Consumption Of Flowers Research Articles

Poisonous delicacy: Market-oriented surveys of the consumption of Rhododendron flowers in Yunnan, China

Ethnopharmacological relevancePlants from the family Ericaceae, and in particular those in the genus Rhododendron are frequently reported to contain grayanotoxins. Plant products such as honey and herbal medicines made from these plants occasionally contain grayanotoxins, and in turn may lead to intoxication. The balance between the benefits and risk of poisoning from Rhododendrons is of concerns. This study explores the ethnobotanical knowledge of the people in Yunnan, China as regards the consumption of Rhododendron flowers, and gives special focus to their assessment of the benefit-risk balance. Materials and methodsAn ethnobotanical survey was conducted across 14 county-level local markets in north and central Yunnan province, during which a total of 82 stalls selling Rhododendron flowers were visited and 204 people were interviewed. Voucher specimens were obtained under the guidance of collectors, and details about local practices and knowledge were recorded using semi-structured interviews and participatory observations. ResultsThe consumption of the corollas of Rhododendron decorum Franch. Flowers (RDf) or Rhododendron pachypodum Balf. f. & W.W. Sm. Flowers (RPf) as a seasonal delicacy is a long-standing tradition in the study area. RDf are widely consumed in northwest and northeast Yunnan, while RPf are more prevalent in the central regions of Yunnan, and there is a high consistency in the knowledge of the process for detoxification or palatability for each species. The main reasons for eating the flowers were listed as health benefits (mostly clear heat), wild collected, tradition and good flavor. All RPf consumers stated that the corolla from this species is not toxic, while 67.4% of the RDf consumers claim that the corolla from RDf is toxic. We compared the two species and analyzed their process intensities, poisoning cases and cautions, market trade forms and existing toxicity studies, which agreed well and consistently that the corolla of RDf deserve more toxicity attention than RPf. ConclusionOur study provides a window to look into the ways, beyond honey and herbal medicine, by which Rhododendron species have influenced human wellbeing. The local culture can justify eating Rhododendron flowers, and meanwhile, has developed a series of skills to avoid the side effects of eating them, and therefore the study also provides a good case to answer more general questions about the rationality of eating any plant products by assessing the trade-off between benefits and side effects.

Edible flowers: beauty, health and nutrition

The market for edible flowers is expanding worldwide, due to the greater interest of the population in foods with therapeutic properties and the need to conquer the market with different and innovative products. Flowers can be used in decorating and preparing food and drinks, adding aroma, flavor and color. However, the chemical composition of flowers must be known before human consumption. The objective was to discuss the most consumed species, their bioactive components and information on the quality, preservation and consumption of flowers. A bibliographic survey from 1992 to 2018 was carried out on the research platforms of ScienceDirect, SciELO and Periódicos Capes, where 40 articles were selected to serve as a database. Studies on consumer perception of consumption of edible flowers and their preparation are limited. The content of bioactive compounds is changed by the method of preparation. Consumer preference is for unprocessed or minimally processed forms (such as dried rose petals). Edible flowers are an entrepreneurial opportunity, whether for production for consumption, preparation of new products or extraction of bioactives.

Economic overview of ornamental flowers and plants in Brazil

This work aims to study the panorama of the floriculture and ornamental plants sector in Brazil, highlighting the main aspects related to area, production and distribution in the national scenario and consumption, the material used to obtain the data regarding the research carried out, was extracted from sources of research. Floriculture was an activity that was restricted only in the Southeast, more specifically in the State of São Paulo. Currently, due to the work of several institutions, this sector can be expanded to other regions of the country. Floriculture has great socioeconomic potential, generating jobs mainly for small producers. Although floriculture has great potential for expansion, it still has great difficulties due to the lack of habit of Brazilians in consuming flowers. The results showed that the domestic market generates a considerable source of income for the population in general, the ease of access of these products, makes the consumption of flowers in the country have gained more and more space, although it is very low in relation to other countries. Brazil has resulted in annual growth of 6.26% in recent years, moving around US $ 750 million per year, with a per capita consumption of US $ 4.70 and has 18,000 sales points throughout the country. The foreign market, however, has a remarkable growth, however, it needs to conquer much more space with other South American countries, corresponding to only 0.22% of the world market. Brazil exports to 40 destinations, with Holland being the largest buyer, followed by the United States. In 2011, Brazil exported US $ 20,699,521, 40.33% of which was related to ornamental plants, 48.37% for bulbs, rhizomes and similar, 3.67% fresh flowers and 7.63% of other products. It is concluded that there is a need to formulate strategies to manage in a way that the productive and commercial sectors grow in order to strengthen the market.

The diet and feeding behavior of the black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda.

One of the goals for primate feeding ecology is to understand the factors that affect inter- and intra-specific variations. Therefore, a detailed description of basic feeding ecology in as many populations as possible is necessary and warrants further understanding. The black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) or guereza is widely distributed in Africa and is one of the well-studied colobines in terms of their feeding; they demonstrate considerable variation in their diets in response to local conditions. We studied the diet of a group of guerezas in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda, for over 30 consecutive months using behavioral observation (4308h in total), phenology, and vegetation surveys. A total of 31 plant species were consumed by the study group. This study group was predominantly folivorous; the majority of their feeding time was involved in feeding on young leaves (87%). However, during certain times of the year, fruits and seeds accounted for 45% of monthly feeding time. Young leaves of Celtis durandii were by far the most important food, which constituted 58% of the total feeding records. There was a significant increase in the consumption of fruits and flowers once young leaf availability was low, but their consumption of fruits did not significantly increase even when fruit availability was high. Their monthly dietary diversity increased as the number of available plants with young leaves declined, suggesting that much of the dietary diversity in the study group may be attributable to the young leaf portion of their diet. Our findings may help contribute to a better understanding of the dietary adaptations and feeding ecology of guerezas in response to local environmental conditions.

Edible flowers: Bioactive profile and its potential to be used in food development.

The consumption of flowers as food is reported in various cultures around the world as part of traditional cuisine or alternative medicine, in addition to their wide use as ornaments. However, many species of edible flowers can be considered more than a delicacy or a garnish due to their nutritional value as source of protein and essential aminoacids. In this scenario, flowers represent an important segment to expand food market, due to their suitable sensory and nutritional characteristics, as well as presence of bioactive compounds beneficial to human health. Research on consumer behavior and purchase intent have been unraveling ways to explore the different attributes of edible flowers, in order to conquer this promising market in the following decades. Socio-cultural factors involved in the consumption of edible flowers have been subject of several studies aiming at popularizing and expanding this growing industry and encouraging local use of traditional flowers is important to preserve endangered traditions. On the other hand, nutritional properties, pharmacological benefits, chemical composition and the forms of preparation of edible species have been increasingly studied with the growing search for natural and health foods. Modern and effective methods for extraction of bioactive compounds from flowers are also contributing to explore their components, allowing the development of functional ingredients for food industry. Some key information as proper taxonomy and toxicological profile are still necessary to stimulate the consumption of edible flowers, as well as the creation of a good practice manual for proper management (cultivation, handling and preparation) of flowers for commercialization. Scientific and technical information on nutritional, therapeutic and chemical features of edible flowers are reviewed and discussed, aiming at strengthening the knowledge, and, consequently, consuming habits and research on their benefits in human diet.

A comparison of fecal sampling and direct feeding observations for quantifying the diet of a frugivorous primate.

Both observational and indirect evidence are widely used to determine the diets of wild animals. Direct observations are often assumed to provide the most comprehensive reflection of diet, but many wild animals are logistically challenging to observe. Despite the regular use of observational and indirect methods for inferring diet in wild animals, they have rarely been compared in detail for the same study population. Over 12 months this study assessed the congruence of methods in estimating the diet of a montane community of eastern chimpanzees Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda using observational scan samples and macroscopic fecal inspection. The assessment of the number of food species consumed each month was comparable between methods, but the estimation of the composition of items in the diet differed significantly. Most notably, the fecal samples significantly underestimated the consumption of flowers, and certain fruit species, which based on direct behavioral observations were seasonally consumed at very high rates. Conversely, direct observations underestimated the consumption of leaves and pith in comparison to results present in the fecal samples. These results suggest that combining methods where possible is most useful for accurate monitoring of dietary trends, particularly for species that experience significant seasonal shifts in their diet.

Quality parameters, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability of mixed jams of rose petals and apple

The objective was to develop mixed jams of rose petals and apple and to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Four formulations were made varying the concentration of rose petals (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). The higher the concentration of rose petals, the higher the phenolics and the antioxidant activity of the jams. A high correlation was observed between the total phenolics and antioxidant activity. No differences were observed among the jams to the L* value, hue angle, chroma, soluble solids, acidity, moisture, flavor, aroma, texture, and purchase intention. Jams with 20% and 25% rose petals had higher pH values. The mixed jam with 10% rose petals presented smaller ash content (0.12% w/w) and scores for the attributes appearance (7.15) and overall impression (7.26). The use of rose petals is an option to increase the total phenolics and antioxidant activity in jams, with sensory acceptability, highlighting concentrations between 15% and 25%. Practical applications The consumption of edible flowers is associated to a healthy diet, with great nutritional potential associated with its biological functions, especially those with antioxidant action. The use of rose petals in the processing of jam is an alternative of adding value to the product and offer a differentiated product all year round and an alternative for producers.

Profile and behavior of flower consumer: subsidies for marketing actions

ABSTRACT The growth of per capita consumption of flowers in Brazil is still low when compared with other countries. Among several factors that may be linked to this growth gap, the establishment of few or ineffective marketing strategies was cited. In this context, we present the results of the profile and behavior of flower consumer, aiming to subsidize marketing actions for the retail segment of flower supply chain. The study was conducted through interviews with 300 people of both genders at the moment they were buying flowers at 22 flower shops in the Paraná coast. This region was selected due to its potential for flower production and commercialization, which is similar to other Brazilian regions and other countries where the flower market has economic relevance. The female gender was identified as the major consumer (n = 62.7%), with tendency of increase in consumption as education level advanced (Spearman correlation coefficient, p < 0.05 = for own use r = 0.122; p = 0.039; for gift r = 0.174; p = 0.003). The acquisition average of 4.4 ± 1.9 times per year was registered, with preferential consumption of orchids (n = 36.3% for own use) and roses (n = 86.7%, for gift). The flower retail trade did not meet the expectations of consumers, especially in relation to price, promotions, and production quality. The male gender and the elderly consumer class may represent important alternatives to increase the current consumption of flowers.

Profile and behavior of elderly flower consumer in Paraná Coast

The per capita consumption of flowers in Brazil has presented successive growth rates, although the consumption in consumer class called elderly, that is 60 years old or more, is still incipient when compared to other countries such as the United States, Japan and the most part of European countries where the consumption of these people is more than the double of consumption in Brazil. In this context, it is presented the results of the profile and consumer behavior evaluation of elderly flowers consumer, aiming to subsidize the establishment of marketing actions for the retail segment of the flower production chain. The study was accomplished using 169 interviews with elderly people of both genres at the time that they were buying flowers in 22 flower shops in Paraná Coast. The female gender was identified as the majority consumer (p=78.7%). It was observed a tendency in the increase of consumption based on advanced schooling. It was registered an average of acquisition of 5,81 times per year, with preferential consumption of roses, violets and orchids. The accessibility to stores, the service quality followed by the high prices of flowers, were the main consumption limiting factors in the class evaluated.

Intellectual property rights in Brazilian floriculture: innovations for the growth and development of the market

One of the most important demands imposed by the consumer market on the Brazilian Productive Chain of Flowers and Ornamental Plants is the constant launching of innovations in cultivated species and varieties. Such innovations include the constant introduction of flowers and plants not yet grown and commercialized, both native and adapted exotic species, as well as transformations and changes in size, shape, coloring and conduction patterns and presentation of these goods to the market. Brazil does not have a relevant breeding and cultivation industry. In this sense, it is highly dependent on imports of genetic material developed by countries such as the Netherlands, Germany, Japan, the United States of America, Thailand, among others. Recent developments in the sectoral policy to protect the rights of genetic developers, in the development of internationally adequate legislation and in the control of the use and trade of cultivars, has allowed Brazil greater access to new genetic materials of high quality and in line with contemporary international trends in the consumption. This article aims to discuss the state of the art of protection of cultivars in Brazil, pointing to the advances that the legislation and the inspection have allowed in relation to the introduction of genetic innovations, evaluating the impact of these measures on the growth and development of the market of consumption of flowers and ornamental plants in the country.

Brazilian consumption of flowers and ornamental plants: habits, practices and trends

The Brazilian consumption of flowers and ornamental plants reproduces the main typical conditions of developing countries, which it shares with other nations of Latin America, Asia and Africa. These include low per capita consumption rates, the centralization of purchases in a few traditional items, and the concentration of demand on dates and special occasions of the national calendar of celebrations. However, in recent decades, strong growth rates have been observed for this sector, signaling a potent and promising market for producers, wholesalers, retailers, floral designers, landscapists and other professionals working in the floral segment. This article analyzes original quantitative research data applied throughout Brazil, from 2014 to 2016, by the market intelligence firm Hórtica Consultoria and by the Union of the Retail Trade of Flowers and Ornamental Plants of the State of São Paulo (Sindiflores), revealing preferences, habits, practices and tendencies for the consumption of flowers and ornamental plants in Brazil.

Factors influencing consumers’ attitudes towards the consumption of edible flowers

Floral food represents a niche market in the food service industry. The aroma, colour, shape and beauty of flowers often attract consumers to try floral food. In this paper, we test a model of predictors of attitudes towards the consumption of edible flowers by sampling 357 consumers in Taiwan. The results show that specific curiosity and aroma are the greatest influences on attitude towards the consumption of edible flowers. Specific curiosity partially mediates the relationship between aroma and attitude towards the consumption of edible flowers. We also find that health consciousness both directly and indirectly, via a healthy and caring lifestyle, affects attitude towards the consumption of edible flowers. Segmentation analysis shows that these direct and indirect effects on attitude towards the consumption of edible flowers are greater among the respondents who are more experienced with edible flowers.

Florivory shapes both leaf and floral interactions

AbstractFlorivory, or the consumption of flowers, is a ubiquitous interaction that can reduce plant reproduction directly by damaging reproductive tissues and indirectly by deterring pollinators. However, we know surprisingly little about how florivory alters plant traits or the larger community of species interactions. Although leaf damage is known to affect floral traits and interactions in many systems, the consequences of floral damage for leaf traits and interactions are unknown. We manipulated floral damage in Impatiens capensis and measured effects on floral attractive traits and secondary chemicals, leaf secondary chemicals, floral interactions, leaf herbivory, and plant reproduction. We also examined relationships between early season floral traits and floral interactions, to explore which traits structure floral interactions. Moderate but not high florivory significantly increased relative selfed reproduction, leading to a shift in mating system away from outcrossing. Florivory increased leaf secondary compounds and decreased leaf herbivory, although mechanisms other than leaf chemistry may be responsible for some of the reduced leaf damage. Florivory altered four of seven measured interactions, including increased subsequent florivory and reduced flower spiders, although only leaf damage effects were significant after correcting for multiple tests. Pretreatment concentrations of floral anthocyanins and condensed tannins were associated with reduced levels of many floral antagonisms, including florivory, nectar larceny, and flower spider abundance, suggesting these traits play a role in floral resistance. Overall, our results indicate a broad range of community and potential evolutionary consequences of florivory through structuring subsequent floral interactions, altering leaf secondary chemicals, and shaping leaf herbivory.

Factors Affecting Diet Variation in the Pyrenean Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta pyrenaica): Conservation Implications.

The Pyrenean rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta pyrenaica) lives at one of the southernmost limits of the ptarmigan range. Their small population sizes and the impacts of global changes are limiting factors in the conservation of this threatened subspecies. An effective conservation policy requires precise basic knowledge of a species' food and habitat requirements, information that is practically non-existent for this Pyrenean population. Here, we describe the diet of a ptarmigan population in the Eastern Pyrenees, the environmental factors influencing its variability and the relationship between diet floristic composition and quality. Diet composition was determined by microhistological analysis of faeces and diet quality was estimated from free-urate faecal N content. Our results show that grouse diet is based mainly on arctic-alpine shrubs of the Ericaceae family, as well as dwarf willows (Salix spp.) and Dryas octopetala. The most frequently consumed plant species was Rhododendron ferrugineum, but its abundance in the diet was negatively related to the diet nitrogen content. Conversely, the abundance of Salix spp., grass leaves and arthropods increased the nitrogen content of the diet. Seasonality associated with snow-melting contributed the most to variability in the Pyrenean ptarmigan diet, differentiating winter from spring/summer diets. The latter was characterised by a high consumption of dwarf willows, flowers, arthropods and tender forb leaves. Geographic area and sex-age class influenced diet variability to a lesser extent. Current temperature increases in the Pyrenees due to global warming may reduce the persistence and surface area of snow-packs where preferred plants for rock ptarmigan usually grow, thus reducing food availability. The high consumption of Rh. ferrugineum characterised the diet of the Pyrenean population. Given the toxicity of this plant for most herbivores, its potential negative effect on Pyrenean ptarmigan populations should be evaluated.

Phytochemical Content, Health Benefits, and Toxicology of Common Edible Flowers: A Review (2000–2015)

Edible flowers contain numerous phytochemicals which contribute to their health benefits, and consumption of edible flowers has increased significantly in recent years. While many researchers have been conducted, no literature review of the health benefits of common edible flowers and their phytochemicals has been compiled. This review aimed to present the findings of research conducted from 2000 to 2015 on the species, traditional application, phytochemicals, health benefits, and the toxicology of common edible flowers. It was found in 15 species of common edible flowers that four flavonols, three flavones, four flavanols, three anthocyanins, three phenolic acids and their derivatives were common phytochemicals and they contributed to the health benefits such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and neuroprotective effect. Toxicology studies have been conducted to evaluate the safety of common edible flowers and provide information on their dosages and usages.

Traditional preference of Wild Edible Fruits (WEFs) for digestive disorders (DDs) among the indigenous communities of Swat Valley-Pakistan

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDigestive disorders (DDs) causes indisposition and lead to death, especially in the underdeveloped world where hygienic conditions are scarce. A major proportion of the human populace depends on the use of traditional knowledge about the consumption of medicinal plants for many diseases, including DDs. The contemporary study summarizes the indigenous uses of Wild Edible Fruits (WEFs) of Swat Valley used for DDs and to evaluate the bio-efficacy of these pharmacologically essential fruit species from the available literature. Material and methodsAn ethnomedicinal study was conducted in Swat valley, Northern Pakistan. Data was collected through field assessment as well as from traditional healers and local people by means of personal interviews and semi-structured questionnaires, giving value to both rural and urban communities. The ethnomedicinal knowledge was quantitatively analysed using various indices like Familiarity Index (FI), Consensus index (CI), Informant consensus factor (ICF) and the present data was compared with previous studies in the neighbouring areas using Jaccard similarity coefficient (JI). ResultsThe present study recorded use reports on 53 WEFs of ethnomedicinal prominence in the treatment of DDs, belonging to 23 families. The recurrent growth forms were trees (51%) shrubs (38%) and herbs (11%). High consumption of fruits (50%), leaves (27%) and flowers (12%) was recorded. The traditional preparations were mostly in the form of unprocessed dried/fresh, powder, Juice and decoction and were usually taken orally. Almost 20–30% of the plants occurred in synanthropic vegetation while more than 75% were found in natural woodland and grassland vegetation. Family Berberidaceae dominated with highest FIV (41) followed by Punicaceae (38), Oxalidaceae (36) and Moraceae (35). ICF values for carminative (0.6) showed high consensus factor followed by anthelmintic, gastroenteritis and intestinal disorders (0.5). FI value is high for Berberis lycium (0.5), Morus alba (0.5), Morus nigra (0.5) followed by Olea ferruginea (0.45). B. lycium had the high consensus index, whereas, a study conducted on Lesser Himalayas Pakistan showed high value of Jaccard similarity coefficient. ConclusionWEFs are predominantly used in the treatment of various diseases in the valley and traditional knowledge about the use of these species against DDs is still prevailing. Multiple uses of these WEFs suggest further investigation into its phytochemical, toxicological and pharmaceutical potential. This study will serve as a baseline data for future pharmacological studies.

Edible Flowers: A Rich Source of Phytochemicals with Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Properties.

Edible flowers are receiving renewed interest as rich sources of bioactive compounds. Ethanol extracts of eight edible flowers were phytochemically characterized and investigated for their bioactivity. Rutin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and myricetin were selected as standards and quantified by HPLC. The fatty acid profile was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by using different in vitro tests. The hypoglycemic effects were investigated via the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Sambucus nigra exhibited the highest radical-scavenging activity (IC50 of 1.4 μg/mL), followed by Hedysarum coronarium (IC50 of 1.6 μg/mL). Both species contained high quercetin and rutin contents. S. nigra extract exerted the highest activity in preventing lipid oxidation. Malva sylvestris extract inhibited both α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 7.8 and 11.3 μg/mL, respectively. These findings support the consumption of edible flowers as functional foods and their use as sources of natural antioxidants by the food industry.

Marketing and consuming flowers in the Ottoman Empire

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the marketing and consumption of flowers as a commodity from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century in the Ottoman context, a non-Western context, and to identify the specificities and similarities to the wider regional context with which it interacts. Design/methodology/approach – Through utilising secondary historical data a two-level analysis is conducted. The first level provides information on the institutional actors such as flower merchants, the state, the flower research institutes, market channels and popular culture and their practices. The second level of analysis concerns the flower consumer. Findings – The paper shows that flower consumption and marketing in an early modern non-Western context was not totally divergent from its “Western” counterparts which share the same regional context, i.e. the Mediterranean. As part of the late Renaissance Mediterranean world, the flower cultivator as a leisure-time consumer is reminiscent of the “Renaissance man”, characterised as someone who consumes science, aesthetics and writing in his leisure time. However, Ottoman markets diverge from their counterparts through the formation of an institution, similar to a modern-day accreditation institution, which had an active role in generating standards, brands and norms for the flower market. Research limitations/implications – The paper is mainly focussed on Istanbul, the capital of the empire and a large city by contemporary standards. Generalisation to the Ottoman context would require further studies. Originality/value – The paper is original because marketing and consumption in non-Western histories, such as the Ottoman context, have been a neglected area, mainly because of a tendency to locate progress and modernisation in early modern west.

Infusions and decoctions of Castanea sativa flowers as effective antitumor and antimicrobial matrices

Chestnut trees are one of the most important crops in the north-eastern part of Portugal, representing millions of euros of yearly income. There are many ancestral claims of the health benefits of the consumption of chestnut flowers in infusions that remain unproven. In this manuscript, the antitumor and antimicrobial potential of chestnut flowers from two cultivars, Judia and Longal, extracted through infusions and decoctions are reported. In terms of antitumor activity, the most sensitive cell lines were HepG2 and HCT15 with the cultivar Judia showing higher activity for HCT15 and Longal for HepG2, regardless of the extraction methods. Regarding the antibacterial activity of the extracts, decoctions proved to be more effective with lower minimum inhibition concentrations, while infusions were better in terms of antifungal activity. The good overall antimicrobial activity could justify the inclusion of the flowers in food chain processing to act as a natural antimicrobial. Furthermore, the results corroborate some of the ancestral claims of the consumption of these flowers.

ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE, COMPOSICIÓN NUTRIMENTAL Y FUNCIONAL DE FLORES COMESTIBLES DE DALIA

In Mexico, Dahlia flowers are commonly consumed in different type of dishes; however, there are no reports on characteristics as a functional food. Proximate composition, minerals, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, carotenoids and antioxidant activity of dahlia flowers were studied. In general, the highest values for the content of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity were found in the purple dahlia (127.5 mg AG∙g-1, 257.5 mg pelargonidin∙100 g-1 and 24 % of inhibition respectively). The type and concentration of phenolic compounds varied according to the color of the flower. The highest phenolic compound value was for hesperidin (398.9 mg∙g-1), while the most detected phenolic compounds in the flowers were gallic and caffeic acids. Based on these results, we can recommend the consumption of dahlia flowers as functional food because it provides phenolic compounds (specially the dark-colored dahlia flowers, since they had the highest phenolic composition and antioxidant activity).