Contagious Infectious Disease Research Articles

Whooping cough – a recurrent epidemic

Abstract Background Whooping cough (WC), or Pertussis, is a vaccine-preventable and highly contagious infectious disease. Although it has a relatively low fatality rate, approximately 13% of reported cases develop secondary bacterial pneumonia. This was because of several recurrent epidemics across Europe in the last decades, with the latest beginning in mid-2023 and still ongoing. The Central Region of Portugal is currently being affected, and this study aims to describe the current epidemic at the regional level. Methods Data from epidemiological inquiries of confirmed and probable cases of WC pertaining to the Central Region of Portugal from January 2020 till April 2024 was gathered from the mandatory report national epidemiological surveillance system (SINAVE). Both a temporal comparison of number of cases and a statistical space-time scan with permutation were conducted (software SaTScan v10.) Results A comparison by month of reported cases shows an increase in cases from September 2023 until December 2023 followed by an exponential increase from January 2024 until April 2024 denoting an ongoing epidemic. In the statistical space-time analysis of 107 reported cases between September 2023 and April 2024, 8 nonsignificant clusters were identified with different locations involved in non-overlapping periods. Conclusions The finding of several unrelated clusters, even though nonsignificant, during a short time period indicates that Pertussis transmission is ongoing at the local level probably through asymptomatic or barely symptomatic cases that act as reservoirs. Clinicians must hold a high clinical suspicion for a timely diagnosis, treatment and report and health authorities must reinforce control measures to limit the spread of this disease. Key messages • Pertussis remains a disease of significant concern recurrent outbreaks across Europe show that public health local authorities have an important role in timely management of cases and outbreaks. • Local level transmission and intervention may play a pivotal role in the epidemiologic dynamic of Pertussis.

On the Possibilities and Significance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for the Pre- Hospital Stage of Medical Care

Unmanned aerial vehicles are an important force in search and rescue operations. They help reduce the time needed to search for and provide assistance to the wounded, sick and injured who are located at a large territorial distance and in hard-to-reach places. With the help of computer “vision” and sensors such as noise sensing, binary sensing, vibration and thermal sensing, drones are able to search for living patients not only in the sea, high in the mountains and in mines, but also buried under the rubble of buildings and structures. Such devices demonstrate advantages in emergency and urgent delivery of medical resuscitation and other medical equipment, medicines, blood products and organs for transplantation to patients, especially those in remote locations. With the help of drones, it is possible to effectively sort patients in case of mass sanitary losses, carry out disinfection and remotely monitor the health status of patients with highly contagious infectious diseases and other pathological conditions, as well as reduce the time for providing other medical and humanitarian services to the population. It is obvious that the use of drones requires further study of their promising capabilities, especially in the actual conditions of emergency medical services.

Duck enteritis virus LORF4 gene is a late gene and nonessential for virus replication in vitro

Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is an avian alpha-herpesvirus that primarily causes an acute and highly contagious infectious disease of ducks. The LORF4 gene is one of the specific genes of DEV, with limited reports on its biological characteristics and functions. This study investigates the basic biological properties of LORF4 protein (pLORF4). The results show that DEV LORF4 is a late gene mainly localized in the cytoplasm of DEV-infected DEF. To explore the role of pLORF4 in the DEV replication life cycle, a recombinant virus lacking pLORF4 expression was constructed. The results showed that pLORF4 is not essential for virus replication and does not affect virus adsorption, assembly and release, it plays a positive role in virus invasion and DNA replication. In summary, this study provides a foundation for further research on the function of the LORF4 gene.

Molecular characterisation of Histoplasma capsulatum sensu lato from Ethiopian horses reveals two distinct phylogenetic clades.

Epizootic lymphangitis (EL) is a highly prevalent and contagious infectious disease affecting horses in many parts of Ethiopia caused by Histoplasma capsulatum sensu lato ('var. farciminosum'). In this study, 12 suspected isolates of H. capsulatum sensu lato or yeasts unidentified by conventional biochemical tests isolated from Ethiopian horses with EL were characterised by internal transcribed spacer sequencing. Six of the 12 isolates were identified to be members of H. capsulatum sensu lato and the other six were Pichia kudriavzevii (synonym: Candida krusei) (n=3), Trichosporon asahii (n=1), Geotrichum silvicola (n=1) and Moesziomyces aphidis (n=1), respectively. The six H. capsulatum sensu lato isolates were further characterised by multilocus sequence analysis. Four distinct gene loci (arf [462 bases], H-anti [410 bases], ole1 [338 bases] and tub1 [272 bases]) of these six isolates as well as those of two H. capsulatum sensu lato ('var. farciminosum') reference strains (ATCC 58332 and ATCC 28798) were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of their concatenated nucleotide sequences showed that three of the isolates and the reference strain ATCC 58332 were identical and belonged to the Eurasia clade within Latin American (LAm) A (H. suramericanum), and those of the other three isolates and the reference strain ATCC 28798 were identical and belonged to the Africa clade. At least two distinct phylogenetic clades of H. capsulatum sensu lato were circulating in Ethiopian horses with EL. Advanced molecular technologies and bioinformatics tools are crucial for the accurate identification and typing of pathogens as well as the discovery of novel microorganisms in veterinary microbiology.

The epizootic situation of bovine paratuberculosis in Ukraine for the period 2019–2023

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is a contagious infectious disease, the etiological agent of which affects various species of mammals, mainly ruminants. The causative agent is the acid-resistant bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which belongs to the family Mycobacteriaceae. The most sensitive to it are domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats etc.), which are the main reservoirs of infection for the various species of animals and humans (the zoonotic potential of the pathogen requires further study). In Ukraine, the main methods for diagnosing paratuberculosis are serological and bacteriological techniques. The authors analyzed the epizootic situation of paratuberculosis among cattle in Ukraine during 2019–2023 by systematizing the data of their own research and official reports of state veterinary laboratories in regions. The results of the investigation are presented without taking into account the temporarily occupied territories of Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, as well as part of the territory where military operations were conducted. In total, over the five-year period, 41 679 samples were examined serologically in the complement fixation test and 13 405 – bacteriologically, by microscopy and cultivation of biological materials on the nutrient media. During the investigation, specific antibodies to the pathogen were detected in 36 samples (prevalence, about 0.1%; BCI, 0.06–0.12%) from the ten regions. The analysis of the serological studies shows that the disease is sporadic and has a significant downward trend in the number of positive cases (17 positive samples were detected in 2019 and 2020, and only two in 2023). As for bacteriological examination, no positive cases have been registered during the 5-year period. In addition to the scrupulous work of the veterinary medicine service, both the persistent decrease in the cattle population and the ongoing hostilities in Ukraine have a considerable impact on improving the epizootic situation., as the number of serological tests conducted after 2022 has almost halved (especially in the eastern and southern regions), and bacteriological tests have decreased fivefold. The visualization of the data shows that antibodies were mostly detected in animals from the central, eastern, northern, and northwestern regions of the country.

A non-targeted metabolomics comparative study on plasma of pfizer and sinopharm COVID-19 vaccinated individuals, assessed by (TIMS-QTOF) mass spectrometry

COVID-19 is a highly contagious infectious disease that has posed a global threat, leading to a widespread pandemic characterized by multi-organ complications and failures. Aims: The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of Pfizer and Sinopharm vaccines on metabolomic changes and their correlations with immune pathways. Main methods: The study used a cross-sectional design and implemented an untargeted metabolomics-based approach. Plasma samples were obtained from three groups: non-vaccinated participants, Sinopharm-vaccinated participants, and Pfizer-vaccinated participants. Comparative metabolomic analysis was conducted using TIMS-QTOF, and multiple t-tests with a 5 % false discovery rate (FDR) were performed using MetaboAnalyst software. Key findings: Out of the 105 metabolites detected, 72 showed statistically significant changes (p-value < 0.05) across the different groups. Notably, several metabolites such as neopterin, pyridoxal, and syringic acid were markedly altered in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer. Conversely, in the Sinopharm-vaccinated group, significant alterations were observed in sphinganine, neopterin, and sphingosine. These metabolites hold potential as biomarkers for evaluating vaccine efficacy. Additionally, both Pfizer and Sinopharm vaccinations were found to influence sphingolipid and histidine metabolisms compared to the control group. The Sinopharm group also displayed changes in lysine degradation relative to the control group. When comparing the enriched pathways between the Pfizer and Sinopharm-vaccinated groups, differences were observed in purine metabolism. Furthermore, alterations in tryptophan and vitamin B6 metabolism were noted when comparing the Pfizer-vaccinated group with both the control and Sinopharm-vaccinated groups. Significance: These findings highlight the importance of metabolomics in assessing vaccine effectiveness and identifying potential biomarkers for monitoring the efficacy of newly developed vaccines in a shorter timeframe.

Dynamical System for Tuberculosis Outbreak with Vaccination Treatment and Different Interventions on the Burden of Drug Resistance

Tuberculosis, a highly contagious and lethal infectious disease, remains a global health concern with challenging treatment options. To combat its widespread impact, prevention strategies, such as vaccination, are imperative. This research focuses on developing a mathematical model with the addition of a vaccination compartment to understand the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission with vaccination. Subsequently, the study proceeds to identify the equilibrium points and calculate the basic reproduction number (ℜ0). Following this, a comprehensive stability analysis is conducted, and a numerical simulation is executed to observe the population dynamics. Furthermore, parameter sensitivity analysis is undertaken to assess the extent to which these parameters impact ℜ0. Preliminary analysis shows that the modified model has a solution that remains in the non-negative and bounded region. Furthermore, model analysis reveals two equilibrium points, namely the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. It is established that the disease-free equilibrium exhibits local asymptotic stability when ℜ0 1. Remarkably, the numerical simulation aligns with the analytical findings, reinforcing the robustness of the results. Analysis of the sensitivity of the parameter to ℜ0 shows that the parameter of the proportion of susceptible population entering the vaccination class has a significant effect on the value of ℜ0. The parameter of proportion of susceptible population entering the vaccination class has a negative effect on the number of populations with infection.

Confirmation of the invasive American mink (Neogale vison) as carrier of Mycobacterium bovis in southern Chile

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious-contagious disease with worldwide distribution, caused by the zoonotic pathogen Mycobacterium bovis. It is believed that the existence of wild cycles may hamper the success of bTB control strategies worldwide, where wildlife species could be reservoirs of this bacterial agent across their native (e.g., European badgers, wild boars) or non-indigenous (e.g., brushtail possum in New Zealand) ranges. However, further studies are required to understand the potential risk posed by non-native wildlife in becoming carriers of M. bovis in other neglected latitudes, such as the Southern Cone of South America. In this study, we performed a specific M. bovis-RD4 real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to detect bacterial DNA in tissues from the invasive American mink (Neogale vison) in Los Ríos region, Chile. We detected M. bovis DNA in blood samples collected from 13 out of 186 (7 %) minks with known sex and age. We did not find any significant differences in bacterial DNA detection according to mink sex and age. We found that 92 % (12/13) of specimens were positive in lung, 39 % (5/13) in mediastinal lymph node, and 15 % (2/13) in mesenteric lymph node, which suggest that both respiratory and digestive pathways as possible routes of transmission between infected hosts and minks. Our study is the first report on M. bovis molecular detection in invasive minks in an area where the largest cattle population in the country is located. Furthermore, this area is characterized by a low within-herd prevalence of M. bovis infection in cattle, with a relatively low number of infected herds, and so far, no attempts at eradicating the disease have been successful.

Prediction of the Potential Host of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus by the Least Common Amino Acid Pattern in SLAM Receptor

Peste-des-Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) causes a highly contagious and severe infectious disease known as Peste-des-Petits Ruminants (PPR), resulting in significant mortality in both domestic and wild ruminants. An in-depth understanding of the molecular relationship between PPRV and susceptible hosts is essential for the prevention of PPR. The signaling lymphocytic-activation molecule (SLAM) acts as a key receptor in susceptible host species, mediating interactions with PPRV and triggering PPR in ruminants. This study offers an in-depth analysis of PPRV-susceptible host species as well as the identified SLAM amino acid sequences to date. Investigation reveals that nine families—Bovidae, Camelidae, Cervidae, Elephantidae, Suidae, Felidae, Canidae, Muridae, and Ceratopogonidae—have been affected by PPRV infection. Furthermore, a bioinformatics-based approach was proposed to screen the least common amino acid patterns (LCAP) in important SLAM receptor regions of known PPRV-susceptible species. Research findings reveal that 14 least common amino acid sites (LCAS) in SLAM amino acid sequences (I61, I63, S60, S70, K76, K78, I79, S81, L82, E123, N125, S127, V128, and F131) exhibit a prevalent similarity to LCAP across all known susceptible species. Comparative analysis of these 14 LCAP with SLAM nucleotide sequences from unknown susceptible ruminants to identify species at heightened risk of PPRV. In the result, 48 species from 20 different families across six orders were at potential risk of being infected with PPRV. This exploration suggests the feasibility of assessing potential hosts at high risk of PPRV infection through the LCAS screening technique. Moreover, it offers a means to anticipate and issue warnings regarding the likelihood of interspecies transmission. In conclusion, this study integrates molecular biology and bioinformatics, shedding light on PPRV infection dynamics and paving the way for predictive strategies to prevent the spread of this devastating disease among ruminant populations.

Impact of the COVID-19 virus on MENA stock market

This study examines the influence of contagious infectious diseases, specifically COVID-19, on stock market behavior. With the global emergence of COVID-19, we have witnessed not only the health implications of a pandemic but also its profound social and economic repercussions, exacerbated by the implementation of lockdown measures. Utilizing panel data analysis, we assess the impact of disseminated information regarding the virus on the stock markets of the MENA region. Our findings reveal that the daily increases in both total confirmed cases and total deaths attributable to COVID-19 have a consistently significant and negative effect on stock returns across all observed markets. In conclusion, our analysis confirms that the spread of COVID-19 has had a detrimental impact on stock market returns in the MENA region. This underscores the vulnerability of financial markets to global health crises and highlights the necessity for market participants to consider health-related information as a significant factor in risk assessment and investment decision-making processes.

Providing A Half Sitting Position to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients In The Seruni Treatment Room At The Central General Hospital

The lungs are one of the vital organs in the human body. To be precise, it is a respiratory (breathing) organ which is related to the respiratory and circulatory systems (blood circulation). Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Meanwhile, Relapsed Pulmonary Tuberculosis is a patient with Pulmonary Tuberculosis who is declared cured or has had complete treatment and then comes back for treatment with a positive test result for a cough with phlegm from Acid-Fast Basil. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis at the Central General Hospital of South Sulawesi. This research uses a cross sectional approach. The population in this study includes the case population, namely pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers who experienced a recurrence and the control population, namely pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers who have been declared cured. The sample in this study was all data on patients with Relapsed Pulmonary Tuberculosis who received treatment at the Central General Hospital of South Sulawesi Province. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate using the chi square test. The results of the study can be concluded that there is no relationship between age and the incidence of relapse of pulmonary tuberculosis. The problem and diagnosis determined is to fulfill the need to breathe normally and the inability to fulfill the need to eat and drink enough. Meanwhile, the nursing intervention that was prepared was directed at helping to control the patient's low-fat and low-salt diet regarding sitting therapy in the Semi-Fowler position. This theory can be applied and applied well in treatment focused on pulmonary tuberculosis cases. For pulmonary tuberculosis patients who experience shortness of breath, improve the quality of their breathing by performing the semi-Fowler position as a non-pharmacological therapy.

Identification of host proteins interacting with the E protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute, highly contagious, and high-mortality enterophilic infectious disease caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PEDV is globally endemic and causes substantial economic losses in the swine industry. The PEDV E protein is the smallest structural protein with high expression levels that interacts with the M protein and participates in virus assembly. However, how the host proteins interact with E proteins in PEDV replication remains unknown. We identified host proteins that interact with the PEDV E protein using a combination of PEDV E protein-labeled antibody co-immunoprecipitation and tandem liquid-chromatography mass-spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Bioinformatical analysis showed that in eukaryotes, ribosome biogenesis, RNA transport, and amino acid biosynthesis represent the three main pathways that are associated with the E protein. The interaction between the E protein and isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] β-subunit (NAD-IDH-β), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB9, and mRNA-associated protein MRNP 41 was validated using co-immunoprecipitation and confocal assays. NAD-IDH-β overexpression significantly inhibited viral replication. The antiviral effect of NAD-IDH-β suggesting that the E protein may regulate host metabolism by interacting with NAD-IDH-β, thereby reducing the available energy for viral replication. Elucidating the interaction between the PEDV E protein and host proteins may clarify its role in viral replication. These results provide a theoretical basis for the study of PEDV infection mechanism and antiviral targets.

Research Progress on the NSP10 Protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious and pathogenic infectious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). It manifests as reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory disorders in piglets. PRRSV infects swine herds with symptoms such as abortions, stillbirths, and mummified fetuses in gestating sows. Piglets mainly experience abdominal respiration and respiratory symptoms. To date, the prevention of PRRS relies primarily on vaccination and the implementation of various preventive and control measures. Swine deaths caused by PRRS have resulted in significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Non-structural protein 10 (NSP10) has helicase and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities that unwind DNA and RNA and play important roles in viral replication and transcription. Hence, it can be potentially used to develop novel reagents for the detection of PPRSV. This article reviews genetic variations, interaction with viral and host proteins, effects on PRRSV replication, immunomodulation, apoptosis, and viral virulence of NSP10, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of PRRS and drug development in the future.

Novel variant infectious bursal disease virus diminishes FAdV-4 vaccination and enhances pathogenicity of FAdV-4

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) caused an acute and highly contagious infectious disease characterized by severe immunosuppression, causing considerable economic losses to the poultry industry globally. Although this disease was well-controlled under the widely use of commercial vaccines in the past decades, the novel variant IBDV strains emerged recently because of the highly immunized-selection pressure in the field, posting new threats to poultry industry. Here, we reported novel variant IBDV is responsible for a disease outbreak, and assessed the epidemic and pathogenicity of IBDV in this study. Moreover, we constructed a challenge model using Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) to study on the immunosuppressive effect. Our findings underscore the importance of IBDV surveillance, and provide evidence for understanding the pathogenicity of IBDV.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF COPING MECHANISM AND SELF EFFICACY IN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB sufferers feel sad because they receive statements about disease transmission which can give rise to negative perceptions and cause stress. Effective coping mechanisms can influence the patient's self-efficacy towards healing. The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between coping mechanisms and self-efficacy in TB sufferers at the Tamansari Public Health Center, Tasikmalaya City, Indonesia. The population in this study was people with TB disease. Total sample was 41 respondents with a random sampling technique. Quantitative research and cross-sectional method used in this study. The research results showed that the majority of TB sufferers had adaptive coping mechanisms with high self-efficacy. The results of the Chi-Square test obtained a p-value of 0.001 &lt; 0.05, meaning that there was a relationship between coping mechanisms and self-efficacy in TB sufferers. Coping mechanisms can influence sufferers' self-confidence in their abilities, adaptive coping mechanisms can make TB sufferers have high self-confidence to achieve optimal recovery. The results of this research are expected to play a role in providing health education and family support to sufferers to increase sufferers' confidence in recovery.

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response Among Spectators of Amir Cup 2020 With a History of Recovery From COVID-19 in Qatar: A Historic Cohort Study.

Aim The aim of the study is to describe the antibody response after COVID-19 infection and assess its effectiveness against reinfection. Background COVID-19has recently emerged as a contagious infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2). This infection is followed by a humoral immune antibody response, which may remain in the blood for a number of weeks. Studies have shown that antibodies protect against reinfection for at least seven months. The current study is aimed at investigating the persistence of circulating SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after COVID-19 infection and its behavior over 18 months of follow-up period, in additionto assessing the risk of reinfection of COVID-19 in unvaccinated individuals. Methodology A longitudinal historical cohort study of 3378 COVID-19 recovered individuals in connection with the Amir Cup football tournament held in Qatar, in December 2020 was analyzed. The health records of study participants were followed for a maximum of 18 months after serology testing or until the first dose of COVID-19 vaccination to detect any evidence of recurrent infection. Results The study found a statistically significant association between recurrence risk and the duration of risk exposure since the first COVID-19 episode. Compared to those with the lowest risk of exposure to reinfection (shortest duration after first infection) those beyond 299 days of at-risk exposure since the first episode, have a 51-fold higher risk of developing recurrent COVID-19. Conclusion Immunity developed after primary infection with SARS-CoV-2 may protect against reinfection from subsequent exposure to the virus in seropositive individuals up to nine months post-infection.

Development and Immunological Evaluation of a Multiantigen Thermostable Nanovaccine Adjuvanted with T-Cell-Activating Scaffold for African Swine Fever.

African swine fever is an acute and highly contagious infectious disease with a mortality rate of up to 100%. The lack of commercial vaccines and drugs is a serious economic threat to the global pig industry. Cell-mediated immunity plays an essential role in protection against viral infection. We previously reported the rational design of a T-cell-activating thermostable scaffold (RPT) for antigen delivery and improved cellular immunity. We conjugated antigens P30, P54, P72, CD2 V, and CP312R to RPT, using a SpyCatcher/SpyTag covalent attachment strategy to construct nanovaccines (multiantigens-RPT). Multiantigens-RPT exhibited significantly higher thermal, storage, and freeze-thaw stability. The specific antibodies IgG and IgG2a of the multiantigen-RPT-immunized were higher than the antigens cocktail-immunized by approximately 10-100 times. ELISpot demonstrated that more IFN-γ-secreting cells were produced by the multiantigen-RPT-immunized than by the antigens cocktail-immunized. Delivery of the multiantigen nanovaccine by a T-cell-activating scaffold induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice and pigs and is a potentially useful candidate vaccine for the African swine fever virus.

Current Situation and Mental Health of Pregnant Women During the Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Investigation of Influencing Factors.

COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which became a global public health crisis. In the past 3 years, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a dramatic increase in the occurrence of psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and stress in global populations. Therefore, it is important to help pregnant women cope with major public emergencies and improve their physical and mental health. To investigate the status and influencing factors of anxiety, insomnia, and psychological stress disorder in pregnant women with COVID-19 to provide a theoretical basis for psychological intervention in pregnant women in the case of public health emergency events. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 435 pregnant women from multiple tertiary hospitals in Zhengzhou from November 6 to December 6, 2022. The questionnaire contents included the general information of pregnant women, insomnia scale, generalized anxiety scale, and the revised version of the Accident Impact Scale. There are 251 pregnant women with anxiety (57.7%, 95% CI: (53.0%-62.4%).There are 166 pregnant women with insomnia.(38.2%, 95% CI: 33.6%-42.7%), There are 314 pregnant women with stress disorder.(72.2%, 95% CI: 68.0%-76.4%). During the epidemic prevention and control period, whether pregnant women had a history of adverse pregnancy had a statistically significant difference in anxiety, insomnia and stress disorders. During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women appeared to generally have anxiety, insomnia, and stress disorders. Poor pregnancy history is a protective factor for pregnant women with anxiety, insomnia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In the case of similar public health emergencies, attention bias modification (ABM) may be a potential intervention measure to provide potentially new ideas for alleviating the psychological disorders of pregnant women during this special period.

The Resurgence of Measles: A Rash From the Past.

Measles, or rubeola, remains a highly contagious infectious disease with a concerning resurgence in the United States. Despite previous control efforts, the number of reported cases continues to rise, surpassing the total for the previous year in just the first quarter of 2024 (CDC, 2024a). Emergency nurse practitioners and other emergency clinicians are likely to encounter patients presenting with concerns of or exposure to measles. However, given the low frequency of cases in the past, many emergency clinicians have likely not previously encountered measles, making identification more challenging. Early recognition and isolation are paramount in containing the spread of this virus and mitigating potential complications. This article aims to provide a review of measles, covering its pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and recommended management strategies for suspected or confirmed cases in emergency care settings.

Asymmetric impact of coronavirus news, fear index, oil price on United States equity market: the first study on Infectious Disease EMV index

The first novel paper investigates the effect of the Coronavirus crisis (USCOVID-19), fear index, and oil price on the United States equity market price. Our study first time used the novel proxy of the fear index (Infectious Disease EMV index) developed by Baker et al. (2020). The recent paper collected the data from 21 January 2020 which is the start of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in America (US) up till the 6 July 2021. The paper has used the linear model of Nonlinear Autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) to confirm the causal factors (short-long run) of DJI. The result depicts that two out three exogenous (independent) variables USCOVID_19 and Infectious Disease EMV significantly negatively related to co-integrated with the United States equity market (DJI) in both positive and negative shocks except IDEMV negative shock are insignificant. While oil is significantly positively co-integrated with the DJI index in both positive and negative. In the case of long term co-integration all variables OIL, USCOVID_19, and Infectious Disease EMV are significantly co-integrated in case of positive shocks but insignificant in case of negative shocks. Our study is beneficial for individual and government investors by identify an important investment (Infectious Disease EMV index) when they want to diversify their portfolio. This incorporate the factor contagious Infectious Disease in EMV, so it is more helpful for sectoral investor when the measure asymmetric volatilities factors.