Linguistic Contact Research Articles

The Socio-phonetics and Morphosyntax of Language Variation in Jordan

This study investigates the linguistic choices made by the participants at the level of phonetics and morphosyntax in Irbid city. The study examines the way speakers reconstruct their new identity, as belonging to an upper social class rather than to their real middle class. The researcher assumed that he would find a lot of variation among the speakers in this city that is worth examining socio-linguistically, especially that Irbid is rich in linguistic variation and social contact. The data were extracted from the videos of ten field interviews. The researcher found that gender, age and education influence the way people speak. That is to say, the young people (both males and females) were more triggered to make linguistic changes than their aged counterparts. Besides, the females produced more vernacular variants than the males. This research attempts to investigate social class as an attraction, to which the speaker tries to reach, pushing him/her to make linguistic changes, rather than as a social factor affecting the speaker’s choices since this study assumes that the speaker makes linguistic changes as he/she reconstructs his/her identity in the new social class (the attraction or target). The study concludes that social class, in particular, serves as a motivation factor that pushes speakers to reformulate their identity.

The School of History and the Institute for Global History, Beijing Foreign Studies University

Abstract The School of History and the Institute for Global History of Beijing Foreign Studies University was founded in December 2017. It aims to become a significant platform in China for international scholars to conduct research on global history. The school offers course on the histories of China and regions across the world from a global perspective. In terms of research, it is the school’s goal to understand history through interactions, especially the interaction between China and the world in modern terms. The school pays special attention to the fields of the history of ideas, the knowledge transfer and scholarly exchange, and the cultural and linguistic contact between the East and the West.

THREE SOURCES – THREE COMPONENTS IN THE AREA OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ENDING ON -LEI/-LYAI

The purpose of the scientific article is to establish the main historical sources of the inventory and subsequent comparative-historical interpretation of geographical names in the Oka and Sura regions, to compare three approaches to this problem, reflected in the works of well-known scientists: historian I.K. Engevatov, linguists G.P. Smolitskaya and D.V. Tsy­gankin. The results of the study in practical terms are designed to: 1) to enrich and update the relevant articles on onomatology and comparative studies of Finno-Ugric scholars, Turkologists and Slavists; 2) to clarify the views of historians and ethnologists/ ethno­graphers about specific moments of ethnic and linguistic contacts in Eastern Europe (in the Oka and the Sura regions). The results of the research in the future should initiate new works devoted to a particular class of geographical nomenclature terms in the historical perspective within the boundaries of the Slavic, Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages.

On the problem of contacts between ancient Germanic and Turkic peoples in ancient Germanic sources

The present article deals with the problem of the diachronic aspect of language contacts that had taken in Europe in the 1 st millennium BC and the 1 st millennium of our Era. The main acting forces here are ancient Germanic and Turkic tribes. All types of linguistic contacts are important material for determining the causes, processes and tendencies in the social and ethnic diversity or the formation and development of ethnicities or languages. As the material for the investigation we used the interpretations of ancient Scandinavian manuscripts, we could find some information about the earliest history of Germanic speaking tribes. This problem turned out to be very interesting due to the emergence of new facts concerning the History and ethnonyms of Germanic, and Turkic tribes and ethnic groups.

INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH BORROWINGS ON THE CULTURE AND SPEECH OF KAZAKHSTANI YOUTH

Being a living structure, the language is constantly evolving, including with the help of borrowings. It is impossible to stop this process. It is easier for young people to express their thoughts and feelings in a foreign language, rather than using fixed expressions in their native language. All this is happening as a result of increased information flows, the emergence of the global computer network – “the Internet”, the development of the world economic market, international tourism, and cultural ties. Today, the study of borrowings as manifestations of the interaction of different languages with each other is not the last among the problems of modern linguistics, and therefore, the attention of domestic and foreign researchers is directed to this issue. English plays a big role in the life of young people of Kazakhstan, who actively use foreign words in everyday life. In their opinion, it sounds beautiful and fashionable.The borrowing and use of words of foreign origin is a consequence of linguistic contacts influenced not only by historical and cultural factors, but also by the growing influence of the mass media.This article is dedicated to finding the peculiarities of the influence of English borrowings on the culture and speech of Kazakhstani youth.Being a living structure, the language is constantly evolving, including with the help of borrowings. It is impossible to stop this process. It is easier for young people to express their thoughts and feelings in a foreign language, rather than using fixed expressions in their native language. All this is happening as a result of increased information flows, the emergence of the global computer network – “the Internet”, the development of the world economic market, international tourism, and cultural ties. Today, the study of borrowings as manifestations of the interaction of different languages with each other is not the last among the problems of modern linguistics, and therefore, the attention of domestic and foreign researchers is directed to this issue. English plays a big role in the life of young people of Kazakhstan, who actively use foreign words in everyday life. In their opinion, it sounds beautiful and fashionable.The borrowing and use of words of foreign origin is a consequence of linguistic contacts influenced not only by historical and cultural factors, but also by the growing influence of the mass media.This article is dedicated to finding the peculiarities of the influence of English borrowings on the culture and speech of Kazakhstani youth.

Greek Influences on Syriac and Contact-Induced Changes: Reflections on a Recent Book

Abstract This paper reviews and comments upon a recent monograph by Aaron M. Butts on linguistic contacts between Greek and Syriac, Language Change in the Wake of Empire: this volume is also used as an opportunity to discuss the expectations for this kind of studies in the future years, and to reflect upon their past. The importance of Butts’ book as a crucial tool for the scholarly community involved in contact-induced studies is here highlighted. Butts offers a most welcome new and thorough analysis of the materials collected by his predecessors and adds his personal new data. This review article also provides a brief recollection of previous studies, that opened the way to Butts’ comprehensive approach.

Interaction and Interference of Languages in Bilingual Germans of the Vyatka Region of Russia

The article examines the interaction of the German and Russian languages in the speech of bilingual Germans who were born and live in a Russian-speaking environment in the Vyatka region of Russia. This task involves the study of their usage, interference (including phonetic, lexical and syntactic assimilation), as well as borrowings and code-switching. The dialects of the Russian Germans of the Vyatka region have a status of migrant and belong to a category of vanishing supraregional linguistic entities. The function of this variety of language is to provide a link between the native German language of the immigrants (L1) and Russian, their major surrounding language (L2). In addition, the German language of the Vyatka region reflects new linguistic contacts caused by multiple forced migrations during the Second World War. As a result of these mass relocations, some new processes in interaction of dialects arose, not observed in their mother colonies. The resulting variety of usage can be referred to as a German-Russian interlanguage. Before the World War II, all German dialects for more than two centuries have been confined in Russia to enclaves (or dialect islands). After mass deportations, they transformed both geographically and, for certain dialects, in terms of social composition. Taking this into account, the study of their interactions acquires greater importance for understanding similar processes associated with modern intercultural language contacts, in general. These changes in the language environment boosted linguistic interference at all levels; they also account for the tendency to bilingual behavior common both for speakers of standard and dialectal German. Our analysis of these processes is based on the interviews with bilingual Germans of the Vyatka region of Russia recorded during dialectological trips to this enclave. The study identifies and describes phonetic interactions (both segmental and supersegmental), morphological and syntactic interferences in the Russian and German speech of the Germans of this dialect island. All these processes in L1 and L2, as well as their distortion and mixing, are typical for the mechanisms governing their bilingual performance as well as the degree of its stability.

Bronze Age Globalisation and Eurasian Impacts on Later J\u014dmon Social Change

From northern China, millet agriculture spread to Korea and the Maritime Russian Far East by 3500–2700 BC. While the expansion of agricultural societies across the Sea of Japan did not occur until around 900 BC, the intervening period saw major transformations in the Japanese archipelago. The cultural florescence of Middle Jōmon central Honshu underwent a collapse and reorganisation into more decentralised settlements. Mobility increased as Late Jōmon influences spread from eastern into western Japan, and populations expanded to offshore islands such as Okinawa and the Kurils. In Kyushu and other parts of western Japan, the eastern Jōmon expansion was associated with the cultivation of adzuki and soybeans but, contrary to earlier assessments, there is no evidence for the introduction of cereal crops at this time. Here, we analyse archaeological and historical linguistic evidence of connections between the Eurasian mainland and the Japanese Islands c. 3500 to 900 BC. A re-evaluation of archaeological material discussed since the 1920s concludes that the transformations in Jōmon society during this period were at least in part a response to contacts with Eurasian Bronze Age cultures. Evidence for linguistic contact between Koreanic and the Ainuic languages which are presumed to have been spoken by Jōmon populations is also consistent with new Bronze Age mobilities. Although prehistoric Japan was one of the most isolated regions of Eurasia, we conclude that the historical evolution of societies in the Japanese archipelago after the third millennium BC was linked with processes of Bronze Age globalisation.

Study on the Influence of Korean and Japanese on Chinese with “Guomin” as an example

Based on the theory of contact linguistics, this paper discussed the influence of Korean and Japanese on Chinese with “Guomin” as an example through the analysis of the classical literature, historical materials, dictionary and corpus.<BR> “Guomin” is one of the key words in study from the view of historical progress. As a compound noun of modern conceptual word, it is frequently used in East Asian countries. This word first appeared in the Chinese classic “Zuozhuan”. The ancient “Guomin” referred to “common people”. In the end of 19th century and the early days of 20th century, the word of “Guomin”the meaning was deeply influenced by Japanese, it has new connotation of “right, participating in ruling affairs, being the masters of the country”. The chronological changes of it’s meaning reflected the developing track of modern thinking transformation clearly. As a new concept of “nation” of Western language, “Guomin” got this new meaning has been introduced to China and used frequently during the time until 1949. The meaning of the word has gone through several periods of development. After the last period of the last use of the new China, it gradually withdrew from the historical stage. But recently the word “Guomin” is deeply influenced by Korean, it is commonly used as a buzzword on the various press media, for example, the expression of “Guomin wife”, “Guomin sheet” derived from “Guomin” is more popular among young people.

Phonological Effects and Functions of English Loan-words on the Tiv Grammar

There is no human language that is devoid of borrowing loan-words from a parent language to its own (recipient) language. When loan-words are injected into a recipient language, there are certain phonological effects that such words have on the grammar of such a language. This paper critically discusses the phonological implications and functions of English loan-words on Tiv the grammar. The objectives of this paper are to: classify phonological implications of English loan-words on the grammar of Tiv language; discuss the implications of English loan-words on Tiv grammar; explore the phonological functions of English loan-words; and, state reasons that necessitate borrowing of loan-words. The author used primary and secondary sources. The researcher used participant-observer technique as his primary source and documentary sources were used. It has been found out that most English loan-words have no substitutes in Tiv; loan-words have expanded the vocabulary of the Tiv grammar; the original syllabic structure of most loan-words changed from close to open syllables; and epenthetic letters are added to break consonant clusters, for plurality and as a hiatus repairing strategy. It has been recommended that papers should be churned out in the areas of historical, comparative and contact linguistics. Lecturers should give assignments or project topics on phonologically related processes.

Современное зарубежное чувашеведение: Мелинда Такач

The article is devoted to the study of the Hungarian section of the Chuvash studies. The aim of the work is to familiarize the scientific community with new Hungarian scientists. The author uses traditional descriptive and analytical methods practiced in scholarship. The Hungarian section is the most developed area of foreign Chuvash studies. It is due to the linguistic contacts of the Turkic languages of the Chuvash type with Hungarian, which took place in the period before the conquering of homeland by the Hungarians. Currently, Hungarian Chuvash studies are mainly represented by linguistic and musicological trends. There are works of a historical and literary plan. One of the representatives of modern scholars of the Chuvash language in Hungary is M. Takács, who asserted herself by direct translations of the works of the Chuvash fiction into Hungarian, mainly the stories of E. Lisina. She also published scholarly works based on personal experience and devoted to the problems of translation and linguistics of a literary text. Thus, a distinctive feature of M. Takács’s Chuvash studies at the moment is a departure from the problems recognized as traditional for the Hungarian Chuvash studies – language contacts. Another direction of M. Takács’s research is the study of nouns published in the book «Works related to the grammar of the Chuvash language» of 1769. Another direction of M. Takács is the study of the problems of «Works belonging to the grammar of the Chuvash language» 1769. The author comes to the conclusion that the scientific developments of M. Takac in Hungarian Chuvash studies develop the traditions of studying the literary texts of Chuvash authors in linguistic and translation aspects.

Loanwords vs relics

Abstract One of the major issues in historical and contact linguistics is how to distinguish between inherited and acquired vocabulary in a given language: both traditional historical linguistics and modern contact linguistics are in this respect eventually forced to resort to inferences. The aim of this paper is to propose a diagnostic test to aid in the identification of putative substratum relics in the lexicon. The method for this test consists in juxtaposing and comparing word families in the source and recipient language. We use the example of Yiddish-Slavic language contact, in which contact-induced changes are still relatively transparent. We employ wordnets – digital networks of lexical entities connected by lexico-semantic relations – in order to visually “map” lexical and semantic relations of transferred lexemes within the recipient language onto the source language. The method allows us to combine contemporary empirical data with historical analysis.

Convivial linguistic practices: lived togetherness through language in the United Arab Emirates

Abstract This paper takes up conviviality as an analytical tool to investigate everyday language choices made by foreign residents living in Ras Al Khaimah, a small city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It draws on recent work in human geography and cultural studies to understand conviviality in terms of practices rather than outcomes. Specifically, it investigates some of the linguistic dimensions of conviviality deployed by residents of the city in everyday situations of linguistic contact and negotiation of difference. The paper focuses on participants’ “small story” narratives (Georgakopoulou, Alexandra. 2015. Small stories research: Methods – analysis – outreach. In Anna De Fina &amp; Alexandra Georgakopoulou (eds.), The handbook of narrative analysis, 255–272. Malden: John Wiley &amp; Sons) that exemplify everyday language choices in the face of a highly ethnolinguistically diverse as well as racially and economically stratified society. Considering the multitude of ethnolinguistic and socioeconomic divisions in the city and the country as a whole, the paper unpacks how such cross-border contact is negotiated through everyday language practices. The paper identifies four types of convivial linguistic practices described by my participants: language sharing, benevolent interpretation, language checks and respectful language choices. In the process, I also probe the limits of what studying conviviality can tell us about everyday linguistic togetherness in highly segregated societies marked by stark inequalities.

МІЖМОВНА ІНТЕРФЕРЕНЦІЯ НЕСПОРІДНЕНИХ МОВ: ІСПАНСЬКА Й АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВИ

The article is devoted to the description of interlingual interference in Spanish-speaking countries on the example of the phenomenon of “Spanglish”. The article outlines the content of language interference and bilingualism. The definition of the term “language interference” is given. The concept of Spanglish is specified and the main characteristics of the studied phenomenon are presented. The causes, content, and consequences of the formation of the “Spanglish” phenomenon are singled out. The main models of functioning of the phenomenon on the material of dialogic speech of Spanish and English-speaking students, Internet resources, literary and film works are revealed. The geographical areas most prone to the formation, spread and popularization of the phenomenon of “Spanglish” are outlined. In the end of the research we came to the conclusion that because translation is an integral part of intercultural communication, interference in this case is the result of bilingualism (or multilingualism) of the translator with a subsequent impact on the translation process – often negative. The problem of interference is considered in the framework of language contacts, when a person who speaks two languages violates the rules of correlation of these languages. Languages interact with each other, resulting not only in the borrowing of language units, but also the convergence of languages as a whole. We figured out that the main reason and condition for the manifestation of interference is bilingualism/multilingualism and linguistic contact. The place of manifestation of interference is the bilingual himself or the person who performs the translation, when he tries to compensate some linguistic units with units from another language, which can involuntarily lead to literalism, accent and distortion of the meaning of the original text. We found out what are the methods of overcoming unwanted interference, as well as what a teacher can do at school or university to prevent the introduction of signs of speech interference in students’ speech.

Фонетические особенности ненецких заимствований в обско-угорских языках

The article deals with the Nenets borrowings in the Ob-Ugric languages: Khanty and Mansi. The main list of these borrowings was compiled by Wolfgang Steinitz in a work published more than half a century ago. In the paper I focus on phonetic features of the borrowed words. These borrowings represent predominantly the cultural vocabulary and are geographically quite limited being presented only in the northern dialects of Mansi and Khanty. Despite of this many of these words retain very archaic features of Nenets phonetics. This allows us to consider linguistic contacts between the Ob-Ugrians and the Nenets as rather old. Consideration of the corpus of the borrowings also allows to shed some light on the relative chronology of historical sound changes in the Nenets language. In the paper all Nenets loans in Mansi and Khanty are compared with their possible sources in Tundra Nenets and in Forest Nenets. This comparison shows that in Forest Nenets a potential corresponding word is often missing or looks phonetically too different and therefore can not be regarded as the source of borrowing. Thus, the donor language was definitely the Tundra Nenets, and not the Forest Nenets language. Mansi and Khanty words borrowed from Tundra Nenets may reflect the following archaic features of Nenets historical phonetics: final vowels (before reduction into °); final consonants, changed into the glottal stop in modern Nenets; intervocalic -m-, changed into - w- in modern Nenets; final glide -w, disappeared in modern Nenets. All words borrowed in Ob-Ugric languages from Nenets can be divided in two groups with respect to these parameters: some of them definitely preserve a more archaic state of Nenets phonetics, whereas others are phonetically much closer to modern Nenets words. Another feature that allows to evaluate the relative age of borrowings is the labialization of vowels in Kazym Khanty and in Mansi: in earlier borrowings Nenets vowel a has changed in Kazym Khanty and Mansi into a labial vowel, whereas in later ones it has preserved its original quality.

Linguistic Prestige and Toponym Use at the Crossroads of Languages and Cultures

The paper focuses on the general problems of ethnic and linguistic contacts, and their impact on toponymic systems. To illustrate these, the author uses empirical evidence from medieval Hungarian charters originating from the Carpathian Basin, and touches upon some later language contacts in the same area. The guiding principle of the paper is provided by the topics included in the title. First, it discusses the notion of linguistic prestige and its interpretation with regard to toponyms and the linguistic situation of the medieval Carpathian Basin. The author showcases that linguistic prestige played a significant role both in toponym borrowing and toponym use, so as it influenced the practice of medieval charter writing. Secondly, the paper highlights some of the general theoretical considerations of name-giving and toponym use which are closely related to the issue at hand. These refer to the nature of relations between toponyms and culture, as well as toponyms and identity. Finally, it investigates the phenomenon of toponym borrowing and name integration, while outlining a possible model of toponomastic analysis in relation to the latter. This model provides both a descriptive (synchronic) and historical (diachronic) framework for studying toponym pairs of different languages at different stages of name integration. The author proposes a functional approach to this model through the analysis of Hungarian–German toponym pairs, but due to its universal categories, this theoretical framework is applicable to any two languages in contact and any historical periods.

Slawisch-albanischer Sprachkontakt in vormoderner Zeit, ein kurzer Abriss

Slavic-Albanian language contact in premodern times, a sketchy overview. As a consequence of the arrival of Slavic in the Balkans, intensive language contact with the pre-Slavic local languages in the Balkans began. One of these local pre-Slavic languages is Albanian which is attested in written documents only since the 16th century AD. As a matter of fact, language contact between Albanian and Slavic must have been very close in the preceding centuries. This is confirmed by two factors. On the one hand the numerous Slavic loanwords which have been integrated into the Albanian lexicon. On the other hand, the equally numerous place-names in all of Albania, which are formed with Slavic lexical components. For the modern periods, the various linguistic contacts between Albanian and Slavic have been thoroughly investigated and presented, but there is no comprehensive account of the older periods. In this article, therefore, an attempt is made to sketch the Slavic influences on Albanian in the premodern periods, at least in the essential points. The focus is on the influences of Slavic on Albanian. The influence of Albanian on the neighboring Slavic languages, however, will be the subject of other investigations.

ФРАГМЕНТ РАЗМЕТКИ В ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОМ КОРПУСЕ RuTuBiC. ПЕРЕКЛЮЧЕНИЕ КОДА ИЛИ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЕ?

The article presents a solution to one of the problems of special linguistic markup in the RuTuBiC corpus – the Russian Speech Corpus of Russian-Turkic Bilinguals, asso-ciated with error annotation at the lexical level. The corpus includes three subcorpuses representing materials of the Russian speech of Shor-Russian, Tatar-Russian and Khakass-Russian bilinguals. The article presents solutions developed on the basis of all subcorpuses; the illustrative contexts are drawn from the Shor-Russian subcorpus, recordings of interviews with 14 respondents, about 20 hours of sound. The recordings were made during expeditions to Shoria in 2017–2019. Bilingualism of the respondents is defined as early natural bilingualism with the dominance of the second Russian lan-guage, mother tongues are languages of the family heritage. The theoretical basis of the research was works on linguistic contact at the lexical level. Solutions based on the differentiation of lexemes fully mastered by the system of standard Russian and units with the status of borrowings from other subsystems of the national language and other languages are proposed. In the latter case, linguistic and contextual features are distin-guished that oppose lexical borrowing and code-switching. The typical errors singled out at the lexical level are: [LexId] – idiomatic expressions that are not fixed in the standard language (dialectal and vernacular, slang, etc.), they can also be Turkic calques; [LexSem] – general Russian words used in meanings different from those fixed in the normative sources; [LexSemAgr] – violations of the lexical and semantic agreement norms. The units borrowed from the mother tongue of the respondents are located on the scale of transitions from nuclear to borderline. The nuclear units marked with the [Lex] tag are dialectal units, common words, other word usage cases that are outside the standard, as well as borrowings from the Turkic languages that are not included in the dictionaries of standard Russian. On the border “to the left” are borrowings assimilated to different degrees. On the border “to the right” are non-assimilated borrowings and code-switches. The [CodeSw] marks code-switching, insertion of mother tongue elements into Russian speech. The author considers the inclusion of statements as nuclear cases of code-switching, and single lexical inclusions as transitional cases. Code-switching is evidenced by metatext and linguistic proper, primarily phonetic, indicators. There is an insignificant number of both lexical borrowings and cases of code-switching in the speech of the respondents of the RuTuBiC corpus, which depends on the type of bilingualism. The typicality of metatext marking of borrowings and code-switches is determined by the discursive, genre and thematic limitations of the corpus.

КОДОВЫЕ ПЕРЕКЛЮЧЕНИЯ НА СИЦИЛИЙСКИЙ ДИАЛЕКТ В РОМАНЕ ДЖ. КУЛИККЬЯ «SICILIA, O CARA. UN VIAGGIO SENTIMENTALE»

The aim of this article is to identify the pragmatic functions of code-switching to the Sicilian dialect of the Italian language in the autobiography of the contemporary Italian writer G. Culicchia. Code switches studied by contact linguistics are the embedded language units of different levels in the matrix language utterance. The author uses I. Y. Mishintseva and G. N. Chirsheva's classification of pragmatic functions for studying code switches in literary works. The foreign language units in G. Culicchia’s work perform two groups of functions: functions characteristic of fiction (creating the effect of communication in the Embedded Language in the literary work) and those characteristic of spoken language (topic-related, metalinguistic, citing and emotional functions). The topic-related function of codeswitches is used to convey Sicilian culture realities as well as the direct speech of the author’s Sicilian relatives. The metalinguistic function of the code-switches under analysis involves introducing the reader to pronunciation and lexical features of the Sicilian dialect. The citing function means the author’s citing of Sicilian proverbs and sayings. The emotional function consists in expressing the author’s emotions and feelings towards Sicily and Sicilian relatives. Thus, the pragmatic functions show that the code-switches under analysis are the source of subjective and objective information in the novel. The Sicilian code-switches have a graphic feature in the novel: all of them are printed in italics. The italic type as a graphic stylistic device is used to logically separate Sicilian words from Italian lexis, to convey emotions, to separate the author’s Italian speech from the other characters’ Sicilian dialect.

The dynamic specificity of interlingual interference within the context of virtual space: towards the theoretical framework of the phenomenon (by the example of political discourse)

This paper deals with the problem of interference within the context of language convergence in virtual space. The study aims to analyze in detail the role of virtual space communication as a new favorable environment for interferential processes not just on the structural level, on the conceptual level too, since deviation from language norms as a serving instrument in terms of formation of the linguistic picture of the world results in changing the way one conceptualizes reality. The major research methods are contrastive analysis and conceptual analysis. The practical significance of the research is determined by the fact that its results can be used in the educational process, for example, when teaching various courses in intercultural communication, political psychology, sociology, cultural and contact linguistics, (foreign) language teaching, cross-cultural pragmatics, etc. The authors come to a conclusion that significant modifications on the conceptual level occur due to language contacts intensification and because of a stable interference pattern in speech and affect communicants’ behavior. This in turn leads to conceptual transformation in language and, as a result, in the way of thinking. The most significant manifestation of this phenomenon can be seen in the political life of the society.