Consumption Of Phytoestrogens Research Articles

Dietary recommendations of the Moroccan Society of Rheumatology (SMR) for patients with ostéosarcopenia.

The objective of this study was to develop the first Moroccan recommendations concerning nutrition in patients with osteosarcopenia. A steering committee consisting of rheumatologists and nutritionists drafted the initial version of the recommendations in light of the literature review and the recommendations of international societies. The draft was reviewed by a reading committee of 13 experts to approve the final version. Four overarching principles and ten recommendations were established. The overarching principles emphasize that nutritional advice is not a substitute for the pharmacological treatment of osteosarcopenia. Instead, it should be based on scientific evidence and take into account the specific characteristics of Moroccan society. The recommendations emphasize the significance of adequate calcium and vitamin D intake while evaluating the benefit-risk ratio in instances where calcium supplementation is indicated. A balanced intake of trace elements, vitamins, proteins, and dairy products should be maintained. The Mediterranean diet is recommended, while vegetarian diets and restrictive diets in individuals who are not overweight are not advised. It is recommended that individuals who fast during Ramadan consume a varied and balanced diet. It is recommended that the consumption of soft drinks and alcohol be limited. The consumption of phytoestrogens from food in moderation is considered beneficial as part of a balanced diet. Nevertheless, the use of supplements is not advised. The purpose of this work is to provide Moroccan rheumatologists with a practical tool to improve the nutritional aspect in patients with osteosarcopenia.

The Pros and Cons of Estrogens in Prostate Cancer: An Update with a Focus on Phytoestrogens.

The role of estrogens in prostate cancer (PCa) is shrouded in mystery, with its actions going from angelic to devilish. The findings by Huggins and Hodges establishing PCa as a hormone-sensitive cancer have provided the basis for using estrogens in therapy. However, despite the clinical efficacy in suppressing tumor growth and the panoply of experimental evidence describing its anticarcinogenic effects, estrogens were abolished from PCa treatment because of the adverse secondary effects. Notwithstanding, research work over the years has continued investigating the effects of estrogens, reporting their pros and cons in prostate carcinogenesis. In contrast with the beneficial therapeutic effects, many reports have implicated estrogens in the disruption of prostate cell fate and tissue homeostasis. On the other hand, epidemiological data demonstrating the lower incidence of PCa in Eastern countries associated with a higher consumption of phytoestrogens support the beneficial role of estrogens in counteracting cancer development. Many studies have investigated the effects of phytoestrogens and the underlying mechanisms of action, which may contribute to developing safe estrogen-based anti-PCa therapies. This review compiles the existing data on the anti- and protumorigenic actions of estrogens and summarizes the anticancer effects of several phytoestrogens, highlighting their promising features in PCa treatment.

A Meta-analysis of Transcriptome Data to Investigate the Effect of Soy Isoflavones on Breast Cancer Cell.

Breast cancer ranks as the second highest cause of cancer-linked deaths in women, with varying rates between Western and Asian countries. The consumption of phytoestrogens can influence breast cancer occurrence. To comprehend how soy isoflavones impact breast cancer cells, we conducted a meta-analysis, combining gene expression data from multiple studies. This approach aimed to identify crucial transcriptional characteristics driving breast cancer cell response to soy phytoestrogens. The gene expression profiles obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus and Array Express and were grouped into control and isoflavones exposure conditions. We performed a meta-analysis based on the effect size combination method to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In addition, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, pathway analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and recursive support vector machine (R-SVM) algorithm. Based on this meta-analysis, we identified 3,890 DEGs, of which 2,173 were up-regulated and 1,717 were down-regulated. For example, SGCG, PLK2, and TBC1D9 were the most highly down-regulated genes and EGR3, WISP2, and FKBP4 were the most highly expressed genes in the isoflavones exposure condition. The functional enrichment and pathway analysis were revealed "cell division" and "cell cycle" among the most enriched terms. Among the identified DEGs, 269 transcription factor (TF) genes belonged to 42 TF families, where the C2H2 ZF, bZIP, and bHLH were the most prominent families. We also employed the R-SVM for detecting the most important genes to classify samples into isoflavones exposure and control conditions. It identified a subset of 100 DEGs related to regulation of cell growth, response to estradiol, and intermediate ribonucleoside monophosphate in the purine (IMP) metabolic process. Moreover, the WGCNA separated the DEGs into five discrete modules strongly enriched for genes involved in cell division, DNA replication, embryonic digit morphogenesis, and cell-cell adhesion. Our analysis provides evidence suggesting that isoflavone affects various mechanisms in cells, including pathways associated with NF-κB, Akt, MAPK, Wnt, Notch, p53, and AR pathways, which can lead to the induction of apoptosis, the alteration of the cell cycle, the inhibition of angiogenesis, and interference in the redox state of cells. These findings can shed light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the response of breast cancer cells to isoflavones.

Association between Phytoestrogen Consumption and Female Reproductive Health: A Systematic Review of Experimental Models

AbstractPhytoestrogens have been shown as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, breast cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. However, due to its unique chemical structure, phytoestrogen may cause unintended estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic effects on the human body, especially with regard to female reproductive health and performance. Hence, this systematic review aims to provide a critical evaluation of in vitro and in vivo evidence from the literature regarding the adverse effects of phytoestrogens on female reproductive health. The literature search was performed on four electronic databases including Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 965 studies were screened but only 58 of them were found to be relevant and assessed for eligibility. Of these, 23 studies met the eligibility criteria while the remaining studies were excluded due to insufficiently described methods and lack of clear findings being reported. From the review, phytoestrogens may alter the development of reproductive organs, prolong the estrus cycle, induce the accumulation of fluid in the uterus, and inhibit ovulation. The concentration and exposure duration of phytoestrogens may have different effects on the reproductive organs. Thus, further studies are warranted on the toxicodynamic, toxicokinetic, mode of action, and mechanism of actions of phytoestrogens on the female reproductive system to establish recommendations regarding phytoestrogen supplement consumption for women.

Frequency of Phytoestrogen Consumption and Symptoms at Midlife among Bangladeshis in Bangladesh and London.

There is a longstanding interest in the relationship between diet and hot flash symptoms during midlife, especially in whether phytoestrogens ease menopausal symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine hot flashes, night sweats, trouble sleeping, and vaginal dryness in relation to the intake of foods rich in phytoestrogens among Bangladeshi women aged 35 to 59 years who were living either in Sylhet, Bangladesh (n = 157) or as migrants in London (n = 174). Consumption ranges for phytoestrogens were constructed from food frequencies. We hypothesized that diets rich in isoflavones, lignans, and coumestrol would be associated with lower symptom frequencies. However, adjusted logistic regression results showed that with each incremental increase in general phytoestrogen consumption (scale of 0 to 10), the likelihood of hot flashes increased by 1.4%. Each incremental increase in lignan consumption raised the likelihood of hot flashes by 1.6%. In contrast, the odds of vaginal dryness decreased by 2%, with each incremental increase in phytoestrogen and lignan consumption, and by 4%, with each incremental increase in isoflavone consumption. Night sweats and trouble sleeping were not associated with phytoestrogen intake in logistic regressions. Our findings add to the conflicting data on relationships between phytoestrogens and symptoms associated with menopause.

Integrated multiomic wastewater-based epidemiology can elucidate population-level dietary behaviour and inform public health nutrition assessments.

Population-level nutritional assessments often rely on self-reported data, which increases the risk of recall bias. Here, we demonstrate that wastewater-based epidemiology can be used for near real-time population dietary assessments. Neighbourhood-level, untreated wastewater samples were collected monthly from within an urban population in the south-western United States from August 2017 to July 2019. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identify recurring seasonal dynamics in phytoestrogen consumption, including dietary changes linked to the winter holiday season. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing, we demonstrated the feasibility of detecting sewage-derived human gut bacterial taxa involved in phytoestrogen metabolism, including Bifidobacterium, Blautia and Romboutsia. Combined metabolomic and genomic wastewater analysis can inform nutritional assessments at population scale, indicating wastewater-based epidemiology as a promising tool for actionable and cost-effective data collection to support public health nutrition.

P-670 Phytoestrogen concentration in women’s urine and follicular fluid are associated with better IVF outcomes in euploid single embryo transfer cycles

Abstract Study question What is phytoestrogen exposure impact on the reproductive outcomes of women undergoing IVF treatment? Summary answer Increased urinary and follicular fluid phytoestrogen concentration were associated with better IVF outcomes. What is known already The impact and safety of phytoestrogens, plant-derived isoflavones with estrogenic activity predominantly present in soy, on female reproductive health and on IVF outcomes continues to be hotly debated. Numerous studies suggest healthy benefits of phytoestrogen consumption: protection against reprotoxic substances, reductions in breast and other cancers, fibroids, menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome and obesity. However, many studies suggest a harmful effect due to the endocrine-disruptor properties of phytoestrogens in both male and female reproductive tissues. Its impact on IVF treatments success is still understudied. Study design, size, duration 60 women attending IVI-RMA New Jersey undergoing IVF with single-embryo transfer (SET) of euploid good-quality blastocyst after PGT analysis were recruited. Patients underwent PGT-SET cycles following standard protocols. Concentrations of two phytoestrogens (daidzein and genistein) were measured in follicular fluid (FF) and urine collected at oocyte pick-up (UOP) and urine collected at transfer day (UT). These measurements were correlated with IVF clinical outcomes. Participants/materials, setting, methods Participants were aged 18-42 years old 18.5-29.9 kg/m2 BMI. Measure of both phytoestrogens’ concentration in follicular fluid and urine samples collected at two different time-points was performed by UPLC-MSMS, with internal standards. Urine phytoestrogen concentrations were normalized by creatinine, measured by Jaffe reaction. Generalized linear models were employed to explore IVF outcomes association, estimated as percentile 20th to 80th increase (95% confidence intervals), among log-transformed phytoestrogen concentration. Both unadjusted and age-BMI-adjusted models were applied. Main results and the role of chance In fully adjusted models, higher sum of phytoestrogen concentration in follicular fluid (FF) were significantly associated with higher estradiol at hCG [1.31 (1.04, 1.65), p = 0.023]; whereas the sum of creatinine-corrected phytoestrogens measured in oocyte pick-up urine (UOP) were significantly associated with higher MII oocytes number [1.29 (1.07, 1.56), p = 0.008] and higher fertilized oocytes number [1.34 (1.10, 1.64), p = 0. 004]. Regarding clinical IVF outcomes, in fully adjusted models a higher follicular fluid and oocyte pick-up urine phytoestrogens concentration was significantly associated with higher implantation ratio [8.60 (1.09, 68.03), p = 0. 023] for FF, and [5.01 (0.96, 26.21), p = 0. 05] for UOP; higher clinical pregnancies ratio [5.58 (1.31, 23.73), p = 0.017] for FF, and [3.25 (0.99, 10.63), p = 0.045] for UOP; higher live newborns ratio [5.58 (1.31, 23.73), p = 0.017] for FF, and [3.25 (0.99, 10.63), p = 0.045] for UOP; and higher number of women with live newborns among those who started treatment [4.29 (1.28, 14.38), p = 0.016] for FF, and [2.83 (0.99, 8.07), p = 0.047] for UOP. Limitations, reasons for caution Further studies are needed to confirm this association in other populations, including the measurement of other estrogenic isoflavones and its metabolites. Wider implications of the findings This is the first work evaluating the association between phytoestrogens concentrations in different biofluids and IVF reproductive outcomes. Our results, using an euploid SET, suggest a beneficial effect of phytoestrogen consumption in women undergoing IVF treatment, further studies are needed to assess the benefit of phytoestrogen supplementation on IVF outcomes. Trial registration number -

Особливості розвитку репродуктивної системи щурів нащадків чоловічої статі, що народжені від батька, який до спаровування отримував фітоестрогени

The purpose of the study was the research of the influence of rats father's excessive consumption of phytoestrogens on somato-sexual development and reproductive function of male offspring. Materials and methods. Male parents were fed with a mixture of phytoestrogens before mating with intact females at a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days. In reproductive animals, reproductive function was studied for such characteristics as sexual behavior, fertility, spermogram, the mass of androgen-dependent organs was determined, and the level of sex hormones was determined. Experimental parents were divided into two groups: 1) intact, 2) males who received excess phytoestrogens. After the birth of male offspring from these parents, their reproductive system was examined. Results and discussion. Prolonged administration of phytoestrogens to mature male parents (parents) causes absolute and relative hyperestrogenism (five-fold increase in E2 and vice versa reduction of T/E2 three-fold), which leads to a decrease in copulatory activity (reduction of the number of nurseries and intromissions by 28%), violation of spermatogenesis (reduction of sperm concentration by 39%, doubling the proportion of abnormal forms), at the same time does not affect the reproductive potential of male who were born to fathers who received an excess consumption of phytoestrogens. The presence of excess compounds with estrogenic activity in the diet of adult males in the preconsumption period leads to the birth of male offspring, which have reduced testosterone levels (25%) in the critical period of sexual differentiation of the brain (5 days of life). Descendants of the male sex of the phytoestrogenized father have a normal course of somatic development but are characterized by impaired sexual development (less anogenital distance by 13%) and delayed lowering of the testicles into the scrotum, lower body weight in adulthood (28.2% in 150 day rats). Reproductive function of the offspring of phytoestrogenized father is characterized by differences in sexual behavior: less copulatory activity – 50%, less number intromission, the number of males with ejaculation is 10%; delayed sexual reactions; and lower reproductive potential (two-fold reduction of the integrated indicator of potential fertility of animals). Decreased reproductive potential of the offspring, who were born to fathers who received an excess consumption of phytoestrogens, occurs due to a decrease in the proportion of effective fertilization (pregnant females among those fertilized only 60%), indicating negative changes in sperm, the development of which, starting from the stage of spermatocytes, occurred in conditions of absolute and relative hyperestrogenism. Conclusion. The male who were born to fathers who received an excess consumption of phytoestrogens, have complications in the functioning of the reproductive system

Tofu and Tempeh, the Mostly Sources of Phytoestrogens in Minangkabau Premenopausal Women Ethnicity

Phytoestrogens are estrogen-like substances that come from outside the body, especially from plants. Phytoestrogens can bind to estrogen receptors, causing estrogen-like effects. Consumption of phytoestrogens in premenopausal women may help estrogen function due to decreased production. This study aims to determine the source of phytoestrogens consumed by Minangkabau ethnic premenopausal women. This study used a cross-sectional design conducted on 127 premenopausal women in Padang City, West Sumatra. Data on the intake of source food ingredients were taken through guided interviews using a semiquantitative-food frequent questionnaire (SQ_FFQ). According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) guidelines, the amount of phytoestrogen intake is calculated manually. The study results show five groups of food ingredients containing phytoestrogens most consumed by premenopausal women of Minangkabau ethnicity. It were tofu (97.62 grams/day); fish (70.7 grams/day); oranges (35.36 grams/day); potatoes (34 grams/day), and tempeh (23.3 grams/day). Meanwhile, most food sources of phytoestrogens are tofu (containing 19.26 mg of phytoestrogens / day), tempeh (15.6 mg / day), pure soybean milk (0.04 mg / day) and fish (0.1 mg / day). It can be concluded that tofu and tempeh are food sources of phytoestrogens that are mostly consumed by premenopausal women of Minangkabau ethnicity in Padang City.

Assessment of consumer awareness on the consumption of phytoestrogens in diet and their supplementation - survey studies.

Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds with structural similarity to 17-β-estradiol. They are considered safer substitutes for synthetic drugs, especially in the treatment of menopause related symptoms. They are delivered to the body with diet or as dietary supplements. The aim of the study was to assess consumer awareness of taking phytoestrogens with diet and supplements, as well as the benefits and risks of such supplementation. An original survey form was created for the purpose of the study, 133 questionnaires were completed online, and 100 were distributed to random respondents in the Silesian Voivodship. The vast majority of the respondents (84.5%) was represented by women. The study group was diverse in terms of age, education and place of residence. Most of the respondents (67.4%) encountered the concept of phytoestrogens. Common plants as: flax, sunflower, pumpkin, European olive and hops were indicated as phytoestrogen main sources. A small group of respondents (6%) was convinced of the effectiveness of phytoestrogens and indicated their specific health-promoting activities, 49.4% said that not every therapy with their use would improve health and 42.9% declared lack of knowledge in this area. According to the survey outcomes, 16.7% of respondents unambiguously confirmed beneficial effect of phytoestrogens on menopause symptoms. Half of the respondents had no opinion whether phytoestrogens could be an effective replacement for synthetic drugs based therapies. Incomplete knowledge of society regarding the use of phytoestrogens indicates the need for raising awareness of patients/consumers in this area by medical staff and dietitians. Phytoestrogens, when taken responsibly, can have many benefits for human health.

Phytoestrogens by inhibiting the non-classical oestrogen receptor, overcome the adverse effect of bisphenol A on hFOB 1.19 cells.

Objective(s):Since bisphenol A (BPA) induces bone loss and phytoestrogens enhance the osteoblastogenesis by binding to the non-classical and classical oestrogen receptors, respectively, the present study was aimed to observe the osteoprotective effect of phytoestrogens on BPA-induced osteoblasts in hFOB 1.19 cells.Materials and Methods:All groups of hFOB 1.19 cells were induced with 12.5 μg/ml of BPA except the control (Ctrl) group. Meanwhile, treated groups received phytoestrogens; Daidzein (Dz), Genistein (Gt), Equol (Eq) and 17β-oestradiol (Est) in different concentrations for 24 hr duration.Results:We found that the protein expression of non-classical oestrogen-related receptor (ERRG) was highly expressed in BPA group, whereas classical oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) were relatively increased with phytoestrogens treatment under BPA exposure. The dense actin cytoskeletal filaments were also observed. qRT-PCR showed up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) expressions; significant down-regulation of ERRG and up-regulation of ERα and ERβ were observed in phytoestrogens-treated cells, which was supported by the increased expressions of oestrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2).Conclusion:Phytoestrogens improved the deteriorative effect of BPA via down-regulation of ERRG in hFOB 1.19 cells. This study showed that the efficacy of consumption of phytoestrogens in rendering them as potential therapeutic strategy in combating the adverse bone effects of BPA.

Effects of Dietary Phytoestrogens on Hormones throughout a Human Lifespan: A Review.

Dietary phytoestrogens are bioactive compounds with estrogenic activity. With the growing popularity of plant-based diets, the intake of phytoestrogen-rich legumes (especially soy) and legume-derived foods has increased. Evidence from preclinical studies suggests these compounds may have an effect on hormones and health, although the results of human trials are unclear. The effects of dietary phytoestrogens depend on the exposure (phytoestrogen type, matrix, concentration, and bioavailability), ethnicity, hormone levels (related to age, sex, and physiological condition), and health status of the consumer. In this review, we have summarized the results of human studies on dietary phytoestrogens with the aim of assessing the possible hormone-dependent outcomes and health effects of their consumption throughout a lifespan, focusing on pregnancy, childhood, adulthood, and the premenopausal and postmenopausal stages. In pregnant women, an improvement of insulin metabolism has been reported in only one study. Sex hormone alterations have been found in the late stages of childhood, and goitrogenic effects in children with hypothyroidism. In premenopausal and postmenopausal women, the reported impacts on hormones are inconsistent, although beneficial goitrogenic effects and improved glycemic control and cardiovascular risk markers have been described in postmenopausal individuals. In adult men, different authors report goitrogenic effects and a reduction of insulin in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. Further carefully designed studies are warranted to better elucidate the impact of phytoestrogen consumption on the endocrine system at different life stages.

Pengaruh konsumsi biji rami (Linum usitatissium) terhadap menstruasi pada remaja putri di SMP Negeri 2 Langsa

Background: Flaxseed (Linum Usitatissimum) is a type of grain. Flaxseed is one of the best food sources of phytoestrogens with 379,380 mcg for every 100 grams. The contents of flaxseeds are omega 3, alpha linoleic fatty acids, lignans, vitamin B1, soluble fiber, protein, copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, selenium and phosphorus. Flaxseed has a variety of benefits that are very good for health, one of which is launching menstruation.Objective: To find out the Effect of Consumption of Flax Seed (Linum Usitatissimum) on the Achievement of Adolescent Girls in SMP Negeri 2 Langsa in 2017Method: This research is a quasi experiment, using a Randomized Doublle Blinde Controlles Trial design. This research was conducted at 2 Langsa State Junior High School in 2017. This study consisted of 288 students of VII and VIII Public Middle Schools as many as 288 students. The analysis used to determine differences in menstrual cycles in the treatment and control groups used paired t-test.Results: The results of univariate and bivariate analysis studies where the results were obtained from 136 samples, there was no significant relationship between phytoestrogen consumption with menstrual time p = 0.375 and there was no relationship between phytoestrogen consumption with menstrual cycle and menstrual blood volume with p = 0.119 and p = 0.980. The duration of normal menstruation usually ranges from 5 to 7 days, some even up to 10 days. While the menstrual cycle will be different for each woman. Normally the cycle will repeat every 28 days, but there are also those who have a cycle of up to 42 days.Conclusion: Based on bivariate analysis shows the average menstrual cycle, the length of menstruation, menstrual volume, and Hb levels there were no significant differences in treatment between the pretest and posttest groups.

Phytoestrogens and Breast Diseases: A Matter of Concern for the Gynecologist

Background: This study is the last part of a quadruple series investigating the relationship between breast disorders and the consumption of exogenous sex hormones. Due to the structural similarity of phytoestrogens to estrogen and the confusion associated with their possible estrogenic activity in the breast, this part aims at reviewing of the literature on the relationship between phytoestrogens and breast disorders. Methods: We carried out a thorough search of the existing literature using appropriate keywords with the aim of finding systematic reviews, reviews, cohort studies and clinical trials regarding the effects of phytoestrogens on the breast in the general population, breast cancer survivors, women at high risk of breast cancer and those with benign breast diseases. Results: Many studies have approached the relationship between phytoestrogens and the risk of breast cancer or recurrence of the disease. Also, a few studies have considered the effects of phytoestrogens on benign breast disorders, BRCA genes, and the risk of breast cancer in high risk women. However, the variety of studies and the retrospective nature of many of them make it impossible to draw definite conclusions. Conclusion: Existing data generally supports the safety of phytoestrogen consumption regarding the risk of breast cancer in the general population, in women with benign breast disorders, in those at risk of breast cancer, and even in survivors of the cancer. However, due to insufficient evidence, prescription of high doses of phytoestrogens is still not recommended.

Dietary Phytoestrogen Intake and The Risk of Endometriosis in Iranian Women: A Case-Control Study.

BackgroundEndometriosis is an important gynecologic disease affecting reproductive-age women. Based on the effect of phytoestrogens on inflammatory, immunological and hormonal factors, limited studies have suggested that phytoestrogen consumption could probably modulate endometriosis risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between phytoestrogen intake and endometriosis risk.Materials and MethodsIn the present case-control study, 78 women with a laparoscopically confirmed endome- triosis and 78 normal pelvis women (as the control group), were recruited. Common dietary intake was recorded by a validated 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Type of phytoestrogen in each dietary item was analyzed by the database from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). A logistic regression model was used to determine the association between phytoestrogen intake and endometriosis risk.ResultsHigher intake of total phytoestrogen (P-trend=0.01), total isoflavones (P-trend=0.002) specially formononetin (P-trend=0.04) and glycitein (P-trend=0.04), total lignan (P-trend=0.01) specially secoisolariciresinol (P-trend=0.01) and lariciresinol (P-trend=0.02) and matairesinol (P-trend=0.003), and total coumestrol [third quartile odds ratios (OR): 0.38; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.15-0.96; P-trend=0.1] was related to reduced endometriosis risk. Among food groups, only isoflavin (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.44-0.63), lignan (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.62-0.94), coumestrol (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.51-0.99), phytoestrogen (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.38-0.83) in dairy products and coumestrol in fruits (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.03-0.77) were negatively associated with endometriosis risk.ConclusionPhytoestrogens have a major impact on the level of hormones, and immune and inflammatory markers; thus, it can play an important role in the control and prevention of many diseases. Due to the inflammatory nature of endometriosis and the effect of hormones on the progression of the disease, the role of phytoestrogens consumption in the progression and regression of the disease should be assessed in future works.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Tomato (Lycopersicum commune) and Red Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Juice in Increasing Vaginal Wall Thickness of Menopausal Rats Model

Menopausal period is the period of permanent cessation of menstruation due to reduced or lost ovarian activity. One of the effects of decline estrogen levels during menopause is atropic vulvovaginitis. Consumption of phytoestrogens can reduce menopausal symptoms. Phytoestrogen is found in vegetables and fruits such as tomatoes and red melon. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of red melon juice and tomato on the increase of vaginal wall thickness in menopausal rats. This study revealed an alternative of phytoestrogen sources that is more effective to reduce menopausal symptoms, especially those related to vaginal atrophy to improve the quality of life of menopausal women. Subjects of this study were 27 ovariectomized Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus which were s divided into 3 groups randomly, one control group and two treatment groups with tomato juice and red melon juice at a dose of 330 mg/kgBW/day administered for 28 days. The variable of this study were the thickness of the vaginal wall which was precipitated by Hematoxiline Eosine. The highest vaginal wall thickness was found in the treatment group of red melon juice of 879.89 ± 70.52 µm and the lowest of the control group (K) of 643.3 ± 58.33 µm. The results of Anova test showed that there was a significant difference between control group and treatment groups, the tomato juice and red melon juice with a dose of 330 mg/kgBW/day, so it can be concluded that red melon juice with a dose of 330mg/Kg BW/day has the best effect in increasing the thickness of vaginal wall of menopausal rats as compared with tomato juice.

The Role of Dietary Phytoestrogens and the Nuclear Receptor PPARγ in Adipogenesis: An in Vitro Study.

Background:Phytoestrogens, naturally occurring plant chemicals, have long been thought to confer beneficial effects on human cardiovascular and metabolic health. However, recent epidemiological studies, have yielded conflicting outcomes, in which phytoestrogen consumption was both positively and negatively correlated with adiposity. Interestingly, several dietary phytoestrogens are known to stimulate or inhibit the activity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (), a key physiological regulator of adipogenesis.Objective:The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the pro- or anti-adipogenic activity of phytoestrogen chemicals is related to the ability to activate in adipocytes.Methods:The effects of resveratrol and the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein on adipogenesis were examined in cell-based assays using the 3T3-L1 cell model. In parallel, ligand-mediated alterations in target gene expression were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The agonist/antagonist activities of phytoestrogens on were further assessed by quantifying their ability to affect recruitment of transcriptional cofactors to the receptor.Results:Resveratrol displayed significant anti-adipogenic activities as exhibited by the ability to antagonize -dependent adipocyte differentiation, down-regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism, block cofactor recruitment to , and antagonize the effects of the agonist rosiglitazone. In contrast, genistein and daidzein functioned as agonists while also displaying pro-adipogenic activities.Conclusions:These data provide biological evidence that the pro- or anti-obesity effects of phytoestrogens are related to their relative agonist/antagonist activity on . Thus, -activation assays may enable the screening of dietary components and identification of agents with adipogenic activities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3444

Genistein and Selected Phytoestrogen-Containing Extracts Differently Modulate Antioxidant Properties and Cell Differentiation: an in Vitro Study in NIH-3T3, HaCaT and MCF-7 Cells

During the last decades, plant extracts containing phytoestrogens have increasingly been used as an alternative to oestradiol hormone replacement therapy. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of genistein with those of different phytoestrogen-containing plant extracts (from red clover flowers and soybeans) on the proliferation and differentiation of NIH-3T3, HaCaT and MCF-7 cells. Our results showed poor correlations between direct anti/pro-oxidant effects and cytotoxicity of the tested samples. In contrast, genistein showed a direct correlation between significant pro-oxidative effects at cytotoxic concentrations and almost no pro-oxidative effects at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Moreover, the tested red clover extract and genistein induced keratin-8 (luminal and prognostic marker in breast cancer) expression only in MCF-7 cells, but this effect was not seen following treatment with the soybean extract. From this point of view, the effect of consumption of phytoestrogens in oestrogen-positive breast cancer remains to be elucidated. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that various phytoestrogen- containing plant extracts and genistein are able to specifically modulate antioxidant properties and differentiation of studied cells.

Prepubertal chrysin exposure upregulates either AR in male ventral prostate or AR and ERα in Skene's paraurethral gland of pubertal and adult gerbils

Chrysin is a plant-derived polyphenol that has the potential to increase endogenous testosterone levels both by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme and by stimulating testicular steroidogenesis. The effects of chrysin on the prostate are unknown, especially during its development and functional maturation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chrysin prepubertal exposure on the male and female prostates of both pubertal and adult gerbils. To evaluate the possible androgenic responses of chrysin, gerbils were also exposed to testosterone. Male and female gerbils were exposed to chrysin or to testosterone cypionate from postnatal day 15 to 42. Male and female gerbils were euthanized at either 43days or 90days age. The prostates were collected for biometrical, morphological and immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that prepubertal exposure to chrysin had differential effects on the prostate of both pubertal and adult animals. The prostates of male and female pubertal gerbils showed no histological alterations, although there was increased frequency of androgen receptor (AR) in males and females, and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in females. Adult males and females presented developed prostate glands, with higher cell proliferative rate. In addition, AR and ERα frequency remained high in the prostate of adult animals. These results demonstrated that prepubertal exposure to chrysin disrupts steroid receptors regulation in the prostate, potentiating the response of this gland to the biological effects of endogenous steroids. In this context, excessive consumption of phytoestrogens during the critical stages of development should be considered with caution.

Phytoestrogen Concentrations in Human Urine as Biomarkers for Dietary Phytoestrogen Intake in Mexican Women.

There has been substantial interest in phytoestrogens, because of their potential effect in reducing cancer and heart disease risk. Measuring concentrations of phytoestrogens in urine is an alternative method for conducting epidemiological studies. Our objective was to evaluate the urinary excretion of phytoestrogens as biomarkers for dietary phytoestrogen intake in Mexican women. Participants were 100 healthy women from 25 to 80 years of age. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 24 h recall were used to estimate habitual and recent intakes of isoflavones, lignans, flavonols, coumestrol, resveratrol, naringenin, and luteolin. Urinary concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) using the electrospray ionization interface (ESI) and diode array detector (DAD) (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS). Spearman correlation coefficients were used to evaluate associations between dietary intake and urine concentrations. The habitual consumption (FFQ) of total phytoestrogens was 37.56 mg/day. In urine, the higher compounds were naringenin (60.1 µg/L) and enterolactone (41.7 µg/L). Recent intakes (24 h recall) of isoflavones (r = 0.460, p < 0.001), lignans (r = 0.550, p < 0.0001), flavonoids (r = 0.240, p < 0.05), and total phytoestrogens (r = 0.410, p < 0.001) were correlated to their urinary levels. Total phytoestrogen intakes estimated by the FFQ showed higher correlations to urinary levels (r = 0.730, p < 0.0001). Urinary phytoestrogens may be useful as biomarkers of phytoestrogen intake, and as a tool for evaluating the relationship of intake and disease risk in Mexican women.