Consumption Of Non-alcoholic Beverages Research Articles

Associations Between Dietary Patterns and Longitudinal Quality of Life Changes in Colorectal Cancer Patients: The ColoCare Study

ABSTRACTQuality of life (QoL) is an important clinical outcome in cancer patients. We investigated associations between dietary patterns and QoL changes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The study included 192 CRC patients with available EORTC QLQ-C30 data before and 12 months post-surgery and food frequency questionnaire data at 12 months post-surgery. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Multivariate regression models assessed associations between dietary patterns and QoL changes over time. We identified four major dietary patterns: “Western” dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of potatoes, red and processed meat, poultry, and cakes, “fruit&vegetable” pattern: high intake of vegetables, fruits, vegetable oils, and soy products, “bread&butter” pattern: high intake of bread, butter and margarine, and “high-carb” pattern: high consumption of pasta, grains, nonalcoholic beverages, sauces and condiments. Patients following a “Western” diet had lower chances to improve in physical functioning (OR = 0.45 [0.21–0.99]), constipation (OR = 0.30 [0.13–0.72]) and diarrhea (OR: 0.44 [0.20–0.98]) over time. Patients following a “fruit&vegetable” diet showed improving diarrhea scores (OR: 2.52 [1.21–5.34]. A “Western” dietary pattern after surgery is inversely associated with QoL in CRC patients, whereas a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may be beneficial for patients' QoL over time.

Associations of coffee genetic risk scores with consumption of coffee, tea and other beverages in the UK Biobank.

AimsTo evaluate the utility of coffee‐related genetic variants as proxies for coffee consumption in Mendelian randomization studies, by examining their association with non‐alcoholic beverage consumption (including subtypes of coffee and tea) and a range of socio‐demographic and life‐style factors.DesignObservational study of the association of genetic risk scores for coffee consumption with different types of non‐alcoholic beverage consumption.SettingUK general population.ParticipantsIndividuals of European ancestry aged 40–73 years from the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010 (n = 114 316).MeasurementsGenetic risk scores were constructed using two, four and eight independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) of coffee consumption. Drinks were self‐reported in a baseline questionnaire (all participants) and in detailed 24 dietary recall questionnaires in a subset (n = 48 692).FindingsGenetic risk scores explained up to 0.38, 0.19 and 0.76% of the variance in coffee, tea and combined coffee and tea consumption, respectively. Genetic risk scores demonstrated positive associations with both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and tea consumption, and with most subtypes of coffee consumption, but only with standard tea consumption. There was no clear evidence for positive associations with most other non‐alcoholic beverages, but higher genetic risk for coffee consumption was associated with lower daily water consumption. The genetic risk scores were associated with increased alcohol consumption, but not consistently with other socio‐demographic and life‐style factors.ConclusionsCoffee‐related genetic risk scores could be used as instruments for combined coffee and tea consumption in Mendelian randomization studies. However, associations observed with alcohol consumption require further investigation to determine whether these are due to causal effects of coffee and tea consumption or biological pleiotropy.

The effect of non-alcoholic food and beverage consumption on preliminary breath alcohol testing by the Dräger Alcotest 6810 and Alco-Sensor FST

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the frequency, magnitude, and duration of the mouth alcohol effect (MAE) following the ingestion of non-alcoholic food or beverages on two approved screening devices (ASD): the Dräger Alcotest 6810 and Alco-Sensor FST. Preliminary testing revealed only 5% of 39 non-alcohol containing food and beverage items tested produced a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) ≥10 mg/100 mL on the Dräger Alcotest 6810 whereas there were no positive responses on the Alco-Sensor FST. Subsequent testing on 52 subjects consuming Dempster's® White Bread, Wonder™ 100% Whole Wheat Bread, 7-Up® and/or Rockstar® energy drink showed the MAE to be small in both alcohol-free and alcohol-positive subjects. The maximum BrAC produced in an alcohol-free subject was 22 mg/100 mL which dissipated within 90 seconds following ingestion. In alcohol-positive subjects, statistically significant increases in the BrAC were observed following ingestion of select breads and beverages; however, the increase was of sufficiently low magnitude that analytical and sampling variability could account for the differences observed. The MAE following ingestion of non-alcohol-containing food and beverages is rare, transient, and of low magnitude. There is negligible risk that motorists will be negatively impacted by this effect.

Identification of dietary patterns and their relationships with general and oral health in the very old.

Little is known about the dietary patterns of Asian populations aged >=85 years and their associated factors. Thus, we aimed to (1) identify these dietary patterns and (2) clarify the relationships between the dietary pattern and health outcomes in a community-dwelling very old population. The Tokyo Oldest Old Survey on Total Health study is an observational cohort study comprising 512 Japanese subjects (women, n=288; men, n=224; age, 87.8±2.2 years). Dietary patterns were assessed by principal component analysis using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Barthel index, Mini-Mental State Examination, and oral health status [maximum occlusal force (MOF), denture use, and dentulous / edentulous state] were also measured. Two dietary patterns were identified. The first factor component "traditional Japanese" was characterized by a high consumption of vegetables, seaweed, legumes, and fish. The second factor component "noodles and confectioneries" was characterized by a high consumption of noodles, confectioneries, and non-alcoholic beverages. Multivariable analysis showed that the "traditional Japanese" dietary pattern was inversely associated with dentulous state (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34-0.82), the lowest tertile of MOF (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42-0.99), and denture use (OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.26- 4.63) even after adjustment for potential confounders. Furthermore, the "noodles and confectioneries" dietary pattern was inversely associated with the lowest tertile of MOF (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.40-0.94). However, there were no significant associations between these dietary patterns and disability or cognitive function. We identified two dietary patterns in the very old population, which were associated with oral health status.

Beverage Intake and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Over 14 Years: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation

BackgroundAlcohol and energy-dense beverages consumption have been implicated in cardiometabolic disease, albeit inconsistently. ObjectiveThis study tested prospective associations between intakes of alcohol, energy-dense beverages, and low-calorie beverages and cardiometabolic risk in midlife women. DesignThe Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation is a 14-year, multisite prospective cohort study (1996-2011). Beverage intake and cardiometabolic risk factors that define the metabolic syndrome (hypertension, abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and hypertriglyceridemia) were assessed throughout follow-up. Participants/settingParticipants (N=1,448) were African American, Chinese, Japanese, and non-Hispanic white midlife women from six US cities. Main outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were incident metabolic syndrome and the individual metabolic syndrome components. Statistical analyses performedGeneralized linear mixed models tested associations between intakes within each beverage category and odds of meeting criteria for metabolic syndrome and each of the metabolic syndrome components. ResultsEnergy-dense beverage consumption was highest among African-American women and lowest among women with college degrees. Non-Hispanic white women consumed the largest quantities of alcohol. Independent of energy intake and potential confounders, each additional 355 mL energy-dense beverages consumed per day was associated with higher odds of developing metabolic syndrome in each successive year of follow-up (odds ratio [OR] 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08). Greater energy-dense beverage intake was associated with more rapidly increasing odds of developing hypertension (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.11) and abdominal obesity (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.16) over time, but not with the other metabolic syndrome components. Intakes of alcohol and low-calorie coffees, teas, and diet cola were not associated with metabolic syndrome risk. ConclusionsOver 14 years of follow-up, energy-dense nonalcoholic beverage consumption was associated with incident metabolic syndrome in midlife women. The observed differences in intakes by ethnicity/race and education suggest that consumption of these beverages may contribute to disparities in risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

The Association Between Alcohol-Flavoured Non-Alcoholic Beverages and Alcohol Use in Japanese Adolescents.

There are no legal regulations in Japan governing minors' consumption of alcohol-flavoured non-alcoholic beverages (AFNAB); therefore, we examined if their consumption could lead to increased alcohol use among adolescents in Japan. This cross-sectional study used a nonclinical, nationally representative sample of 38,494 junior (19,662 boys) and 61,556 senior (31,925 boys) high school students recruited in 2012. We measured AFNAB consumption rates and the order that adolescents first consumed AFNAB and alcohol. The AFNAB consumption was strongly associated with alcohol use in high school students. Among all age groups, alcohol was more commonly consumed before AFNAB for both males and females. Consumption of AFNAB is more prevalent among minors than alcohol consumption and it has a strong association with alcohol consumption. However, concerns that AFNAB use would lead to increased alcohol use were not supported because AFNAB consumption usually started after adolescents began consuming alcohol. Consumption of AFNAB is more prevalent among high school students than alcohol consumption and it has a strong association with alcohol consumption. However, concerns that AFNAB use would lead to increased alcohol use were not supported because AFNAB consumption usually started after adolescents began consuming alcohol.

A cross-sectional observation on habitual non-alcoholic beverage consumption among adolescents from four Irish post-primary schools.

No up-to-date data on the dietary intake of Irish adolescents are available. The aim of the present pilot study was to obtain and compare cross-sectional information on habitual adolescent beverage consumption between four distinct post-primary schools in the Republic of Ireland, in 2014-2015. A cross-sectional observation study. A beverage consumption questionnaire was used to obtain data on beverage intake and influences on consumption. Four post-primary mixed-sex schools in Ireland representing the following school classifications were selected for the study: urban fee-paying, urban disadvantaged, rural fee-paying and rural disadvantaged. Students (n 761) aged 12-18 years. Data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis (non-parametric) ANOVA to compare the distribution of beverage consumption across the schools. Water was the most highly consumed beverage among students from all four schools (median 1425 ml/d). Students from urban and rural disadvantaged schools reported a significantly higher volume of carbonated beverage intake than students from fee-paying schools. Students from an urban disadvantaged school also reported a significantly higher volume of carbonated beverage and energy drink intake compared with the other three schools. Students from an urban fee-paying school reported the highest consumption of water, while rural disadvantaged school students were the biggest consumers of tea and milk. Significant differences in beverage consumption (ml/d) were reported by adolescents from four schools in Ireland. Surveillance on current beverage consumption trends among adolescents is vital to guide policies and interventions, and for appropriate targeting of resources.

Analysis of the Cochrane Review: Portion, Package or Tableware Size for Changing Selection and Consumption of Food, Alcohol and Tobacco. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;09: CD011045.

Some of the main causes of mortality and morbidity among the developed countries - such as the cardiovascular, neurological and oncologic diseases - are deeply associated with modifiable risk factors. Primordial/primary prevention strategies that alter our environment can have an impact on these risk factors. The authors of this Cochrane systematic review sought evidence from randomized controlled trials to study the effect of the size of portions, packages, dishes and cups, as well as their respective formats, on the consumption and selection of food, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and tobacco products. Overall, this review concludes that the choice of larger portions results in an increased consumption in food, non-alcoholic beverages and tobacco.

Fifty years of beverages consumption trends in Spanish households.

To describe the evolution of non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages consumption in the Spanish households from the 60's to nowadays. This study is based on beverages and food consumption in Spanish households; the data sample consisted of consumption and distribution data, obtained from the Household Budget Survey (HBS) since 1964 to 1991 and from the Food Consumption Survey (FCS) since 2000 to 2014, in collaboration with the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN). In 2014 the average consumption of non-alcoholic beverages was 332 g/person/day, whereas alcoholic beverages consumption represented 72.6 g/person/day. Consumption of non-alcoholic beverages has increased 721% (1964: 46 g/person/day; 1991: 96 g/person/day; 2000: 240 g/person/day and 2014: 332 g/person/day), whereas alcoholic beverages consumption has decreased roughly a 50% (1964: 145 g/person/day; 1991: 113 g/person/day; 2000: 78.4 g/person/day and 2014: 72.6 g/person/day).The most consumed alcoholic beverage in 2014 was beer (41.3 g/day), followed by wine (23.0 g/day). Regarding non-alcoholic beverages, the most consumed was water (144 g/day), followed by cola (ordinary: 30.7 g/day and diet: 20.5 g/day).According to Spanish regions, in 2014 non-alcoholic beverages were the most consumed in the islands (Balearic Islands 521 grams/person/day; Canary Islands 515 grams/person/day), as it was in the nineties (Balearic Islands 148 grams/person/day and Canary Islands 281 grams/person/day). However in 1980-81 the largest consumption of alcoholic beverages was that of Galicia, 408 g/person per day, and the lower in the Canary Islands, 63 g/person per day. In 2014, Murcia and Andalucía represented the regions with the highest consumption of alcoholic beverages.In 2014, alcoholic beverages provided roughly 1.89% of the total energy and 1.47% of sugars, whereas non-alcoholic beverages provided 3.28% of energy and 15.72% of sugars and, in 2000, alcoholic beverages contributed 2.29% of the energy and 1.47% of sugars and non-alcoholic drinks provided 3.76% of the energy and 22.7% of sugars. There have been signifi cant changes in the eating patterns at the Spanish homes, especially regarding beverages consumption, over the last five decades. In general, a higher consumption and variety for non-alcoholic drinks has occurred, especially in the islands. In parallel, a decline in alcoholic beverages consumption has been clearly observed.

The association of dairy intake of children and adolescents with different food and nutrient intakes in the Netherlands.

BackgroundDairy products are nutrient-rich foods that may contribute to adequate nutrient intakes. However, dairy intake might also be associated with other food sources that influence nutrient intakes. Therefore, we studied the association of dairy, milk and cheese intake with intake of foods and nutrients from (non)dairy sources.MethodsDietary intake was assessed from 2007 to 2010 through two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls in 1007 children (7–13 years) and 706 adolescents (14–18 years). Participants were divided into non-consumers of a particular dairy product and tertiles according to their dairy intake (lowest, medium and highest intake). P for trend was calculated by linear regression over the median intakes of non-consumers and the tertiles for dairy, milk and cheese.ResultsIn children, higher dairy consumption was associated with higher intakes of fruits (54.8 g ± 22.3; p < 0.0001), vegetables (25.0 g ± 14.6; p = 0.001) and cereals (18.5 g ± 20.7; p = 0.01) and with lower consumption of non-alcoholic beverages (−281 g ± 101; p = 0.01): soft drinks (−159 g ± 28.2; p < 0.0001) and fruit juices (−40.5 ± 14.8; p = 0.01). Results were comparable for milk consumption. In adolescents, similar results were found for milk and dairy consumption, except for the associations with higher fruits and vegetable intake.In children and adolescents, higher cheese consumption was associated with higher vegetable and non-alcoholic beverages consumption; and lower meat consumption (−7.8 g ± 4.8; p = 0.05) in children. Higher cheese consumption was also associated with higher intakes of saturated fat (8.5 g ± 0.9), trans-fatty acids (0.48 g ± 0.06), sodium (614 mg ± 59.3) and several vitamins and minerals .ConclusionsHigher milk and dairy consumption were associated with lower non-alcoholic beverages consumption, and higher cereal, fruit and vegetable consumption in children, which was also reflected in the nutrient intakes. These findings confirm that the consumption of milk and dairy products might be a marker for healthier eating habits.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0524-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of various kinds of beverages on stress oxidative, F2 isoprostane, serum lipid and blood glucose of elite taekwondo players.

Background:Athletes’ recovery is important in improving their performance. Nutritional strategies can be effective in enhancing recovery rate. Choosing the best food items in appropriate intervals can play effective roles in resynthesis of fuels and recovery of muscle injury. Beverage micro and macronutrient content are helpful in fuel restoration. In this study, we assess the effects of various kinds of beverages on oxidative stress, muscle injury, and metabolic risk factors in taekwondo players.Materials and Methods:This quasi-experimental study was performed on 21 taekwondo players of Isfahan. After collecting fasting blood, they performed runningbased anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Blood lactate was tested again and participants were divided into 3 intervention groups, that is, receiving 500 cc dough, non-alcoholic beer, and chocolate milk at 4 day intervals. After a 2-h recovery period, blood sampling was repeated. Elites consumed other beverages in later phases. Dietary intake and fasting triglyceride, cholesterol, blood sugar, lactate dehydrogenase, and F2-isoprostane concentrations were determined. Data were analyzed with a simple repeated-measures test and post-hoc tests using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software.Results:Data showed that cholesterol levels non-significantly decreased after intervention. Triglyceride level was lower after taking dough and carbohydrate replacement drink. Blood glucose concentration increased after intervention periods, however, this increase was significant only after non-alcoholic beverage consumption. Lactate dehydrogenase levels reduced after all cycles, however, F2-isoprostane level showed no significant change. There was not significant change in lactate dehydrogenase and F2-isoprostane levels.Conclusions:Non-alcoholic beer consumption can reduce lactate dehydrogenase concentration; however, it leads to blood sugar increase. Moreover, dough consumption significantly reduced triglyceride level in taekwondo players.

Safety assessment for ethanol-based topical antiseptic use by health care workers: Evaluation of developmental toxicity potential

Ethanol-based topical antiseptic hand rubs, commonly referred to as alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS), are routinely used as the standard of care to reduce the presence of viable bacteria on the skin and are an important element of infection control procedures in the healthcare industry. There are no reported indications of safety concerns associated with the use of these products in the workplace. However, the prevalence of such alcohol-based products in healthcare facilities and safety questions raised by the U.S. FDA led us to assess the potential for developmental toxicity under relevant product-use scenarios. Estimates from a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approach suggest that occupational use of alcohol-based topical antiseptics in the healthcare industry can generate low, detectable concentrations of ethanol in blood. This unintended systemic dose probably reflects contributions from both dermal absorption and inhalation of volatilized product. The resulting internal dose is low, even under hypothetical, worst case intensive use assumptions. A significant margin of exposure (MOE) exists compared to demonstrated effect levels for developmental toxicity under worst case use scenarios, and the MOE is even more significant for typical anticipated occupational use patterns. The estimated internal doses of ethanol from topical application of alcohol-based hand sanitizers are also in the range of those associated with consumption of non-alcoholic beverages (i.e., non-alcoholic beer, flavored water, and orange juice), which are considered safe for consumers. Additionally, the estimated internal doses associated with expected exposure scenarios are below or in the range of the expected internal doses associated with the current occupational exposure limit for ethanol set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. These results support the conclusion that there is no significant risk of developmental or reproductive toxicity from repeated occupational exposures and high frequency use of ABHSs or surgical scrubs. Overall, the data support the conclusion that alcohol-based hand sanitizer products are safe for their intended use in hand hygiene as a critical infection prevention strategy in healthcare settings.

Soft Drink Consumption Is Positively Associated with Increased Waist Circumference and 10-Year Incidence of Abdominal Obesity in Spanish Adults1–3

Background: The accumulation of abdominal fat increases risk of metabolic disorders and premature death. There is a dearth of prospective data on the association between caloric beverage consumption and surrogate markers of abdominal adiposity.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relation between consumption of nonalcoholic caloric beverages, including soft drinks, fruit juice, whole milk, and skim and low-fat milk, and changes in waist circumference (WC) and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity.Methods: We conducted a prospective, population-based study of 2181 Spanish men and women aged 25–74 y who were followed from 2000 to 2009. We measured weight, height, and WC, and recorded data on diet and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with the use of validated questionnaires. We fit multivariable linear and logistic regression models.Results: A 100 kcal increase in soft drink consumption was associated with a 1.1 cm increase in WC (P = 0.018) after 10 y of follow-up. Substitution of 100 kcal of soft drinks with 100 kcal of whole milk or 100 kcal of juice was associated with a 1.3 cm (95% CI: 0.3, 2.4) and 1.1 cm (95% CI: 0.03, 2.2) decrease in WC, respectively. Increasing consumption of soft drinks from baseline to follow-up led to WC gain compared with maintaining nonconsumption. Greater soft drink consumption was positively associated (P = 0.029) with increased odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity.Conclusion: Adults' consumption of soft drinks was associated with increased WC and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity. This association was moderate but consistent in all statistical models.

Correlation between Non-Alcoholic Beverage Consumption and Alcohol Drinking Behavior among Japanese Youths

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the consumption of non-alcoholic beverages (such as non-alcoholic beer, non-alcoholic cocktails, and non-alcoholic wine) and alcohol drinking behavior among Japanese youths. Data from the Japan Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2011 were analyzed. The study subjects were 9775 high school students (5026 males and 4749 females) randomly selected from the 10th to the 12th grade in 102 high schools throughout Japan. The results indicated that the percentage of youths who had consumed non-alcoholic beverages was 25.8% among males (11.5%: “one time”; 14.3%: “two or more times”) and 26.1% among females (12.2%: “one time”; 13.9%: “two or more times”), which suggested that at least one in four Japanese high school students had consumed non-alcoholic beverages. Those students that had consumed non-alcoholic beverages were at a significantly higher risk for alcohol-related behaviors, including “ever drank alcohol”, “current alcohol use”, “current frequent alcohol use”, and “chugging”, when compared with students who had never consumed non-alcoholic beverages. The risk for alcohol-related behaviors was higher for students who had consumed non-alcoholic beverages two or more times than for those who had consumed them one time. Specifically, the odds ratio for “ever drank alcohol” in the “one time” group was 5.16 (95% CI: 4.22 - 6.30) for males and 4.27 (95% CI: 3.53 - 5.16) for females, while it was markedly high for those in the “two or more times” group, with males at 9.78 (95% CI: 7.88 - 12.14) and females at 7.59 (95% CI: 6.20 - 9.29). The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to continuously ascertain the prevalence of non-alcoholic beverage consumption among Japanese youths. In addition, alcohol drinking prevention in youths requires attention be paid not only to their consumption of alcoholic beverages, but also to their consumption of non-alcoholic beverages.

Total non-alcoholic beverage consumption in 12–18 year olds from two urban Irish secondary schools

Total non-alcoholic beverage consumption in 12–18 year olds from two urban Irish secondary schools

어린이와 청소년의 비알콜성음료 섭취에 따른 인공감미료 섭취량 평가

aims of this study were to estimate daily intakes of artificial sweeteners from beverages and liquid teas as well as evaluate their potential health risks in Korean children and adolescents (1 to 19 years old). Dietary intake assessment was conducted using actual levels of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose in non-alcoholic beverages (651 beverages and 87 liquid teas), and food consumption amounts were drawn from The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007～2009). To estimate dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, a total of 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario Ⅰ) were compared to 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects (Scenario Ⅱ). estimated daily intake of artificial sweeteners was calculated based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. values of probabilistic artificial sweeteners intakes were presented by a Monte Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables. level of safety for artificial sweeteners was evaluated by comparisons with acceptable daily intakes (ADI) of aspartame (0～40 mg/kg bw/day), acesulfame-K (0～15 mg/kg bw/day), and sucralose (0～15 mg/kg bw/day) set by the World Health Organization. For total children and adolescents (Scenario Ⅰ), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.09, 0.01, and 0.04 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 0.30, 0.02, and 0.13 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For consumers-only (Scenario Ⅱ), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.52, 0.03, and 0.22 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 1.80, 0.12, and 0.75 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For scenarios Ⅰ and Ⅱ, neither aspartame, acesulfame-K, nor sucralose had a mean and 95th percentile intake that exceeded 5.06% of ADI.

Determinants of Non Alcoholic Beverages (NAB) Consumption in North-Western Nigeria: A study of Sokoto Metropolis

Non alcoholic beverages (NAB) consumption in Nigeria has been steadily increasing over the years to the point where nearly half of the populace are consumers of these products. This study seeks to determine the role played by socioeconomic characteristics in driving consumption of some selected NABs particularly juice and carbonated soda in Sokoto metropolis of Nigeria. To adequately capture the variables of interest, specifically, location and ethnicity variables, the metropolis was grouped into four clusters, namely Peri-urban, Sokoto main, G R As, and Resident community. In each of the clusters one hundred households were randomly selected to arrive at a sample size of four hundred households. Descriptive, OLSMR and probit analytical tools were used to analyse the data collected. The results shows that about 59% and 71% of the respondents consumed juice and soda respectively while the per capita consumption of juice was slightly higher than that of soda which were 7.57 and 7.32 litres respectively. Household sizes, education and economic status of the household heads play a significant role in determining the consumption level of both juice and soda. While gender and location significantly affected the respective consumption of juice and soda in the metropolis. In both cases gender and household sizes where negative while the rest where positive. The probit analysis showed that age and household sizes negatively affected the probability of both juice and soda consumption, while education and economic status of the household heads positively determined the probability of consumption of the two beverages in the metropolis. Finally, while gender has a negative effect on the probability of juice consumption, ethnicity of the household heads played a positive role in the consumption probability of soda beverages. The study concluded that an improvement in the consumption of NABs in the metropolis requires policies aimed at encouraging the citizenry to have a smaller family size, sound education and raising their real incomes. While the manufacturers should be encouraged to fortify their carbonated drinks with nutrients.

Wpływ wielkości spożycia i cen na wydatki żywnościowe i napoje bezalkoholowe w gospodarstwach domowych

The aim of this article is to determine how consumption and prices of food and non-alcoholic beverages affect expenses per capita incurred by Polish households of various sizes. The results of conducted research allow to draw a conclusion that the highest expenses per capita on certain assortment categories are incurred by one-person households and the increasing number of household members has impact on not only decreasing consumption per capita and its value but also it decreases the price. Decreasing consumption per capita when the number of the household members increases is shaped by decreasing consumption per capita, the importance of decreasing price is far less important. However, the importance of decreased price to decreased consumption per capita increases along with the household size.

Disinhibition of olfaction: Human olfactory performance improves following low levels of alcohol

We hypothesize that true human olfactory abilities are obscured by cortical inhibition. Alcohol reduces inhibition. We therefore tested the hypothesis that olfactory abilities will improve following alcohol consumption. We measured olfaction in 85 subjects, 45 in a between-subjects design, and 40 in a repeated-measures within-subjects design before and after consumption of alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverages. Subjects were also assessed using neurocognitive measures of inhibition. Following alcohol consumption, blood alcohol levels ranged from 0.005% to 0.11%. Across subjects, before any consumption of alcohol, we found that individuals who were less inhibited had lower (better) olfactory detection thresholds (r=0.68, p<0.005). Moreover, after alcohol consumption, subjects with low alcohol levels could make olfactory discriminations that subjects with 0% alcohol could not make (chance=33%, alcohol=51.3±22.7%, control=34.7±31.6%, t(43)=2.03, p<0.05). Within subjects, we found correlations between levels of alcohol and olfactory detection (r=0.63, p<0.005) and discrimination (r=−0.50, p<0.05), such that performance was improved at low levels of alcohol (significantly better than baseline for detection) and deteriorated at higher levels of alcohol. Finally, levels of alcohol-induced improved olfactory discrimination were correlated with levels of alcohol-induced cognitive disinhibition (r=0.48, p<0.05). Although we cannot rule out alternative non-inhibitory alcohol-induced routes of influence, we conclude that improved olfaction at low levels of alcohol supports the notion of an inhibitory mechanism obscuring true olfactory abilities.

Beverage Markets and Policy

Beverages are a large component of the total food category and yet the various marketing and policy issues faced by the beverage industry have received relatively little attention among food and agricultural economists. There has been a substantial increase in the variety of beverages available, and this diversity of products provides new opportunities for economists to study consumer demand for specific attributes. At the same time, there is growing concern that some beverages may be important contributors to the rise in obesity in the United States and elsewhere. As a result, various policies have been implemented or are being considered to curb consumption of high-calorie beverages and encourage consumption of healthier beverages. In addition, there has been a proliferation of alcoholic beverage products. Competition by alcoholic products creates an opportunity for agricultural and food economists to study a host of marketing issues that include product labeling and differentiation and the role of geographic proximity (i.e., local foods) on consumer demand. Furthermore, unique policy issues are associated with alcoholic beverages, and many of the policy considerations are complicated because regulations differ widely by state.The issues related specifically to beverages were examined in a series of papers presented as part of the Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association (NAREA) workshop Beverage Markets and Policy, which was held in Ithaca, New York, in June 2013. Based on a peer-review process, we have selected eleven of those papers for this special issue of Agricultural and Resource Economics Review. The principle goal of the NAREA workshop was to convene recognized and emerging experts to debate and advance research on the contemporary economic problems in beverage markets with an emphasis on development of industry-led initiatives and policies that address economic development, sustainable agriculture, and human health considerations.Each of the articles in this issue falls into one of three broad groups. The first examines consumer response to advertising and public policies in beverage markets and focuses largely on juice and soda products. The second group of articles looks at key marketing considerations in alcoholic beverage markets in selected U.S. regions. Three of the four papers focus on marketing issues in burgeoning wine regions, and the fourth paper examines consumer preferences in the craft beer market. The final group of articles focuses on milk markets and policy. Dairy markets and policy issues have received considerable attention by agricultural and food economists in recent years, but this set of papers provides analyses on new topics in this arena.The first four articles of this special issue examine consumer response to advertising and public policies in beverage markets. Hyeyoung Kim and Lisa House (2014) examine the role of knowledge and perceptions on consumption patterns for several nonalcoholic beverages. Using survey data from a large sample, they show that, for most beverage products studied, consumer perceptions about health have both own-beverage and cross-beverage impacts. Matthew Salois and Amber Reilly (2014) examine the impacts of perceived value and generic advertising efforts in the orange juice market using information from detailed survey data made available by the Florida Department of Citrus. Results here indicate that perceived value does impact consumption and that generic advertising-but not brand advertising-influences the perceived value to consumers. Abigail Okrent and Joanna MacEwan (2014) use Nielsen Homescan data and advertising expenditures to study the effects of advertising and prices on nonalcoholic beverage consumption. They show that the magnitudes of elasticities of demand with respect to advertising are much smaller than their price and expenditure counterparts. Yizao Liu, Rigoberto Lopez, and Chen Zhu (2014) analyze cross-sectional household data from seven urban markets for 2006 through 2008 to assess the possible impacts of a tax on carbonated soft drinks (a price change), elimination of television advertising, elimination of large retail container sizes, and reduction of the sugar content for current products. …