Goat Milk Consumption Research Articles

Feeding modes and persistent diarrhea: A comparative case–control study in infants in Hodeida, Yemen

Objectives: Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among infants globally. Infant feeding practices influence diarrhea risk, but its relationship requires further investigation, especially in Yemen. This study aims to identify associations between feeding modes (breastfeeding, mixed feeding, formula, and goat milk) and persistent diarrhea in Yemeni infants. Material and Methods: A hospital-based case–control study was conducted from January to June 2020 in Hodeidah, Yemen. The cases were 240 infants aged 2–24 months with persistent diarrhea. Controls were 120 age-matched healthy infants. Caregiver interviews collected data on feeding practices. Odds ratios (OR) estimate relationships between exposures and persistent diarrhea. Results: We observed a protective effect of breastfeeding against persistent diarrhea, with breastfed infants having a significantly lower risk of developing persistent diarrhea compared to non-breastfed infants (OR: 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27–0.68, P = 0.037). In addition, we found a significant association between goat milk consumption and persistent diarrhea, with infants who consumed goat milk having a higher risk of persistent diarrhea (OR: 4.67, 95% CI: 1.15–19.01, P = 0.009). While mixed feeding showed a potential increased risk of persistent diarrhea compared to exclusive breastfeeding, the wide CI indicated that this association was not statistically significant and required further research (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.09–3.18). In contrast, the association between formula feeding and persistent diarrhea was inconclusive and not statistically significant (P = 0.938; OR: 0.867, 95% CI: 0.353–2.128), suggesting no significant relationship. These results highlight the protective effect of breastfeeding and the potential risks of goat milk consumption, while relationships between mixed/formula feeding and persistent diarrhea require more evidence. Conclusion: Certain feeding practices increase the risk of persistent diarrhoea in Yemeni infants. Promoting exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding guidance alongside tailored behavior change strategies, especially in rural communities can help address these modifiable risk factors.

TBE In Bulgaria

First cases of probable tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were reported in 1961 by Andonov et al. in eastern regions of Bulgaria.1 Possible TBE cases with the typical two-wave fever, originating from consumption of raw goat milk, were described back in 1953 by Vaptzarov et al. in southern Bulgaria.2 Investigations in the 1960s were able to isolate 3 tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains from Haemaphysalis punctata and 1 from Dermacentor marginatus ticks from goats and sheep in the district of Plovdiv.3 The antigenic properties of these 4 virus strains were identical to the highly virulent strain “Hypr” of the European subtype of TBEV (TBEV-EU).3

TBE In Croatia

In Croatia, TBE was reported for the first time in 1953 near Križevci (Stara Ves, northwestern region).1 In addition to this first focus, several continental foci (Bjelovar, Pakrac, Koprivnica, Karlovac, Varaždin) have been recorded since 1961. Moreover, TBEV antibodies were detected in residents of the Croatian littoral near the islands of Zadar, Pula, and Brac.2 In 1991, TBEV emerged in the mountainous area of Gorski Kotar.3 The disease is also endemic in northwestern and eastern regions between the Sava and Drava rivers. Endemicity is highest in northwestern counties, with average incidence rates ranging from 3.61 to 6.78 per 100,000 inhabitants.4,5 In 2015 and 2019, two TBE clusters after consumption of raw goat milk were observed.6,7

Impact of cow, buffalo, goat or camel milk consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation and immune response post weaning time

Milk is a whitish liquid that is secreted from mammary glands; and considered as the primary source of nutrition for newborns since they are not able to digest solid food. However, it contains primary nutrients, as well as growth and immune factors. Early weaning is a critical issue that face women and their babies in developing countries. To avoid infant malnutrition, they tend to use other milk types instead of baby formula. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of cow, buffalo, goat or camel milk consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation and immune response in male and female Sprague Dawley rats post weaning time. The amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins in the tested milk types were evaluated. Animals were divided into 5 groups (control, cow, buffalo, goat and camel milk administrated groups) (10 rats/group); each animal was administrated by 3.4 ml/day. Rats were administered with milk for 6 weeks; at the end of the 5th week, five animals of each group were isolated and the remaining five animals were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) and kept for another week to mount immune response. The effect of different milk types on rats’ immune response towards SRBCs was evaluated through pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, ESR and CRP measurement; together, with the histopathological examination of spleen samples and hemagglutination assay. Camel milk consumption reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in spleen that resulted from SRBCs immunization; in addition to, B cell stimulation that was apparent from the high level of anti-SRBCs antibodies. Camel milk is recommended for newborn consumption, due to its high-water content, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin C, as well as low lactose and fat content.

Fresh goat's milk and Long-term aerobic exercise improve bone health in Athletes

Objective: To analyze the effect of fresh goat's milk intake and long-term aerobic exercise on serum calcium and its relationship to bone resorption in male athletes. Methods: This research was an experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group design. Subjects were 29 gymnastics athlete volunteers: trial group (n=19) and control group (n=10), male, aged 19-26 years. The treatments were fresh goat milk (1x250ml/day, given from 07.00 p.m to 08.00 p.m) and aerobic exercise (3-5 times/week, medium intensity, duration 50-60 minutes), for 90 days. Results: The results showed that serum calcium levels in the trial group were significantly higher than in the control group (9.58±0.26; 9.87±0.32 vs. 9.74±0.42; 9.37±0.38: p=0.001) after consumption of goat milk and long-term regular physical exercise. The results also showed that there was a significant decrease in CTx-1 levels in the trial group compared with the control group (0.603±0.25; 0.45±0.16 vs. 0.73±0.32; 0.76±0.30: p=0.001) after goat milk intake and regular aerobic exercise. Conclusion: Consumption of fresh goat's milk and long-term aerobic exercise increased calcium levels and decreased CTx-1 levels. Therefore, the combination of both therapies reduces bone resorption, and fresh goat's milk is allowed to be consumed regularly as a sports nutrition to reduce the risk of premature osteoporosis in athletes.

BAURAN PEMASARAN DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN SUSU KAMBING (STUDI KASUS PADA KARYA ETAWA FARM BANYUWANGI)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the marketing mix and development strategy of goat milk at Karya Etawa Farm, Kalipuro District, Banyuwangi Regency. The research method is a case study using descriptive analysis data and SWOT analysis. Data were collected in April - July 2021. The results of the study showed that the marketing mix in Karya Etawa Farm includes (a) goat milk products produced have various flavors and good quality, (b) product prices follow competitors, (c) milk distribution is carried out either directly to consumers or through retailers, (d) promotional activities are carried out through face-to-face and sales promotions. The business development strategy can be carried out through (a) business owners utilizing and maintaining business locations to produce quality products and improve marketing networks, b) maintaining product quality by utilizing support and supervision from the government, (c) maintaining product quality and setting competitive market prices, (d) strengthening and expanding marketing network cooperation through resellers of goat milk products, (e) using more modern technology to produce quality products and raise interest in goat milk consumption. Keywords: marketing mix, goat milk, development strategies

Optimization of deoxyribonucleic acid extraction and polymerase chain reaction methods for gene detection of Toxoplasma gondii in goat milk

Abstract. Fatmawati M, Suwanti LT, Mufasirin, Subekti DT, Ekawasti F, Lastuti NDR, Lamid M, Suprihati E, Effendi MH, Al-Arif A. 2023. Optimization of deoxyribonucleic acid extraction and polymerase chain reaction methods for gene detection of Toxoplasma gondii in goat milk. Biodiversitas 24: 5905-5911. Dairy goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) are intermediate hosts that transmit Toxoplasma gondii to humans through goat milk consumption. T. gondii can invade mammary glands and secrete into milk. The method of detecting gene of the T. gondii in milk is through a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test based on specific genes. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy methods of the T. gondii molecular assay from the extraction, master mix for PCR assay, and primer that is possible to amplify the gene of T. gondii in goat milk for PCR assay. The research method for purification used flotation using concentrated sugar. This research compared the extraction kit from Kit Extraction 1 (K1), Kit Extraction 2 (K2), and Kit Extraction 3 (K3) with the extraction method listed in the brochure. Meanwhile, for the PCR assay, three types of master mix were used, including Master Mix 1 (M1), Master Mix 2 (M2), and Master Mix 3 (M3). The specific genes used included primers B1, ROP, GRA 1, GRA 7, BAG 1, and P30. Tris borate EDTA (TBE) or Phosphate Buffer Saline Solution (PBS) as buffer milk samples gave the same PCR test results. The results show that the principle of a flotation method test using PBS can be used to prepare the milk sample. The research showed that extraction kit 1 (K1) and extraction kit 2 (K2) gave positive results for the positive control. However, in terms of price, K2 is cheaper than K1. So, to optimize DNA extraction, K2 can be used. The master mix that can be used for PCR testing of milk samples is M1 because M1 gives positive results for positive controls and negative results for negative controls. Primers for optimal results used GRA 7 and B1 with denaturation temperature of 94°C, annealing at 56°C, and an extension of 73°C 33. This research concluded that the type of DNA extraction kit affects the PCR test results for detecting T. gondii in goat milk. It is necessary to optimize the type of master mix to be used in PCR testing and primers capable of amplifying the T. gondii gene.

Multi-residue detection of antibiotics in migratory goat milk and human health risk assessment in Western Himalayan region, India

Occurrence of antibiotics in animal sourced foods not only affects economy but also poses potential health risks. The present study aimed to validate simultaneous detection of amoxicillin, penicillin – G and enrofloxacin in raw migratory goat milk (N = 223) by HPLC-DAD and assess human health risks in Western Himalayan region, India. The analytical method was found to be linear (R2 > 0.99), accurate (recoveries > 80 %), precise (RSD < 10 %), and sensitive (CCα, 0.92–1.61 ng/mL) with LOQ values well below the MRLs. Antibiotic residues were detected in 11 (4.9 %) samples, and 9/11 (81.8 %) samples had levels above MRLs. Human health risk assessments based on comparison of estimated daily intakes with acceptable daily intakes of antibiotics revealed that there are no acute health risks to adults and children at current levels of contamination. However, % contribution to ADI for enrofloxacin and penicillin-G were significantly higher in children. Therefore, keeping in view, availability and routine consumption of goat milk especially by families of nomadic pastoralists in Himalayan region, children may be at a greater risk than adults. Hence, the present study highlights the need for monitoring of goat milk for contaminants, and education of nomadic pastoralists to meet food safety standards and for protection of human health.

Perceptions and attitudes towards goat meat and milk consumption in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

The increasing demand by the teeming human population on animal agriculture for their daily animal protein intake requires every livestock, including goat products, to be on the menu list. Dismally, consumer acceptance and consumption of any product hugely rest on their behavioural attitudes. This study aimed to assess consumer perception of goat milk and meat in some areas of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Structured questionnaires were used to gather information on socio-demographic and economic characteristics and perceptions about goat meat and milk consumption. Also, information about consumer attitudes, their familiarity towards goat products and their awareness of the nutritional qualities of the animal’s product were gathered. Data from the 386 consumers selected randomly in Amathole and Buffalo city municipalities were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. Consumption of animal products was affirmed by 95.5% of the respondents. Respondents’ knowledge of goat milk breeds and their willingness to consume the product were 28.6% and 41.7%, respectively. Apart from the goaty odour (29.1%), about 55.8% of the respondents had no specific reason for not consuming goat milk. Many respondents (68.3%) consumed goat meat and had no specific reason for this high consumption pattern other than seeing it as just any other meat (42.2%). Most respondents did not know the specific nutritional benefits of consuming goat milk (42.7%) and meat (70.4%). There was a significant and positive association (P&lt;0.05) between the age of respondents, whether they knew about goat milk, consumption of goat milk and the nutritional benefits. There was a significant association (P&lt;0.05) between the educational level of the respondents and goat milk knowledge and their willingness to consume goat milk. The study findings indicate that a larger proportion of the respondents consumed goat meat and milk. However, there is potential for increasing the percentage of consumers for these products through education about their health benefits. Key words: Attitude, Behaviour, Goat products, Perception, Health benefit, Intake

The role of goats in the world: Society, science, and sustainability

The role of goats in nutrition, health, and food security is underscored by the continuous increase in global production and consumption of goat milk and meat. The goat sector is diversified as people from a wider geographical distribution area are consuming milk and meat from goats. The goat industry will continue to experience structural changes that will impact society, the economy, and the environment. Production efficiency and global per capita consumption of goat milk and meat, however, lag behind some major livestock species. Scientific and technological developments in nutrition, genetics, reproduction, health and management remain critical for a viable goat sector in the future. The global dichotomy of goat production systems, from subsistence to industrialized, present a challenge of a uniformed strategy and direction for sustainable production. Animal welfare, environmental preservation, product safety, and health benefits are important considerations in consuming and producing organic goat products. Goat production can be part of the solution for the assuagement of food insecurity and malnutrition. Leverage biological, metabolic, behavioral, social and economic advantages of goats can alleviate poverty in the most vulnerable regions in the world.

Evaluation of buffalo, cow, goat and camel milk consumption on multiple health outcomes in male and female Sprague Dawley rats

Male and female rats were divided into a control group, and 4 groups that were administered cow, buffalo, goat and camel milk, each animal receiving 3.4 mL d−1 of the appropriate milk intragastrically by gavage for 6 weeks. Liver function enzymes, kidney function parameters, minerals, vitamin D3, and lipid profile were measured in serum samples; femur, liver and kidney samples were collected for the histopathological examination. Cow, buffalo and goat milk had negative effects on serum tests, bones, liver and kidneys; while camel milk had significant positive effects on these parameters, histopathological examination of bone, liver and kidney sections confirming biochemical results. Camel milk consumption, in rats, did not lead to hyperlipidaemia; and prevented the histopathological alteration in bone sections (like eroded bone trabeculae with many osteoclasts) which is considered the first signs of bone osteoporosis.

Nutritional Parameters of Goat Milk and Its Consumption in Rural Communities

A survey was conducted using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire in Mutoko district to determine the extent of goat milk consumption and reasons for the possible low-to-non-consumption of goat milk. A total of 120 respondents were randomly selected. Fresh goat milk samples were also collected from Mashona and Matabele goat breeds and analysed using a Milko-scan FT 6000 (FOSS, HillerOD, Denmark) to determine nutrient composition. Results from the study indicated that goat milk is lowly utilized – with only 14% of the surveyed households consuming goat milk. The respondents cited that goat milk was lowly utilised because goat milk consumption is traditionally uncommon in the area (57.70%) and has an undesirable strong smell (17.06%). Consuming goat milk was associated with reduced social status (10.66%). Respondents that had access to sufficient cow milk (13.96%) do not consume goat milk. Estimated mean milk yield per goat per milking, as reported in the study was 310.0±114.02 mL. High levels of education were associated with increased tendency to consume goat milk (χ2=246; df=40, p=0.000). Mashona goat milk had higher lactose (4.36%) and protein (4.77%) but lower fat content (3.45%) than Matabele goat milk. While goat milk is less popular in the study area, the milk from these indigenous goat genotypes is characterised by good nutritional value comparable to the accepted values of good quality milk. The quality of the milk, coupled with feeding and breed selection interventions to increase yield, has potential to be a rich nutrient source for small-holder communities threatened by malnutrition.

TBE in Bulgaria

First cases of probable tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were reported in 1961 by Andonov et al. in eastern regions of Bulgaria. Possible TBE cases with the typical two-wave fever, originating from consumption of raw goat milk, were described back in 1953 by Vaptzarov et al. in southern Bulgaria. Investigations in the 1960s were able to isolate 3 tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains from Haemaphysalis punctata and 1 from Dermacentor marginatus ticks from goats and sheep in the district of Plovdiv. The antigenic properties of these 4 virus strains were identical to the highly virulent strain “Hypr” of the European subtype of TBEV (TBEV-EU).

Obsah pvkov v kozom mlieku, sŕvatke, syroch a jogurte z ekologickej a konvenčnej farmy

Milk and dairy products are an important part of the human diet for numerous reasons. Goat milk is higher in the content of elements such as K and Ca. Nowadays, consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products increases because of better digestion and therapeutic value. However, goat milk can contain heavy metals and trace elements as well which can harm human health. The content of 22 elements in sixty-nine samples of goat milk, whey, three types of cheese, and yogurt from the ecological farm in region Orava and conventional farm in region Stredné Považie in Slovakia was measured in this study. The highest concentration of four elements Ca, K, Mg, and Na in samples of goat products was found. In our study, significant statistical differences (P < 0.05) were found only in levels of K, Ca, Li and Na when comparing milk samples from organic and conventional farm. Concentrations of K (1260.50 mg/kg), Li (0.02 mg/kg) and Na (293.46 mg/kg) were higher in samples from ecological farm, while concentration of Ca (1344.65 mg/kg) was higher in samples from conventional farm. Toxic elements were present in trace amounts or under the limit of detection. The consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products from monitored farms can be considered as safe and beneficial for human health regardless of the way of farming. According to the highest level of strontium in hard ripening cheese, frequent regular consumption should be considered for children as a preventive measure for development of bone health.

Bazı Hayvansal Ürünlerin Beslenme ve Sağlık Açısından Önemi

For an adult to have a balanced diet; It is necessary to consume 2800-3000 calories and at least 75- 80 g of protein in a day, and at least 30-35 g of this protein must be of animal origin. Nutrients consist of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals. All nutrients contain these compounds to a greater or lesser extent. Although there are these compounds in plant-based foods, animal-based foods such as meat, milk, eggs and honey are rich in protein, as well as the biological value of the protein they contain. When it comes to the use of animal products as a support for the treatment of diseases, the importance of goat’s milk should be emphasized. It is known that goat milk is used in the treatment of many diseases. It has been determined by the positive results obtained from the applications that the regular consumption of goat milk and goat milk products is beneficial in the treatment of eczema, asthma, digestive disorders, some diseases related to varicose veins, virus abscesses and some allergic conditions. “Apitherapy” is a treatment method with bee products and it shows a rapid development in our country. Products obtained from beekeeping activities; products such as honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly, bee venom. These products are used in many diseases (insomnia, digestive system diseases, upper respiratory tract infections, rheumatic, influenza, orthopedic diseases, skin cancer, eczema, asthma, arteriosclerosis, gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatic diseases, kidney, urinary tract infections, etc.) used as a supplement to treatments. Honey, propolis, royal jelly have excellent antibacterial properties. Bee venom has antirheumatic properties and pollen is used in the treatment of immunological diseases. The importance of animal products in terms of health should&#x0D; not be ignored and more studies on the subject are needed.

Exploration of the Contents and Features of Milk from Various Natural Sources

Milk is a significant benefactor in improving food supplements and safety, especially in developing nations. The quiets of milk in mammalian populations vary greatly with a cite to physiological, genetic, and nutritional parameters. Knowing the diverse value added in the milk food level as a nutrient helps, not only to estimate the nutritional ratio of milk but also helps in defining market strategies for different categories of consumers; expanding children, nursing mothers, youths, or old age people engaged in hard work. The consumption of goat, camel, cow, and buffalo milk has gained global acceptance and significance throughout the globe, while the consumption of horse milk is admired only by global people. Goat's milk is an option suggested by many prescribers for babies, those who are intolerant to cow's milk, and those who are hypersensitive to cow's milk. Goat's milk is more beneficial for that suffering from acidity, asthma, eczema, migraines, colitis, stomach ulcers, digestive disorders, hepatic and gallbladder disorders, and stress-involved symptoms like insomnia, hard stools, and nervous indigestion. In a few people with digestive disorders, goat milk can be early ingested. Milk of camel is an emerging origin of casein for people living in the drylands of the world and is believed to have anti-cancer, non-toxic, and anti-diabetic features. The milk from Buffalo is a universal food that can be ingested like other types of milk and it is a major component from a rational viewpoint and is featured by high lipids, total solids, protein, Ca, and lactose and ash content than a cow, goat, buffalo, camel, and mammalian milk. The main components of buffalo milk are denser than the cow, &amp; goat milk. What's more to its benefits as a major fount of nutrition, the latest study has focused that people with cow's milk hypersensitive are able to sanction buffalo milk. Consequently, this review aims to explore the quiets of milk and create awareness about the accessibility of numerous origins of milk.

Exposure to Brucella spp. in Goats and Sheep in Karenga District, Uganda Diagnosed by Modified Rose Bengal Method

A retrospective study was conducted in 2022 to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis and its risk factors among goat and sheep herds in the Karenga district, Karamoja region, Uganda. Sera from 332 goats and 81 sheep from 20 kraals in all seven administrative units of the district were tested using the modified Rose Bengal test (mRBT). It was determined that brucellosis was present in 20% of the small ruminant herds in the Karenga district, with an overall animal level seropositivity of 3.39% (CI: 1.87–5.62%; n = 14/413). Higher seropositivity was recorded in goats (3.92%, CI: 2.1–6.6%) than sheep (1.23%, CI: 0.03–6.69%). Similarly, seropositivity was higher in females (3.95%, CI: 2.12–6.66%) than males (1.19%, CI: 0.03–6.456), and also higher in goats and sheep more than two years old (4.15%, CI: 2.09–7.31%) than those one to two years old (1.98%, CI: 0.24–6.97%) or those less than one year old (2.13%, CI: 0.05–11.29%). Only herd size was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) as a risk factor for exposure to brucellosis in the Karenga district. Although the prevalence of brucellosis among goats and sheep in the Karenga district is low, there still exists a risk to the pastoralists who closely interact with the animals and also practice risky behaviours such as consumption of uncooked or unpasteurised goat milk. There is need to expand herd health messaging in Karenga to include risk communication on brucellosis and other zoonotic diseases.

Nutritional Profile, Processing and Potential Products: A Comparative Review of Goat Milk

Goat milk contains an abundance of different macro and micro-nutrients. Compared with other milk, goat milk is a viable option due to its low allergy levels and is preferred for infants with cow milk allergies. A wide variety of goat milk-based products, including yoghurt, ice cream, fermented milk, and cheese, are available on the market. They are produced using effective processing technology and are known to exhibit numerous health benefits after consumption. However, goat milk consumption is limited in many nations (compared with cow, buffalo, camel, and sheep milk) due to a lack of awareness of its nutritional composition and the significance of its different byproducts. This review provides a detailed explanation of the various macronutrients that may be present, with special attention paid to each component, its purpose, and the health benefits it offers. It also compares goat milk with milk from other species in terms of its superiority and nutritional content, as well as the types, production methods, health advantages, and other beneficial properties of the various goat milk products that are currently available on the market.

Effects of Production Systems and Seasons on Retail-Goat-Milk Fatty-Acid Composition and Nutritional Indices in Greece.

Simple SummaryThe consumption of goat milk is constantly increasing. However, there are not many studies on the nutritional profile of retail goat milk. This study examined the effects of production systems (conventional and organic) and seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) on the fatty acid composition and nutritional indices related to the healthy fat consumption of fluid goat milk sold in the supermarkets. The production system did not significantly affect milk fatty-acid composition nor its nutritional value, whereas seasonal effects were observed. Overall, retail goat milk had a desirable nutritional value, irrespective of production system and season.An increased consumer interest in goat milk has been registered in recent years due to its health-related benefits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of production systems and seasons on fatty-acid composition and nutritional indices for the healthy fat consumption of retail goat milk. The study lasted one year, and milk samples (n = 160) from 14 brands (10 conventional and 4 organic) were collected on a monthly basis. Organic milk had a marginally lower fat and protein content compared with conventionally produced milk according to the declared chemical composition. The production system did not significantly affect milk fatty-acid composition and its nutritional value, indicating that there were no major differences in the feeding strategies between conventionally and organically raised ewes. Seasonal effects were observed in the fatty-acid profile and the nutritional indices. Lower content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H) and linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) ratio values were observed in summer. Retail goat milk had a desirable nutritional value, irrespective of production system and season, due to the following characteristics: low atherogenic index (AI) and LA/ALA ratio values, and high h/H ratio, desirable fatty acid (DFA) values and health-promoting index values. In conclusion, neither production nor season significantly impacted the fatty-acid composition and the fat-consumption nutritional indices of retail goat milk produced in Greece.

Factors Affecting Consumer Perception of Goat Milk and Dairy Products in Ankara Province

The aim of this study is to determine the consumption of goat milk and dairy products according to the demographic characteristics of consumers residing in the urban areas of Ankara and to determine the factors affecting the buying and consuming behaviors of these products. Within the scope of the study, face-to-face questionnaires were conducted in supermarket chains with 269 consumers. The surveys were conducted in 9 districts of Ankara including Altındağ, Çankaya, Etimesgut, Gölbaşı, Keçiören, Mamak, Pursaklar, Sincan and Yenimahalle. The results of the research were analyzed with chi-square statistical method and cross table. Average monthly consumption of consumers was found to be 0.25 L for goat milk, 0.62 kg for goat cheese and 0.40 kg for goat ice cream. As a result of the chi-square analysis, the differences between consumption of goat cheese and ice cream with age distribution, consumption of goat milk and cheese with number of years in Ankara were found to be statistically significant. (P &lt; 0.05). It is thought that the results will contribute to the studies aimed at increasing the consumption of goat milk and dairy products in Türkiye.