluation of Surface Dose Rate of New Disposal Containers Though the Activation Evaluation of Bio-Shield Concrete Waste From Kori Unit 1

This study evaluates the radioactivity of concrete waste that occurs due to large amounts of decommissioned nuclear wastes and then determines the surface dose rate when the waste is packaged in a disposal container. The radiation assessment was conducted under the presumption that impurities included in the bio-shielded concrete contain the highest amount of radioactivity among all the concrete wastes. Neutron flux was applied using the simplified model approach in a sample containing the most Co and Eu impurities, and a maximum of 9.8×104 Bq·g−1 60Co and 2.63×105 Bq·g−1 152Eu was determined. Subsequently, the surface dose rate of the container was measured assuming that the bio-shield concrete waste would be packaged in a newly developed disposal container. Results showed that most of the concrete wastes with a depth of 20 cm or higher from the concrete surface was found to have less than 1.8 mSv·hr−1 in the surface dose of the new-type disposal container. Hence, when bio-shielded concrete wastes, having the highest radioactivity, is disposed in the new disposal container, it satisfies the limit of the surface dose rate (i.e., 2 mSv·hr−1) as per global standards.

Corrosion behavior of high-level waste container materials Ti and Ti–Pd alloy under long-term gamma irradiation in Beishan groundwater* *Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51471160, 11775102, and 11965001) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Lanzhou University, Grant No. lzujbky-2018-19).

Titanium and titanium–palladium alloys are important potential materials for nuclear waste container, which will endure both intense γ-irradiation and groundwater erosion. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the corrosion behavior of the container materials. In this research, the cumulative dose effect of TA8-1 type titanium–palladium alloy (TA8-1) and TA2-type pure titanium (TA2) under γ-irradiation was studied based on the geological disposal of nuclear wastes. The irradiation experiments were performed at room temperature using 60Co gamma sources with a 5.0-kGy⋅h−1 intensity for 40, 80 or 160 days, respectively. The pH value and conductivity of Beishan groundwater were investigated. The results showed that the pH value changed from alkaline (8.22) to acidic (2.46 for TA8-1 and 2.44 for TA2), while the un-irradiated solution remained alkaline (8.17 for TA8-1 and 8.20 for TA2) after 160 days. With the increase of irradiation dose, the conductivity increases rapidly and then tends to become stable, which indicates that the titanium dioxide corrosion layer formed on the surface of the sample surface effectively prevents further corrosion. Meanwhile, XRD and SEM–EDS analysis results show that the main components of corrosion products are TiO2 and TiO. The titanium on the surface of the sample is oxidized, resulting in slight uneven local corrosion. The results show that TA8-1 and TA2 are suitable to be used as candidate materials for high-level waste (HLW) disposal containers due to their excellent performance under long-term and high-dose irradiation corrosion.

Municipal solid waste recycling: Impacts on energy savings and air pollution

ABSTRACT In recent years, recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been recognized as one of the most efficient methods of waste management in terms of environmental benefits. This study investigates the energy savings and other environmental benefits of recycling of dry MSW collected in Shiraz, Iran (2018). The impact of different recycling rates (current = 15%, desirable = 50%, ideal = 80%) on environmental benefits and energy savings were assessed. The annual quantity of recycled components were defined as glass (735 tons), plastic carrier bags (555 tons), cardboard (3,874 tons), paper (3,806 tons), disposable plastic containers (287 tons), other types of metals (785 tons), disposable metallic containers (aluminum) (171 tons), other types of plastics (812 tons) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (887 tons). The results confirmed that recycling of paper and glass in three different scenarios resulted in a reduction of 1.01, 2.14, and 3.43 million tons of air pollutant emissions, respectively. By improving the recycling rates from 15 to 80%, overall energy savings can improve by between a factor of 3.5 to 5.5. Also, a reduction of approximately 2–3.5% in air pollutant emissions can be achieved by upgrading the current recycling program (15% recycling rate) to favorable and ideal conditions. Implications: In recent years, recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been recognized as one of the most efficient methods of waste management in terms of environmental benefits. This study investigates the energy savings and other environmental benefits of recycling of dry MSW collected in Shiraz, Iran (2018). According to available data, there has been little effort for recycling in developing countries, and waste landfilling is recognized as the most favorable option in MSW management. The aim of this study was to characterize MSW components in Shiraz, Iran, and to quantify the environmental benefits and energy savings as result of paper, glass, and aluminum recycling. This work is novel in that there are no reports to our knowledge of the environmental benefits and energy savings resulting from different recycling scenarios including current (15%), desirable (50%), and ideal (80%) recycling for aluminum, paper, and glass. The results of this work have broad implications both for other regions owing to the pervasiveness of recycling facilities and also for developing countries that can strive towards the infrastructure needed to reach improved recycling scenarios.

Intraoperative waste segregation initiative among anesthesia personnel to contain disposal costs

Approximately 90% of medical waste generated in the operating room (OR) is considered to be non-infectious and non-regulated (Wyssusek, Keys & van Zundert, 2019). Frequently, this waste is inappropriately disposed of into infectious regulated medical waste containers. Due to differences in waste treatment, improper segregation can lead to the misuse or inappropriate allocation of resources, environmental pollution, and increased cost for institutions. A waste segregation initiative was instituted in a tertiary care medical center in the anesthesia work-space of 35 ORs. This initiative included education of medical waste management to increase anesthesia staff knowledge and compliance with waste segregation and optimization of existing waste disposal containers to decrease waste disposal costs. After implementation, there was an increase in overall provider knowledge (p < 0.001) particularly in the categories of medication vial disposal, medication disposal and identification of items for disposal in the sharps containers (p ≤ 0.05). Data suggests a 34.7% increase in providers reporting to always practice waste segregation (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, there was a statistically significant decrease in overall weight of regulated medical waste items from 0.33 kg/case to 0.09 kg/case (p < 0.001). This decrease in regulated waste supports an improvement in waste segregation and inappropriate items being disposed of in the general trash container. The omission of inappropriate waste was further confirmed by a segregation audit that showed an overall increase in correctly segregated regulated waste of 65%. Collectively, this lead to a cost savings of $15.60 per OR per week, or $28,392 annually.

Радиационная стойкость органических компаундов для отверждения жидких радиоактивных отходов

Experiments were carried out to determine the radiation resistance of a bitumen compound produced based on genuine cubic residue from the Kalinin NPP using bitumen grades BND 60/90 and BND 90/130, polymer compounds based on spent ion exchange resins and spent inorganic sorbents. It was found that at an irradiation dose of 1·106 Gy, the volume of the bitumen compound increases to no more than 10 vol. %, which complies with the NP-019-15 requirements. The polymer compound based on spent ion-exchange resins from the testing of a pilot plant for resin conditioning directly in a disposal container by dewatering and impregnation with an epoxy binder, meets the

Microcarrier-Supported Culture of Chondrocytes in Continuously Rocked Disposable Bioreactor.

Disposable wave-assisted bioreactors are devices originally designed for scaling-up cultures of extremely fragile animal cells. In such bioreactors, agitation is achieved by continuous horizontal oscillations of disposable culture bag-like container fixed in a rocker unit. The continuous rocking movement of the container induces waves in the two-phase (i.e., gas-liquid) culture system composed of CO2-enriched air and aqueous culture medium. Such continuously oscillating devices can be utilized for supporting homogeneity in systems for in vitro propagation of animal anchorage-dependent, that is, adherent, cells, like CP5 chondrocytes cells. As most of in vitro cultured cells exhibit anchorage-dependency toward solid surface, the suitable interface can be provided by beads of microcarriers made of polymers and characterized by large surface-to-volume ratio. This chapter describes a methodology for efficient propagation of CP5 chondrocytes on Cytodex 3 microcarriers performed in ReadyToProcess WAVE 25 disposable bioreactor, as well as all useful procedures for daily monitoring the growth of CP5 chondrocytes.

Особенности микробного пейзажа мочи у детей Рязани и Рязанской области с инфекциями мочевыводящих путей

Study Objective: To study a spectrum of uropathogens and their sensitivity to antimicrobials in urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children in Ryazan and Ryazan Region. Study Design: retrospective study. Materials and Methods. We conducted a retrospective local laboratory monitoring of urinary microflora and analysed its sensitivity to antimicrobials in 111 patients aged 2 months to 17 years old who were undergoing traditional UI therapy in 2020. The study group comprised 75 (67.6%) girls and 36 (32.4%) boys. Pathogen isolation and type identification were performed using urine specimens collected in sterile disposable plastic containers prior to antimicrobial therapy. Material was delivered for analysis within 2 hours from collection. For testing of pathogen sensitivity to antimicrobials, we used the phenotyping diffusion test and an analytical test for carbapenems inactivation. Study Results. Prevailing causative agents of UIs were Escherichia coli (50.4%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.4%). Resistance determinants were found in 9.0% and 2.7% of Е. соli and K. pneumoniae urological strains, respectively. The main mechanism of resistivity was production of wide spectrum plasmid β-lactamases. The highest activity in E. coli was demonstrated by generation III–IV cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fosfomicin (100%), nitrofurantoin (91.3%), and aminopenicillins (76.1–86.9%). For K. pneumoniae, generation III–IV cephalosporins and aminoglycosides were most potent (100%). All resistant pathogens were sensitive to cefoperazone sulbactam, meropenem, imipenem, aminoglycosides (100%); tigecycline, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomicin were most potent against E. coli. Conclusion. Children with UIs in Ryazan Region had mostly gram-negative bacteria in their urine (85.6%), Enterobacteralеs (81.1%) being a prevailing type. Antimicrobials resistance determinants were quite rare (17.8%) in these urine isolates; all of them were class A ЕSBL producers. These characteristic features of antibiotic resistance of uropathogenic enterobacteria strains allow using β-lactam antibiotics in empiric initial treatment and emphasising the need in patient-specific selection of antimicrobials. Keywords: antibacterial therapy, antibiotic resistance, children, urinary tract infections, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Stress-dependent fracture permeability measurements and implications for shale gas production

Stress-dependent fracture permeability could significantly affect oil and gas production, underground CO2 storage, and deep waste disposal containment. Yet, measurements to characterize these effects are lacking. To be most relevant to field conditions, measurements of stress-dependent fracture permeability should target pre-existing fracture features, be completed at high-stress conditions, and enable visualization of the fracture geometry to characterize the in-situ aperture profiles. Here, we employ triaxial direct-shear (TDS) tests, integrated with real-time X-ray imaging, to measure the stress-dependent fracture permeability of Marcellus shale and ‘Western Texas’ shale at subsurface conditions. Our results indicate that the studied shale fractures are characterized by large variation of compressibility factor. We also found that surface roughness can reduce fracture permeability more severely than what literature values would suggest. We then implemented our stress-dependent fracture permeability measurements in a formation-linear flow model to investigate the significance for shale gas production. The model uses the MIP-3H well at the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL) as a base case. The model results reveal a narrow stress-dependent permeability range over which fracture closure can be critical for production and that MSEEL appears to be close to this critical condition, which could be important for reservoir pressure management.

HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSERVATION, WASTE AND WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS, RIVERS STATE

The study examined household energy conservation, waste and water management practices in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study adopted both primary and secondary sources of data collection. A total of 11 communities were selected through simple random sampling using the balloting technique while 396 respondents were selected across the target communities using the Taro Yamane and proportion allocation method. The study identified proper bagging and making use of designated waste disposal locations as the predominant household waste management practice. In addition, 40.2% of the sampled population made use of energy saving bulbs and appliances as against 59.8% who do not use energy conserving bulbs and appliances. The study also revealed that 45.1% attributed low income and financial earnings while 29.1% attributed insufficient waste storage and disposal containers as the major factors associated with unsustainable household practices. Finally the tested hypotheses at 95% probability level revealed that income and educational status significantly influenced household waste management practice and energy usage respectively. Therefore, the study recommends that adequate awareness against unacceptable household practice like indiscriminate waste disposal should be undertaken.

ON THE CREATION OF A MODERN DOMESTIC INFANTRY ROCKET FLAMETHROWER

The article analyzes the design features of existing flamethrowers of former Soviet Union, Russian and foreign manufacture. It is determined that the infantry rocket flamethrower can perform only a single action. A flamethrower consists of a disposable container - launcher with an aiming device in which a thermobaric warhead and a jet engine are mounted, which are separated during the shot. The shot is carried out using a launching machine attached to the disposable container - launcher. The selection of an analogue product that meets the requirements for an advanced domestic flamethrower in terms of tactical and technical characteristics was made. Analysis of the design of existing systems showed that the closest to the conditions of the technical - development requirements in terms of technical and weight-and-dimensional characteristics is RPO-A "Shmel", thus it was chosen as a prototype during the development of a domestic infantry flamethrower. The main features of the damage effects are analyzed. The main adverse factors of thermobaric warheads are determined. They are: maximum pressure, shock-wave velocity, action time of excess pressure. In the process of designing a new rocket flamethrower in order to increase the adverse factors indicators, the following decisions were made: to use nitrate ester with a lower oxygen balance, incapable of detonation transformation - isoamyl nitrite; to use an explosive of bursting charge with a higher detonation rate - okfol. Experimental studies have confirmed that the developed infantry rocket flamethrower does not rank below the world analogues, and in terms of particular characteristics (damage effects) even exceeds those analogues.

Analyses on Thermal Stability and Structural Integrity of the Improved Disposal Systems for Spent Nuclear Fuels in Korea

With respect to spent nuclear fuels, disposal containers and bentonite buffer blocks in deep geological disposal systems are the primary engineered barrier elements that are required to isolate radioactive toxicity for a long period of time and delay the leakage of radio nuclides such that they do not affect human and natural environments. Therefore, the thermal stability of the bentonite buffer and structural integrity of the disposal container are essential factors for maintaining the safety of a deep geological disposal system. The most important requirement in the design of such a system involves ensuring that the temperature of the buffer does not exceed 100℃ because of the decay heat emitted from high-level wastes loaded in the disposal container. In addition, the disposal containers should maintain structural integrity under loads, such as hydraulic pressure, at an underground depth of 500 m and swelling pressure of the bentonite buffer. In this study, we analyzed the thermal stability and structural integrity in a deep geological disposal environment of the improved deep geological disposal systems for domestic light-water and heavy-water reactor types of spent nuclear fuels, which were considered to be subject to direct disposal. The results of the thermal stability and structural integrity assessments indicated that the improved disposal systems for each type of spent nuclear fuel satisfied the temperature limit requirement (< 100℃) of the disposal system, and the disposal containers were observed to maintain their integrity with a safety ratio of 2.0 or higher in the environment of deep disposal.

Proposal of an Improved Concept Design for the Deep Geological Disposal System of Spent Nuclear Fuel in Korea

Based on the current high-level radioactive waste management basic plan and the analysis results of spent nuclear fuel characteristics, such as dimensions and decay heat, an improved geological disposal concept for spent nuclear fuel from domestic nuclear power plants was proposed in this study. To this end, disposal container concepts for spent nuclear fuel from two types of reactors, pressurized water reactor (PWR) and Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU), considering the dimensions and interim storage method, were derived. In addition, considering the cooling time of the spent nuclear fuel at the time of disposal, according to the current basic plan-based scenarios, the amount of decay heat capacity for a disposal container was determined. Furthermore, improved disposal concepts for each disposal container were proposed, and analyses were conducted to determine whether the design requirements for the temperature limit were satisfied. Then, the disposal efficiencies of these disposal concepts were compared with those of the existing disposal concepts. The results indicated that the disposal area was reduced by approximately 20%, and the disposal density was increased by more than 20%.