Sodium Consumption Research Articles

Association of Funding and Meal Preparation Time With Nutritional Quality of Meals of Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Recipients

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is a federal program that provides food-purchasing assistance to low-income people; however, its current design does not account for the time availability of SNAP recipients to prepare meals. To evaluate the association of the availability of funding for food purchases and time for meal preparation with the nutritional quality of meals of SNAP recipients. This study used decision analytical modeling to evaluate the nutritional quality of meals of SNAP recipients. The model was developed from February 6, 2017, to December 12, 2020, using data from 2017 and is based on discrete optimization. The model describes food and grocery purchasing, in-home meal preparation, and meal plan choices of a family of SNAP participants (2 adults and 2 children) while considering food preferences, meal preparation time, and food costs. The model assumes food preferences match the foods typically purchased by SNAP households. Costs of food ingredients and prepared foods are taken from a single zip code. Time availability and total amount and type of funding were varied. Allowing prepared delicatessen foods and disallowing frozen prepared foods for purchase using SNAP funds were considered. The primary outcome was the number of home-cooked meals and the amounts of fruits, vegetables, protein, sodium, sugar, and fiber consumed from generated meal plans. Amounts were evaluated as a percentage of the quantity recommended by established dietary guidelines. Increased time availability was associated with increases in the percentage of home-cooked meals and servings of fruits/vegetables and decreased sodium consumption. Higher levels of funding were associated with increased consumption of fiber, fruits/vegetables, protein, sodium, and sugar. With 20 min/d of cooking time, $400/mo of SNAP benefits, and $100/mo of self-funding, the meal plan had a mean (SE) of 20.1% (0.3%) of meals home cooked, 0.5 (<0.1) servings/d per person of fruits/vegetables, 100.3% (0.6%) of daily recommended protein per person, 115.1% (0.8%) of daily recommended sodium per person, 241.8% (1.0%) of daily recommended sugar per person, and 31.2% (0.3%) of daily recommended fiber per person. With 20 min/d of cooking time, $400/mo of SNAP benefits, and $600/mo of self-funding, the meal plan had a mean (SE) of 23.9% (1.0%) of meals home cooked, 2.8 (0.1) servings/d per person of fruits/vegetables, 134.9% (1.6%) of daily recommended protein per person, 200.9% (3.1%) of daily recommended sodium per person, 295.1% (3.1%) of daily recommended sugar per person, and 90.1% (1.0%) of daily recommended fiber per person. With 60 min/d of cooking time, $400/mo of SNAP benefits, and $100/mo of self-funding, the meal plan had a mean (SE) of 52.7% (0.9%) of meals home cooked, 1.4 (<0.1) servings/d per person of fruits/vegetables, 109.0% (1.1%) of daily recommended protein per person, 108.7% (1.0%) of daily recommended sodium per person, 298.6% (2.0%) of daily recommended sugar per person, and 38.8% (0.4%) of daily recommended fiber per person. With 60 min/d of cooking time, $400/mo of SNAP benefits, and $600/mo of self-funding, the meal plan had a mean (SE) of 42.8% (1.2%) meals home cooked, 4.3 (0.1) servings/d per person of fruits/vegetables, 144.4% (1.8%) of daily recommended protein per person, 165.2% (2.8%) of daily recommended sodium per person, 322.4% (2.4%) of daily recommended sugar per person, and 91.0% (0.9%) of daily recommended fiber per person. In this decision analytical model, meal preparation time was associated with the ability of SNAP recipient families to consume nutritious meals, suggesting that increased funding alone may be insufficient for improving the nutritional profiles of SNAP recipients. Given the current US food supply, governmental interventions that provide the equivalence in increased time availability to achieve nutritious meals may be needed.

PERBEDAAN RATA-RATA LINGKAR PERUT, KONSUMSI KARBOHIDRAT, DAN NATRIUM LANSIA HIPERTENSI PRIMER STAGE 1 DENGAN STAGE 2 PUSKESMAS ARJUNO KOTA MALANG

The risk factors for hypertension are abdominal obesity, carbohydrate and sodium intake. The purpose of this study to determine the average difference in abdominal circumference, carbohydrate, and sodium consumption in elderly patients with stage 1 primary hypertension and stage 2 in the Arjuno Public Health, Malang City. The research method used a cross sectional design, during November 2016. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, the inclusion criteria were aged &gt;55 years and suffering from primary hypertension. Abdominal circumference was measured using metlin, carbohydrate and sodium consumption obtained from a 1x24 hour recall interview. Data analysis used independent t test and Mann Whitney. The results showed that there was a difference in the average sodium consumption of the elderly with stage 1 primary hypertension and stage 2 from a significant p-value (p=0,032). Meanwhile, abdominal circumference and carbohydrate intake did not show an average difference between the elderly with primary hypertension stage 1 and stage 2 (p=0,580; p=0,332).The results showed that there was no difference in the average abdominal circumference and carbohydrate consumption with the hypertension stage, but there was an average difference between sodium consumption in the elderly with primary hypertension stage 1 and stage 2. It is recommended to provide education to the elderly in the work area of ​​the Arjuno Health Center Malang City about a balanced nutritional diet, low in carbohydrates, and low in sodium to keep his blood pressure more stable. Further research to widen the age range towards a younger and increase the number of samples.

Dietary Sodium 'Controversy'-Issues and Potential Solutions.

High dietary sodium is estimated to be the leading dietary risk for death attributed to 1.8 million deaths in 2019. There are uniform recommendations to reduce sodium consumption based on evidence that increased dietary sodium is responsible for approximately a third of the prevalence of hypertension, and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials show that sodium reduction lowers blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and total mortality. Nevertheless, there is a perception that the beneficial effect of reducing dietary sodium is controversial. We provide experiential evidence relating to some sources of the controversy and propose potential solutions. Inappropriate research methodology, lack of rigor in research, conflicts of interest and commercial bias, questions of professional conduct, and lack of policies to protect public interests are likely to contribute to the controversy about reducing dietary sodium. There is a failure to protect policies to reduce dietary sodium from nonscientific threats. Significant efforts need to be made to ensure the integrity of nutritional research and maintain public trust.

Health gains through loss frames: Testing the effectiveness of message framing on citizens’ use of nutritional warnings

The aim of the present work was twofold: (i) to evaluate the effect of nutritional warnings and health-related packaging cues (nutrient claim and images of natural foods) on consumers' food choices, and (ii) to evaluate the influence of two types of messages (gain-framed and loss-framed) aimed at encouraging the use of such warnings and packaging cues on food choices. A total of 510 participants were recruited using an advertisement on Facebook and Instagram targeted at Uruguayan adult users. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental groups: control (n = 167), loss-framed messages (n = 177) and gain-framed messages (n = 166). Then, they completed a choice-conjoint task involving packages of crackers differing in three variables: nutritional warnings (present vs. absent), nutrient claim (present vs. absent) and images of seeds and wheat (present vs. absent). Warnings were the most relevant package element driving choices, even when participants were not exposed to any type of message. Exposure to loss-framed messages led to changes in the relative importance attached to the package characteristics, whereas gain-framed messages did not. Graphic pieces conveying messages encouraging the use of nutritional warnings by stressing the negative consequences of excessive consumption of sugar, fat, and sodium increased the relative importance attached to nutritional warnings and decreased the relative importance attached to health-related cues (nutrient claims and images of seeds and wheat). These results suggest that public awareness campaigns aimed at encouraging citizens to use nutritional warnings should emphasize the negative health consequences of excessive intake of sugar, fat, and sodium.

Dietary Sodium Restriction Results in Tissue-Specific Changes in DNA Methylation in Humans.

[Figure: see text].

Sermons to Address Obesity in Partnership With African American and Latino Churches

Sermons to Address Obesity in Partnership With African American and Latino Churches

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIFESTYLE AND THE INCIDENCE OF HYPERTENSION AMONG FARMERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES OF PANTI, JEMBER REGENCY

Unhealthy lifestyle among farmers contributed a risk for increasing blood pressures. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between lifestyle and the incidence of hypertension among farmers in public health services of Panti, Jember Regency. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 248 farmers using stratified random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure sociodemographic of farmers, lifestyles questionnaire, while sphygmomanometer was measured blood pressure. Chi Square test was used to analyze the relationship between lifestyle and incidence of hypertension. This study found that lifestyle of farmers were 52.4% of moderate physical activity, 59.3% of no smoking, 61.2% of sodium consumption, and 59.3% of no stress. Meanwhile, the incidence of hypertension was 39,5% of systolic prehipertension and 33.5% of normal diastolic. There were significantly relationship between physical activity (X2 = 75,657 and P-value= &lt;0,001), smoking (X2= 18,621 and P-value= &lt;0.001), sodium consumption (X2= 13.291 and P-value= 0,039), stress (X2= 44,386 and P-value= &lt;0.001) and the incidence of hypertension in systolic blood pressure. The relationship between physical activity (X2= 43,002 and P-value= &lt;0,001), smoking (X2= 25.702 and P-value= &lt;0.001), sodium consumption (X2= 12.541 and P-value= 0,014), stress (X2= 36,378 and P-value= &lt;0.001)and the incidence of hypertension in diastolic blood pressure. The conclusion of this study, there are relationship between lifestyle and incidence of hypertension. Therefore, farmers could modify their lifestyle to maintain a blood pressure.

The Health and Housing Study: Nutrition-Related Outcomes Among Low- to Moderate-Income Individuals Living in or Seeking to Live in New Subsidized Chinatown-Based Housing

Abstract Objectives Housing stability, food security and healthy eating are interrelated. In 2015, a housing lottery for newly developed subsidized housing in Chinatown, Boston, MA was held for low- and moderate- income families who were randomly selected from a waitlist. Four years later (19/20), our study explores the associations between housing status (living in the new subsidized building (NSB) or being on the lottery waitlist) and Food Insecurity (FI); use of food safety net programs (SN), defined as use of SNAP, WIC and/or food pantries; weekly fruit and vegetable consumption (FV); weekly soda consumption; and monthly fast food consumption (FF). Methods Questionnaire links were sent to NSB (n = 95) and waitlist (n = 2498) households. Logistic regression was used to explore the association between housing status and (1) FI (2-item screener) and (2) use of SN (self-reported use in the past year). Linear regression with robust standard error estimation was used to explore the association between housing status and weekly consumption of (1) FV, (2) soda, and (3) monthly consumption of FF, (assessed through health behavior questions from the California Health Interview Survey). Models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, household size, education, income, employment status and distance to grocery store. Results 138 respondents completed the survey; NSB = 36, waitlist = 102. The two housing status groups were demographically similar. Respondents in the NSB showed non-statistically significant lower odds of experiencing FI (OR 0.65, 95% CI [0.3, 1.6]) and of using SN (OR 0.45, 95% CI [0.1, 1.6]). Respondents in the NSB showed non-statistically significant higher weekly consumption of FV (β 2.03, 95% CI [−1.5, 5.6]); lower weekly consumption of soda (β −0.39, 95% CI [−1.9, 1.1]) and lower monthly consumption of FF (β −1.19, 95% CI [−3.9, 1.5]), when compared to respondents on the waitlist. Conclusions In this small sample, main outcomes were not significantly different. Dietary intakes among NSB residents were consistently positive compared to waitlist residents. Future studies should continue to explore mechanisms through which living in a NSB may impact nutrition and health outcomes. Funding Sources Tufts Collaborates Seed Grants. Conclusions do not represent any U.S. Department of Agriculture office or Government determination. This research was not part of MI's work at USDA.

Case Study: Mexican Obese Child

ObjectivesIntroduction: The risk of overweight and obesity development, is determined by the exposure to many factors. Around 40% of Mexican kids are living with this disease. MethodsCase Description: A 14-year-old patient is referred to a nutritional support appointment. The patient had no interest on her health, but her brother wanted to help her. Assessment: The first 3 months of life exclusive breastfeeding, after that formula and juices. She began gaining weight at age seven. Height (1.62 m), weight (80.4 kg), fat mass (40%), waist (96 cm) and neck circumference (37 cm). Glucose 98 mg/dL, cholesterol 189 mg/dL, triacylglicerides 250 mg/dL, HDL 45 mg/dL and LDL 140 mg/dL. Energy intake 1800 calories with high sugar consumption (1 liter of soda/day). Sedentary behavior with 6 hours/day on a screen. She was on the pre-contemplation stage of the Transtheoretical Model. Diagnosis: Obesity, related to a high consumption of sugar and a sedentary lifestyle, evidenced by food analysis and family report. Intervention: We developed a strategy of food exchange based on colored-coins in order to get the patient involved in the process. The patient’s brother took responsibility to help his sister with food selection. SMART goals were stablished, involving less soda consumption and daily physical activity. Monitoring and Evaluation: During her follow-up (1st month), the patient reduced 1.7 kg, 3 cm waist, glucose, cholesterol, triacylglicerides and LDL levels. ResultsDiscussion: When treating overweight children, the family and environment play a crucial roll. Getting her brother involved in the process was a good strategy, because he spent most part of the day with her; and was aware of her eating patterns. In this specific case, a colored-coin and food lists strategy was implemented, taking into account her initial lack of interest. This strategy helped her cognitive development, thus she moved in to the action stage of the Transtheoretical Model. ConclusionsConclusions: Child obesity treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, but most of all, family commitment. In this case, the brother roll was an essential part of the treatment success. Our responsibility as health workers is to guide lifestyle changes and help to implement them. With this kid, the colored-coin game was the key to getting her attention in her eating habits. Funding SourcesN/A.

Increased Sodium Consumption Is Associated With Abdominal Obesity in Older Adults

ObjectivesSodium intake has been widely studied for its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and blood pressure (BP) changes. Some studies have suggested that sodium intake is associated with an increased risk of obesity. Although BMI is a common measure of obesity, waist circumference (WC) may serve as a better predictor of increased obesity-related CVD risk. The objective of this study was to examine the association of measures of body fat distribution including body mass index (BMI), WC, waist to hip ratio (WHP), and waist to height ratio (WHT) with sodium intake and BP in older adults. MethodsOne hundred twenty-eight adults aged 65–80 were included in this cross-sectional study. Dietary data was collected through a food frequency questionnaire (110 food items). Anthropometric and BP measurements were also collected. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of obesity measures with sodium intake and BP levels. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in sodium and BP readings between BMI categories (Normal: 18.5–24.9; Overweight: 25.0–29.9 and Obese: 30.0 and above). ResultsWC and WHT were both significantly associated with sodium intake after controlling for age, gender, physical activity, and total calorie intake. Obese individuals consumed significantly more sodium than individuals with normal weight (2834 ± 974 mg in obese individuals; 2172 ± 840 mg in normal weight individuals; P = 0.044). BMI, WC, WHP, and WHT were significantly associated with systolic and diastolic BP. Mean systolic BP was significantly different between individuals with normal BMI and obese BMI (126 ± 16.5 mmHg in normal BMI; 139.7 ± 22.9 mmHg in obese BMI; P = 0.047). The mean diastolic BP showed a statistically significant difference between the normal BMI and overweight individuals (70.9 ± 10.4 mmHg in normal BMI; 79.3 ± 15.2 mmHg in overweight; P = 0.036) but not in obese individuals. ConclusionsHigher sodium consumption was significantly related with higher abdominal body fat mass as measured by WC and WHT in older adults. Higher BMI, WC, WHP, and WHT were also associated with systolic and diastolic BP levels. Our findings suggest that excessive sodium intake is an independent risk factor for obesity in older adults. Funding SourcesNone.

Usual Intake of Food Pattern Components by U.S. Adolescents: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2015–2018

Abstract Objectives To estimate the usual, or long-term, adherence to recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), 2015–2020 by U.S. adolescents. Methods The analysis used dietary intake data from What We Eat in America, NHANES, 2015–2018. The sample included 1510 (740 male, 770 female) and 1421 (715 male, 706 female) adolescents age 9–13 yr and 14–18 yr, respectively. USDA's Food Patterns Equivalents Database and the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 2015–2016 and 2017–2018 were used to determine the consumption of Food Pattern components, added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. Usual intake estimates representative of the U.S. population were produced using the National Cancer Institute method and compared to the DGA energy-specific recommendations based on age, sex, and assuming the lowest physical activity level. Results Adolescents age 9–13 yr had significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.001) higher percentages meeting the DGA recommended intake than 14–18 yr for fruit (18% vs 8%) and grains (86% vs 60%). For components to limit, adolescents 9–13 yr had significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.001) lower percentages meeting the DGA recommendation for sodium less than the upper limit (2% vs 13%). When compared by age within sex, females age 9–13 yr had significantly higher percentages meeting the recommended intake than 14–18 yr for dairy (14% vs 4%) and grains (86% vs 55%) and lower percentages meeting the recommendation for sodium less than the upper limit (3% vs 23%). Males age 9–13 yr had significantly higher percentages meeting the recommended intake than age 14–18 yr for fruit (16% vs 4%) and grains (86% vs 65%). Conclusions Although adolescents age 9–13 yr had higher percentages than 14–18 yr meeting select recommended intakes, there was a lower percentage meeting the recommendation for sodium intake. With the exception of intake of grains, less than half of adolescents age 9–13 yr and 14–18 yr met any of the DGA recommendations for intake. These results reinforce the need for age-specific nutrition education. Funding Sources USDA.

Is the Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption Associated With the Total Amount of Nutrients Consumed?: Findings From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Abstract Objectives It has been shown that the consumption of ultra-processed foods(UPF) is positively associated with the amount of added sugar consumption, and the incidence of various noncommunicable diseases. Most of the previous studies were published in Western countries. This study aims to analyze the association between UPF consumption and the consumption of sugar, sodium, fat, and calories among the Asian population. Methods The food consumption data collected by 24-hour recalls in nationally representative samples of 6308 were analyzed. Foods were categorized into 4 groups according to the degree of process and the NOVA classification suggested by Monteiro in 2019 was used. Microsoft Excel 2019 and Stata 16.0 were used for the analysis. Results The consumed weight of UPF was 106 grams in the 1st quintile group; whereas 1044 grams in the 5th quintile group. The total mean caloric intake among 1st and 5th quintiles of UPF consumption were 1418 kcal and 2895 kcal, respectively. The percentages of energy consumed through total sugar were 10.6% in 1st quintile and 11.2% in 5th quintile groups. The percentages of energy consumed from free sugar were 3.7% and 8.7% in 1st and 5th quintiles, respectively. The absolute amount of total fat and saturated fat consumptions were 24.7 grams and 7.2 grams among 1st quintile group. On the contrary, 74.4 grams of total fat and 25.3 grams of saturated fat were consumed among 5th quintile group. The percentages of energy consumed from fat were 15.7% and 23.1% in 1st and 5th quintiles, respectively. Lastly, 2311 mg of sodium (1629 mg/1000 kcal) were consumed in 1st quintile group; whereas 4787 mg of sodium (1653 mg/1000 kcal) were consumed in 5th quintile group. Conclusions It is found that as the level of UPF consumption increases, the consumption of calories, sugars, sodium in absolute amount, and fat increase. The absolute amount of UPF consumption is lower in South Korea than in other Western countries. However, the UPF consumption is alarming among the highest consumption group. Since the use of UPF is expected only to increase due to its convenience and taste, it would be important to monitor the subgroup of the population who have high levels of UPF consumption. Funding Sources This research is supported by the National Food Safety Information Service.

Diabetes and associated dietary intake among urban adults: COPEN (Colombian Nutritional Profiles)—a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesDiabetes is increasing rapidly in low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of diabetes, describe its correlates and its associated dietary intake in urban adults from Colombia.SettingThe...

MO506RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SODIUM CONSUMPTION, PRO-INFLAMMATORY PARAMETERS AND KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE JACKSON HEART STUDY

Abstract Background and Aims Kidney disease is thought to be linked to inflammation. Pro-inflammatory parameters like C-reactive protein (CRP), endothelin-1, and TNF-a inversely associate with kidney function cross-sectionally and some have predictive value for longer-term kidney outcomes. Given the recently argued pro-inflammatory effect of sodium, we questioned whether sodium consumption has a role in the relationship between pro-inflammatory parameters and renal outcomes. Method Our research question was investigated using the Jackson Heart Study, which is a large prospective cohort study involving n=5301 Afro-Americans residing in Jackson, Mississippi, US. Spot urine sodium was used to estimate 24-hour sodium excretion with the Kawasaki formula, serving as a proxy for sodium consumption, and was available for n=1831 participants (depicting a random sample of the total population) that had a median follow-up of 8 years. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the relationship between sodium consumption and pro-inflammatory parameters. The parameters available for this cohort involved endothelin-1, high-sensitivity CRP, and leukocyte subsets (monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes). Models were adjusted for potential confounders, involving sex, age, body mass index, estimated potassium intake, smoking status, and presence of diabetes. Subsequently, linear regression analyses between pro-inflammatory parameters and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR CKD-EPI) and change during follow-up were carried out with and without adjustment for sodium consumption as a confounder, to explore the possibility of a causal mediating pathway. Results Increased sodium consumption significantly associates with increased serum endothelin-1 levels in both unadjusted and adjusted models (Table 1). There was no association between sodium consumption and leukocyte subsets. There was a negative association between sodium consumption and CRP (Table 2). CRP was not associated with eGFR at baseline (p=0.20) or eGFR change from baseline (p=0.20). Endothelin-1 was inversely associated with eGFR at baseline (beta -0.06, p&amp;lt;0.001) and with eGFR change from baseline (beta 2.3 p=0.03). However, when these models were corrected for sodium consumption, endothelin-1 was no longer a significant predictor (beta -0.01 p=0.4 for eGFR at baseline) or was inversed (beta -0.1; p=0.001 eGFR during follow-up). Conclusion In this prospective cohort of Afro-Americans, increased sodium consumption is associated with increased circulating endothelin-1 levels. If this relationship proves to be causal (as suggested by animal sodium loading studies), this implies that sodium consumption may (at least partly) be underlying the relationship between endothelin-1 and worse renal outcomes.

Determinants of the Consumption of Regular Soda, Sport, and Energy Beverages in Spanish Adolescents.

Increasing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption and associated health impacts warrant health-policy action. We assessed associations of socioeconomic and lifestyle variables with adolescents’ consumption of regular soda (RSD), sport (SD), and energy (ED) drinks. Cross-sectional study of 3930 Spanish adolescents (2089 girls, 1841 boys) aged 13–18 years). We compared frequency of consuming each SSB type (European Food Safety Authority questionnaire) with sociodemographic and lifestyle variables (standardized questions). RSD, SD, and ED were consumed at least weekly by 72.7%, 32.3%, and 12.3% of participants, respectively, and more frequently (p < 0.001) by boys, compared to girls. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression showed inverse association between RSD, SD, and ED consumption and parental occupation-based socioeconomic status (p < 0.01). Daily smoking was associated (p < 0.001) with higher ED (OR 3.64, 95% CI 2.39–5.55) and RSD (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.56–2.97) consumptions. SD intake was associated inversely with smoking (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40–0.89, p = 0.012) and directly with physical activity (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.18–3.95, p < 0.001). School performance was lower among ED (OR 2.14, 95% CI, 1.37–3.35, p = 0.001) and RSD (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.24–2.64, p = 0.002) consumers, compared to SD. Maleness and low socioeconomic status predicted SSB consumption. Smoking and low school performance were associated with higher ED and RSD intakes.

MO079SOY PROTEINS PREVENT HEART REMODELING IN WISTAR RATS ON HIGH SODIUM CHLORIDE DIET

Abstract Background and Aims Increased salt intake has been linked to a number of poor effects, such as myocardial remodeling [1], independently of blood pressure level. Yet, many aspects of this remodeling are not well understood. The aim of the study was to find echocardiographic myocardial changes in Wistar rats on high sodium chloride (NaCl) diet, as well as to prove protective effects of diet, containing soy proteins. Method 28 male Wistar rats (age of 2.5-3.0 months) were enrolled in the observational prospective study (4 month) and subdivided into several groups. 1) Standard diet-Control group (C, n = 8, 20.16% protein of animal origin and 0.34% NaCl); 2) High salt diet (n = 10, 8% NaCl); 3) Low-protein diet (n=10, 10% soy protein (SUPRO 760) and 8% NaCl). Tail systolic blood pressure (BP) measurement, as well as echocardiographic examination were performed in anesthetized rats. Statistical analysis was performed with STATISTICA 10 software package. Fisher's LSD test was used. The significance level was &amp;lt;0.05. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. Results Keeping rats on a diet with 8% NaCl did not lead to significant changes in blood pressure (group 2 - 138.0 + 5.0, group 3 - 134.0 + 5.0 mm Hg), compared to C (135.0 + 5.0 mm Hg). On the contrary, left ventricle back wall width in rats of group 2 was significantly higher (1.83 ± 0.09 mm, p &amp;lt;0.02), than in C (1.49 ± 0.10 mm) or animals from group 3 (1, 47 ± 0.09mm). The values of end systolic left ventricle size, interventricular septum width, mitral valve systolic movement and tricuspid valve systolic movement in group 3 were significantly lower (1.67 ± 0.08 mm, 2.18 ± 0.13 mm, 2.70 ± 0.23 mm), than in group 2 (3.26 ± 0.33mm, p &amp;lt;0.037; 2.00 ± 0.12mm, p &amp;lt;0.043; 2.67mm ± 0.15, p &amp;lt;0.0124; 3.56 ± 0.34mm , p &amp;lt;0.0148, respectively). At the same time, left ventricular chamber size and thickness of interventricular septum did not differ significantly. In C animals, mitral valve movement (1.96 ± 0.09 mm; p &amp;lt;0.0008) and tricuspid valve movement (2.35 ± 0.07 mm; p&amp;lt;0.0012) were significantly lower than in rats of group 2 but not differed much from the values found in group 3. Conclusion High sodium containing diet does not necessarily lead to the development of arterial hypertension in Wistar rats, but may cause heart remodeling, while soy proteins counteracts the development of left ventricle hypertrophy, even in case of high sodium consumption.

The addition of a flavor enhancer minimizes the effects of sodium reduction in beef burgers / A adição de aromatizante minimiza os efeitos da redução de sódio em hambúrguer bovino

A high consumption of sodium can increase the risk of vascular diseases such as hypertension. Brazilian and worldwide institutions have been proposing reducing the sodium chloride content in foods, but this strategy could reduce consumer acceptance. This study evaluated the technological and sensory profiles of reduced-sodium chloride beef burgers with the addition of flavor enhancers: CON (100% sodium chloride); T0 (reduced sodium chloride); T1 (reduced sodium chloride + PuraQ®AromaNA4); and T2 (reduced sodium chloride + Meat Flavor - IFF). The microbiological, physicochemical, color, technological and sensory parameters of the beef burger were analyzed. The sodium chloride reduction added by flavor enhancers did not alter the microbiological, physicochemical, color, technological or sensory parameters of the hamburgers. It was identified that the sodium chloride reduction promoted lower ash content, water retention capacity and flavor when compared to the control, however, the addition of flavor enhancers minimized these losses. The addition of the Meat Aroma – IFF exhibited a greater reduction of sodium chloride in the formulation. The principal component analysis associated “succulence” to the Control and T0 formulations, “ideal seasoning” to the Control, “salty” to T1 and “tenderness” to T2. It was concluded that the addition of flavor enhancers was a feasible strategy to develop sodium chloride-reduced beef burgers, Meat Aroma – IFF being the best option.

Relationship of Characteristics, Lifestyle and Exposure of Carbon Monoxide with Blood Pressure of Motorcycle Repair Shop Mechanics at Medan City in 2020

High blood pressure is a condition where the systolic blood pressure is &gt;140 mmHg and diastolic &gt;90 mmHg. Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death in the world. The factors that cause hypertension are genetics, age, obesity, lifestyle, stress, and food consumption patterns. Continuous exposure to carbon monoxide gas at high concentrations can also cause an increase in blood pressure. This study aims to analyze the relationship of characteristics, lifestyle, and exposure of carbon monoxide with blood pressure of motorcycle repair shop mechanics at Medan City. This study is an observational study using a cross-sectional design. This research was conducted at 12 workshops in 6 sub-districts in Medan City. The sample in this study amounted to 70 mechanics. Carbon monoxide exposure data were calculated using the intake formula in the ARKL study. Mechanical blood pressure data were obtained by direct measurement twice with an interval of five minutes using a sphygmomanometer. Data analysis using bivariate test. The results showed that 54.3 percent of mechanics had high blood pressure and there was one workshop that had a CO concentration in the air that exceeded the quality standard value, namely 31,329.2 μg/Nm3. There was a significant relationship between a history of hypertension (p=0.005), smoking habits (p=0.001), physical activity (p=0.006), and sodium intake (p=0.015) with blood pressure. There was no significant relationship between exposure of carbon monoxide and systolic pressure (p=0.067) and diastolic (p=0.606). Mechanics should be able to change and control risky lifestyles by increasing physical activity, controlling cigarette consumption, reducing sodium consumption, routinely going to health services and taking hypertension drugs for mechanics who have high blood pressure. Keywords: History of Hypertension, Smoking Habits, Physical Activity, Sodium Intake, Carbon Monoxide, Systolic, Diastolic, Blood Pressure.

Differences of sodium consumption pattern hypertension sufferer in coastal and highland communities in Wakatobi islands

Available data indicate that food sodium (such as salt) is directly related to blood pressure (BP). The research aims to look at the different sodium consumption patterns of hypertension sufferers in two different coastal areas and highland areas in the Wakatobi Islands. The type of research is observational analytic research using a cross-sectional design. This study has been carried out in the District of Wangi-Wangi, especially in the MolaSamaturu villages and Waginopo Village in October 2019. The number of research samples is 100 people (50 respondents in Mola Samaturu Village and 50 people in Waginopo Village). The results showed the differences between sodium consumption patterns in hypertensive sufferers in Mola Samaturu Village and Waginopo Village with a p-value = 0,000 &lt;α 0.05. Sodium consumption patterns in coastal communities are higher than in highlands community.

What people really know about hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors. Recommendations vs reality

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The WOBASZ II project was financed by the resources available to the Minister of Health as part of the POLKARD National Program to Equalise Accessibility to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment for 2010–2012, the goal of which was to monitor the epidemiological situation in Poland in the field of cardiovascular diseases. Cyclically, new guidelines are developed to prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVD). But unfortunately their implementation in clinical practice is poor. The aim of the study was 1) to evaluate the awareness of CVD prevention principles in a representative sample of adult residents of Poland with diagnosed hypertension (HT); 2) to investigate the prevalence of modifiable CVD risk factors such as obesity, hyperlipemia, smoking, low physical activity, excessive intake of sodium, insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption in the daily diet, and to determine the extent to which recommendations for CVD prevention are implemented in everyday practice; 3) to evaluate how knowledge of CVD risk factors affects the control of HT. The study covered 2783 individuals with diagnosed HT. 72,2% knew the term ‘risk factor’. Spontaneously listed risk factors for CVD: HT 36,8%, smoking 43,3%, overweight and obesity 28,5%, unhealthy food 30,9%, increased cholesterol level 25,3%, and low physical activity 25,1%. Complications that can be caused by untreated HT, were listed by 72,6% to be a stroke, heart diseases by 57,8%, atherosclerotic lesions in the arteries by 17,7%, kidney disease by 9,5%, and vision disorder by 9,2%. Prevention methods other than medication were listed by more physical activity 38,8%, reduction of body weight in overweight people 45,5%, stop smoking 43,7%, conducting a regular lifestyle 42,1%, limiting fat intake 38,3%, restrictions on drinking alcohol 37,5%, daily consumption of vegetables and fruits 20,6%. No prevention method has been mentioned by 10,5% of patients. 73.2% declared knowledge of the upper limits of the correct blood pressure (BP), but only 10.2% gave the correct values. Overweight was found in 39% of patients, obesity in 36.7%, smoking in 21.3%, low physical activity (&amp;lt;30 min 4-7/week) in 33.4%, sodium intake &amp;gt;1.5g/day in 58.0%, low (&amp;lt;200g/day) consumption of fruits in 84.1%, and vegetables in 70.6%. Controlled BP was only found in 23% and controlled hyperlipidemia only in 11.2% of subjects. During medical visits, about 9.2% of patients did not receive any recommendations for pharmacological treatment even if their BP did not reach the therapeutic goal. Knowledge about CVD risk factors [hypercholesterolemia OR 1,63; HT 1,53; low physical activity 1,24, overweight and obesity 1,23, knowledge about complications of HT [stroke or cerebral ischemia 1,77, heart disease 1,52, nephropathy 1,51, atherosclerosis 1,48, retinopathy 1,38, knowledge about non-pharmacological treatment like regular consumption of vegetables and fruits 1,33 increases the chance of achieving BP control. The knowledge about CVD risk factors and possible complications of HT in patients with HT is low. Factors that have a significant impact on a BP control are: knowledge of CVD risk factors, possible complications of HT and the recommendations given during visits about increasing physical activity and a healthy diet, as well as home and office BP measurements.