Contact Temperature Research Articles

Design Rule of Electron- and Hole-Selective Contacts for Polycrystalline Silicon-Based Passivating Contact Solar Cells.

A crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell with a polycrystalline silicon/SiOx (poly-Si/SiOx) structure, incorporating both electron and hole contacts, is an attractive choice for achieving ideal carrier selectivity and serving as a fundamental component in high-efficiency perovskite/Si tandem and interdigitated back-contact solar cells. However, our understanding of the carrier transport mechanism of hole contacts remains limited owing to insufficient studies dedicated to its investigation. There is also a lack of comparative studies on the poly-Si/SiOx electron and hole contacts for ideal carrier-selective solar cells. Therefore, this study aims to address these knowledge gaps by exploring the relationship among microstructural evolution, dopant in-diffusion, and the resulting carrier transport mechanism in both the electron and hole contacts of poly-Si/SiOx solar cells. Electron (n+ poly-Si/SiOx/substrate)- and hole (p+ poly-Si/SiOx/substrate)-selective passivating contacts are subjected to thermal annealing. Changes in the passivation properties and carrier transport mechanisms of these contacts are investigated during thermal annealing at various temperatures. Notably, the results demonstrate that the passivation properties and carrier transport mechanisms are strongly influenced by the microstructural evolution of the poly-Si/SiOx layer stack and dopant in-diffusion. Furthermore, electron and hole contacts exhibit common behaviors regarding microstructural evolution and dopant in-diffusion. However, the hole contacts exhibit relatively inferior electrical properties overall, mainly because both the SiOx interface and the p+ poly-Si are found to be highly defective. Moreover, boron in the hole contacts diffuses deeper than phosphorus in the electron contacts, resulting in deteriorated carrier collection. The experimental results are also supported by device simulation. Based on these findings, design rules are suggested for both electron and hole contacts, such as using thicker SiOx and/or annealing the solar cell at a temperature not exceeding the critical annealing temperature of the hole contacts.

A BIOSORBENT MATERIAL FROM BRAHEA EDULIS PALM LEAVES – APPLICATION TO AMOXICILLIN ADSORPTION

In this study, fibers from the leaves of Brahea edulis palm (BEF) have been successfully used as a cheap, sustainable and eco-friendly biosorbent to remove the antibiotic Amoxicillin (AMX) from an aqueous solution using a batch process. This pharmaceutical product is present in domestic and industrial waste water. The characterization of BEF was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of XRD showed that BEF has a semicrystalline structure. SEM images revealed its morphology, surface structure and porous nature. FTIR results showed the presence of different functional groups (hydroxyls, carboxyls, amines, etc.). Several physicochemical parameters, such as porosity, ash content, moisture content, and isoelectronic point (pHpzc), were analyzed. The batch biosorption process of Amoxicillin by BEF was monitored with a UV-visible spectrophotometer at λ = 228 nm. Different operating parameters, such as contact time, biosorbent mass, pH, temperature and adsorbate concentration, were evaluated to find the maximum level of biosorption. The contact time of 90 minutes, 50 mg/L initial Amoxicillin concentration, 1.5 g biosorbent mass and 313 K temperature were found to be the optimum conditions that led to a percentage removal of AMX of 58% at pH 6.5. The maximum adsorption at high temperature indicates that this biosorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.

Dry Friction and Wear Behavior of Laser-Sintered Graphite/Carbon Fiber/Polyamide 12 Composite.

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are being used extensively in modern industries that require a high strength-to-weight ratio, such as aerospace, automotive, motorsport, and sports equipment. However, although reinforcement with carbon fibers improves the mechanical properties of polymers, this comes at the expense of abrasive wear resistance. Therefore, to efficiently utilize CFRPs in dry sliding contacts, solid lubricant is used as a filler. Further, to facilitate the fabrication of objects with complex geometries, selective laser sintering (SLS) can be employed. Accordingly, in the present work, graphite-filled carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 12 (CFR-PA12) specimens were prepared using the SLS process to explore the dry sliding friction and wear characteristics of the composite. The test specimens were aligned along four different orientations in the build chamber of the SLS machine to determine the orientation-dependent tribological properties. The experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer to measure the coefficient of friction (COF), interface temperature, friction-induced noise, and specific wear rate. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tribo-surfaces was conducted to specify the dominant wear pattern. The results indicated that the steady-state COF, contact temperature, and wear pattern of graphite-filled CFR-PA12 are orientation-independent and that the contact temperature is likely to approach an asymptote far below the glass transition temperature of amorphous PA12 zones, thus eliminating the possibility of matrix softening. Additionally, the results showed that the Z-oriented specimen exhibits the lowest level of friction-induced noise along with the highest wear resistance. Moreover, SEM of tribo-surfaces determined that abrasive wear is the dominant wear pattern.

An integrated tribodynamic model for investigation of efficiency, durability and NVH attributes of gear mesh in electric vehicle powertrains

An integrated gear tribodynamics model is proposed for the study of EV powertrains’ performance. The model considers the transient effects of lubrication regimes, non-Newtonian shear thinning, inlet shear heating, deformation states of asperities in mixed regime of lubrication and contact temperature using a set of analytical routines, which are computationally efficient. The proposed gear tribodynamics model provides a breakdown of the interdependency of these attributes and studies their impact on the performance of gear contacts. The results indicate that up to 30% of the contact load can be carried by asperities, of which 80% undergo elastoplastic deformation. In addition, the contribution of lubricant to contact stiffness can be greater than that of surface asperities by an order of magnitude.

Efficient Removal of Representative Chemical Agents by Rapid and Sufficient Adsorption via Magnetic Graphene Oxide Composites

Chemical agents pose a significant threat to social security, highlighting the crucial role of representative chemical agents adsorption in ensuring the safety our environment. This study explored the application of Magnetic Graphene Oxide Nanoplatelet Composites (MGONCs) in adsorbing the representative chemical agents such as Lewisite (L), O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX), Sarin (GB), and Soman (GD). MGONCs were synthesized through a physical blending method, with the combination of graphene oxide (GO) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles at a mass ratio of 1:1. Optimization of the adsorption process involved investigating the effects of contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage. Remarkably, the adsorption rate of L and VX exceeded 99% when the dosage of MGONCs was 2.5 mg, with a contact time of 30 s at room temperature. Furthermore, GB and GD achieved maximum adsorption rates after a contact time of 20 min, with the dosages of MGONCs at 10 mg and 20 mg, respectively. Characterization of the magnetic composite was accomplished through XRD, TEM, VSM, FTIR, TGA, and BET analyses. Kinetical analysis revealed that the adsorption mechanism of GB and GD on MGONCs followed pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics, exhibiting a high regression coefficient. The calculated qe values were 0.103125 mg/g and 0.081349 mg/g, respectively. This research demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing MGONCs as highly efficient adsorbents for representative chemical agents, particularly in on-site sampling scenarios.

Analysis and Optimization of Contact Material Ablation under the Cumulative Effect of the Number of Breakings of OLTC.

Vacuum on-load tap-changers (OLTC) for converter transformers have a much higher number of breakings than conventional circuit breakers. Contact ablation after several breakings will affect the stability and life of the device. This paper establishes the electromagnetic thermal multi-physical field coupling model of the vacuum interrupter for OLTC based on the finite element analysis method. The thermal field distribution of normal and ablative contact materials during the breaking process was analyzed. The key parameters affecting the contact temperature under the cumulative number of breakings are analyzed and the optimized design is completed. The simulation results show that the contact surface reaches a maximum temperature of 1390 K at 8 ms. There is a significant increase in the area of the high-temperature area on the contact surface. The possibility of re-ignition of the interrupter is increased. Based on the judgment matrix method, the key influencing parameters of the contact temperature rise are analyzed. The final parameters are selected as follows: contact material-CuCr8 alloy, contact seat thickness-2 mm, contact thickness-10 mm, and contact diameter-40 mm.

Adsorption of Methyl Red and Methylene Blue on Carbon Bioadsorbents Obtained from Biogas Plant Waste Materials.

In this study, biocarbon was obtained from the waste material corn digest. Carbon adsorbents were obtained by physical activation of the precursor with CO2. Detailed physicochemical characterization of the biocarbon was carried out using low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption, Boehm titration, zero-charge point (pHpzc) and iodine number. In addition, the sorption capacity of the biocarbon agents towards an aqueous solution of methylene blue and methyl red was determined, and the kinetics of the adsorption process were determined. The biocarbon adsorbents were characterized by an average developed specific surface area covering the range from 320 to 616 m2/g. The sorption capacity of the biocarbon adsorbents against methylene blue ranged from 40 mg/g to 146 mg/g, and for methyl red it covered the range from 31 mg/g to 113 mg/g. It was shown that the efficiency of organic dye removal by the obtained biocarbons depends on the initial concentration of the adsorbate solution, its mass, shaking rate, adsorbent-adsorbate contact time and temperature. The results obtained from the Langmuir and Freundlich kinetic models showed that the Langmuir model is the most suitable model for describing the adsorption of the studied pollutants on biocarbon. In turn, the adsorption kinetics of dyes is described according to the pseudo-second-order model. Adsorption studies also showed that as the process temperature increases, the removal efficiency of methylene blue and methyl red increases.

Non-conventional, burnt Shorea robusta leaf extract mediated green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and facile removal of eriochrome black T dye from water

The present study evaluates the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using water extract of Sal leaves (Shorea Robusta) for efficient removal of Eriochrome black-T from the water and wastewater. The material is characterized using FESEM, FTIR, EDX, pHzpc, XRD, BET, and TGA analysis. XRD confirmed the synthesis of ZnO with an average crystallite size of 35.24 nm a surface area of 95.939 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.280 cm3/g. The pHzpc of the material is 7.45. The study evaluates the effects of contact time (0–100 min), pH (3–10), concentration (10–50 mg/L), and temperature (298–328K). The Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.993) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.998) were found to be the best-fit models. The maximum uptake capacity is 265.554 mg/g. The interaction is spontaneous (ΔG° −12.889 to–14.898 kJ/mol), endothermic ΔH° (4.290–14.216 kJ/mol) with an increase in spontaneity at the solid-liquid junction. The dye-loaded ZnO NPs were successfully regenerated in dilute NaOH solution and 1:1 methanol water, achieving regeneration efficiencies of 78% and 60%, respectively. The reusability of the ZnO NPs was ascertained for up to three consecutive cycles.

Investigation of interdiffusion between compatible polymers under static and co‐extrusion processing conditions

AbstractWhen two compatible polymer melts are brought into contact, a diffuse interphase is formed that governs the adhesion between them. The degree of interdiffusion is defined mainly by the processing conditions and the physico‐chemical properties of the materials. Despite the great industrial relevance of co‐extrusion in manufacturing multilayer structures, little research has dealt with interdiffusion under these processing conditions, where polymer‐polymer interfaces are subject to shear load. In this work, procedures for investigating interdiffusion both under static and real co‐extrusion flow conditions were developed. Using various grades of poly(methyl methacrylate) and styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile copolymer, we studied both theoretically and experimentally the effects of interfacial contact time, temperature, material compatibility, and interfacial shear stress on interdiffusion. Spectroscopic analysis of the interfaces using confocal Raman microscopy showed that the general relationships between interdiffusion, time (Fick's law) and temperature (Arrhenius relationship) are identical under both static and co‐extrusion conditions. However, the interdiffusion rate is significantly higher under shear influence. Since the prediction of the interdiffusion process supports material selection and process design in multilayer manufacturing, a simple analytical model was developed to quantify the effects of aforementioned material properties and processing conditions on the apparent mutual interdiffusion coefficient.

Adsorption of Heavy Metals: Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Applications of Various Adsorbents in Wastewater Remediation—A Review

Heavy metal contamination in wastewater is a significant concern for human health and the environment, prompting increased efforts to develop efficient and sustainable removal methods. Despite significant efforts in the last few decades, further research initiatives remain vital to comprehensively address the long-term performance and practical scalability of various adsorption methods and adsorbents for heavy metal remediation. This article aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms, kinetics, and applications of diverse adsorbents in remediating heavy metal-contaminated effluents. Physical and chemical processes, including ion exchange, complexation, electrostatic attraction, and surface precipitation, play essential roles in heavy metal adsorption. The kinetics of adsorption, influenced by factors such as contact time, temperature, and concentration, directly impact the rate and effectiveness of metal removal. This review presents an exhaustive analysis of the various adsorbents, categorized as activated carbon, biological adsorbents, agricultural waste-based materials, and nanomaterials, which possess distinct advantages and disadvantages that are linked to their surface area, porosity, surface chemistry, and metal ion concentration. To overcome challenges posed by heavy metal contamination, additional research is necessary to optimize adsorbent performance, explore novel materials, and devise cost-effective and sustainable solutions. This comprehensive overview of adsorption mechanisms, kinetics, and diverse adsorbents lays the foundation for further research and innovation in designing optimized adsorption systems and discovering new materials for sustainable heavy metal remediation in wastewater.

Friction Properties of Crystalline Cellulose Sliding on Chromium under Water Lubrication Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

This work studies the friction and wear behaviors of chromium (hard material) and crystalline cellulose (soft material) under water lubrication considering the loading and sliding velocity on friction force, temperature of contact interfaces, and worn atoms from the atomic view. The change of friction force with sliding velocity is greater than that with loading, and it is easier to obtain a stable friction at high velocity. The average friction force in the stabilization gradually increases with loading and velocity, and the growth rate decreases with loading, while it increases with velocity. The temperature of contact interfaces at the beginning of sliding changes rapidly and gradually becomes stable. The temperature at the stabilization increases distinctly with velocity, while it does not change much with loading. Both the loading and sliding velocity have an important influence on the wear of soft material; it is noticed that the amount of worn atoms increases close to exponentially with velocity and linearly with loading. However, the wear of hard material changes less with increasing loading and sliding velocity.

Peridynamic modeling of rail wear during sliding contact considering thermal effects

Numerical simulations of rail wear during sliding contact pose significant challenges owing to the complex coupling between thermomechanical contact loads, material properties, and profile changes. This study proposes a modeling approach for rail wear during sliding contact, using nonlocal peridynamic (PD) thermomechanics and a bond damage criterion based on ratchet failure. To facilitate test verification, a two-dimensional PD model for twin-disc testing with elastoplastic materials was developed, and numerical simulations and corresponding twin-disc testing were performed during wheel idling under different loads, idling speeds, and idling times. The PD model accurately predicted rail wear under all operating conditions, exhibiting excellent agreement with the test results, and thus validating the proposed method and supporting the ratchet failure mechanism. Subsequently, thermomechanical modeling of sliding contacts with different creepages was performed. The PD model predicted continuous wear along the contact surface, with an increase in wear depth corresponding to higher creepage values. As the contact temperature increased with creepage, thermal stress and thermal softening caused slight and sharp increases in rail plastic strain, respectively. Therefore, thermal softening is the main factor responsible for the significant increase in wear rate with temperature. Finally, wear results of the PD model and classical Archard’s wear model were compared. The PD models can capture variations in wear rates that are difficult to address using the Archard model.

Kinetics, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies on Removal of Oleic Acid from Sunflower Oil onto Amberlyst A21

Amberlyst A21 was used for the oleic acid adsorption from sunflower oil (SFO). The impacts of parameters such as contact time, temperature, and mass ratio of adsorbent on oleic acid adsorption were studied. The characterization of Amberlyst A21 before and after adsorption was performed by using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The adsorption reached equilibrium 480 minutes later. The increase in temperature and the amount of adsorbent caused an increase in the amount of adsorbed oleic acid. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics were studied. The pseudo-first order kinetics well described the adsorption for all studied temperatures. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin−Radushkevich isotherms and thermodynamic analysis were investigated at equilibrium. The suitability of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms indicated that the adsorption takes place under monolayer and heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamical results showed that adsorption occurs spontaneously and endothermic.

Investigation on mixed thermalelstohydrodynamic lubrication behavior of slipper/swash plate interface in water hydraulic axial piston pump

To reveal the thermal-fluid-structure interaction characteristics of water-lubricated slipper/swash plate interface, a transient mixed thermoelstohydrodynamic (MTEHD) lubrication model incorporating asperity contact, elastic deformation, heat transfer and viscosity temperature effect is originally presented. The change in fluid properties caused by cavitation is considered for solution the piston chamber pressure. Distributions of pressure, temperature, deformation and tilting state of slipper simulated by MTEHD show strong reasonableness. Effect of operating and structural parameters on energy consumption characteristics calculated by MTEHD and hydrodynamic lubrication is contrastively analyzed. The results show that energy consumption is different in delivery and suction stroke due to different degrees of MTEHD effects and transient contact. Besides, the optimal dimension for the width of studied sealing surface is determined.

(Invited) Sub-Bandgap Thermoreflectance Imaging of Ultra-Wide Bandgap Semiconductors

Over the past few decades, wide bandgap semiconductors (WBG) have been used to fabricate high power and high frequency devices. Device structures, such as Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs), have begun to be implemented in commercial products such as electrical vehicles and laptop power chargers. With the continuous increase in energy demand, however, extremely high voltage (>10 kV) applications are needed to increase the grid resiliency, storage, and transmission efficiency. Ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) Semiconductors, with bandgaps >4 eV, could potentially be used to overcome this barrier. Pushing the maximum voltage limit of these devices, however, can lead to significant power dissipation and excessive joule heating.Unfortunately, the thermal conductivity of some UWBG semiconductors, such as Gallium Oxide, is inherently low and thus requires both device and package level thermal management. Innovative solutions, such as high thermal conductivity substrates, are required to reduce the active channel temperature and extend the device lifetime and reliability. In order to successfully implement these technologies, accurate measurement of the peak temperature and thermal distribution (both vertical and lateral) is necessary. Depth-averaged vertical temperature gradients have been demonstrated via Raman thermometry but this approach can become significantly time consuming if attempting to perform transient or lateral maps. On the other hand, Transient Thermoreflectance Imaging (TTI) has shown the potential to provide high throughput thermal images with high spatial resolution (100 nm) and temporal resolution (50 ns).Traditionally, TTI has been used to probe the temperature of metals due to their inherent high reflectivity. Nevertheless, recent studies have demonstrated the ability to probe the surface temperature of the semiconductor when using near-bandgap illumination sources. Due to the high bandgap of UWBG semiconductors, the maturity of high transmission UV sources, optics and detectors has not yet been fully developed. This study investigates the applicability of sub-bandgap wavelengths to probe the active channel temperature. The thermal properties of both Gallium Oxide transistors and Transfer Length Method (TLM) structures are investigated using TTI. The accuracy of the channel temperature is assessed by direct comparison to the adjacent metal contact temperature. A finite element model (FEM) is developed to understand the thermal transport in low thermally conductive semiconductors. Finally, a 3D analytical model is used to extract thermal properties such as the thermal conductivity of the thin film layers.Figure a) Optical CCD Image of Gallium Oxide Transfer Length Method (TLM) Structure b) Transient Thermoreflectance Image (TTI) of Gallium Oxide TLM using sub-bandgap illumination wavelength. Figure 1

Frequency induced fretting corrosion mechanism evolution of Alloy 690 exposed to simulated secondary water

The effect of frequency (5–30 Hz) on the fretting corrosion behavior of Alloy 690 tube was investigated in simulated pressurized water reactor secondary water. The results show that the wear volume of the tube increases by ∼19 times with the frequency increases, and the wear mechanism changes from adhesive wear to delamination wear and abrasive wear. The increasing fretting frequency could affect the contact temperature and accelerates the change of contact stress, which cause a shift in the wear mechanism. Under the synergic effect of mechanical wear and corrosion, a gradient multi-layer structure is formed on the wear area, which is composed of the ultra-fine grain three-body layer, the tribologically transformed structure layer and matrix distributed from top to bottom. The three-body layer is mainly composed of Fe-rich spinel oxides and a small amount of Fe3O4 and Cr2O3, and its thickness increases with the increase of the fretting frequency.

MXene-based 2D Ti3C2Tx nanosheets for highly efficient cadmium (Cd2+) adsorption

In aqueous streams, pollutants such as heavy metals, textile dyes, medicines, salts, and aromatic chemicals pose a threat to the environment. In the present study, Ti3C2Tx (MXene) was synthesized from Ti3AlC2 (MAX phase) using hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching and its morphology and functionalities were investigated. The performance of the synthesized MXene as an adsorbent was evaluated to remove cadmium (Cd2+) from an aqueous solution. The effects of operating parameters, including contact time, temperature, pH, adsorbent dose, and initial pollutant concentration were studied to determine optimized conditions for Cd2+ adsorption. The adsorption capacity of MXene for 100 mg·L−1 of Cd2+ was 475.6 mg·g−1. Thermodynamic models analysis showed that the adsorption of Cd2+ was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.981), and pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.999) were found to better describe a homogenous monolayer sorption dominated by surface complexation. This study provides valuable insights into the adsorption characteristics of 2-D MXene sheets for the removal of Cd2+ from wastewater.

Lead biosorption profiling of endophytic Aspergillus flavus SGE34 isolated from Cleome viscosa Linn.

ABSTRACT Lead is an environmental pollutant that causes remarkable damage to various organs in the human body, especially the nervous system. Removal of lead by conventional methods is costly, and therefore, in the current scenario, biosorption using fungi is extensively explored as they provide good metal uptake systems. The present study evaluated the Pb (II) biosorption potential of endophytic fungi Aspergillus flavus SGE34. The fungal isolate was obtained from the root of an indigenous medicinal plant of the Chhattisgarh region named Cleome viscosa Linn. The biosorption potential of dead fungal biomass was optimized at different operating parameters like contact time, pH, and temperature. The maximum biosorption values were found at pH 6.0 with an equilibrium time of 150 minutes at 350C. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study revealed that the pattern of new absorption bands, altered absorption intensity, and shift in wavenumber of functional groups was deduced, due to interaction between metal ions and active sites of biosorbent. The present study concluded that A. flavus SGE34 has high metal tolerance and biosorption capacity; it could effectively remove lead from industrial effluents.

Surface Average Temperature Measurement of Cu-W Contact Material Burning in CO2: Preliminary Study

The surface average temperature and the electrode temperature distribution are key parameters to predict the electrode erosion. Experimental research on the arc erosion has been carried out in a model circuit breaker, in which CO2 is filled in the chamber and Cu-W is used as the contact material. The surface average temperatures of plug contact exposed to electric arc with sinusoidal currents of 5kA were determined by a high-speed pyroscope. In order to establish a relationship between the average temperature of the contact surface and current squared, the data statistics and fitting curves in the current-rising and current-falling stages were given. It has been found that there are two different types of arc erosion processes by comparing the temperature-current squared curves. In other words, the structure of contact surface and the electrode material change significantly after repeated arc erosions.

Binary and ternary metals adsorption from greywater using spent green tea as a novel adsorbent

Adsorption is one of the most easy-to-operate, less costly, efficient and, most importantly, environmentally friendly methods of removing toxic metals from aqueous environments. We used spent Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured to recover mercury (Hg2+), lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) in binary and ternary systems from greywater. We undertook this study in binary and ternary systems at adsorbent dosages with a corresponding 100 mL varied initial metal concentrations of the greywater. The adsorption efficiency at varied concentrations and dosages in the binary systems by the spent tea waste ranged from 38.5% to 100% for lead, 11.50% to 100% for cadmium and was 100% for mercury. In the ternary system, the adsorption efficiency of toxic metals ranged from 28.91% to 72.85% for cadmium and was 100% for mercury and lead. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qe) for toxic metals in the binary system ranged from 38.46 to 81.97 mg/g for Pb2+ and 12.64 to 56.82 mg/g for Cd2+. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was the best fit for the adsorption of toxic metals by Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured. The pH under which the experiments were conducted showed very high removal efficiency for lead and mercury but lower removal efficiencies for cadmium. Spent Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured can be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent of toxic metals from greywater or wastewater. Based on our findings, further studies should be conducted to determine the effects of varying the contact time, temperature and elevated metal concentrations in the greywater or other wastewater. Significance: This study provides useful information on how spent Impra Green Tea Ginseng Flavoured can be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent of toxic metals from greywater or wastewater.