Consumption Of Cars Research Articles

Corporate average fuel consumption evaluation and non-compliance disaggregation based on real-world data

A widening gap between official and real-world fuel consumption of passenger cars has been reported worldwide. However, previous policy evaluation has not adequately incorporated real-world performance. To comprehensively evaluate China’s Corporate Average Fuel Consumption (CAFC) policy, we update the fuel consumption gap with millions of consumer-reported records and calculate CAFC and evaluate the national average fuel consumption (NAFC) under four scenarios. The results show that China’s fuel consumption gap has reached 37%. The average CAFC decreases from 6.72 L/100 km in 2016 to 5.91 L/100 km in 2020, far slower than the rated performance. The real-world NAFC non-compliance is disaggregated into on-road discrepancy (2.5 L/100 km), new-energy discounts (0.4 L/100 km), lightweight impacts (0.3 L/100 km), and additional technology improvements (0.8 L/100 km). This study can improve the state-of-the-art understanding of the real-world fuel consumption of passenger cars in China, thus calling for a more real-world-featured regulation system.

Risk and Revenue Management in the Chinese Auto Loan Industry

The automobile consumption credit business promotes the development of the automobile industry. However, the current credit system in China requires further refinement. Thus, the credit loan business is associated with certain risks, and company profits are often negatively impacted by clients who default on loans. Based on the data, this article leverages the economic and financial theories of consumer credit risk control to construct a logistic model to predict customers' default probability. Then, a quadratic regression model is established to determine the optimal commission structure to balance profitability with incentives from retail stores. Results show that the macro-level variables are negatively associated with the probability of good behavior. The personal level variables exhibit a positive association. In addition, a negative coefficient in the quadratic profit equation indicates the presence of an inverted “U” relationship between profit and commission. Corresponding suggestions are put forward.

As a Chinese saying goes, ‘To get rich, first pave the way’: The opening of high-speed rail and automobile consumption in China

The impact of high-speed rail (HSR) opening on residents' automobile consumption behavior is an economic issue that deserves attention. Based on monthly data on the opening of high-speed rail and the registration of automobiles in China's prefecture-level cities from 2008 to 2015, this paper uses the quasinatural experiment of high-speed rail opening, and the time-varying difference-differences (DID) method is used to analyze the impact and mechanism of the opening of China's high-speed rail on the automobile consumption behavior of consumers in prefecture-level cities. These research results show that the opening of high-speed rails significantly promotes consumers' purchase of automobiles. Specifically, it has a significant impact on the vehicle's brand (prefer joint venture brands) and color (prefer hue automobiles) as well as the payment method (prefer full payment). Furthermore, the expected increase in residents' income due to the opening of high-speed rail stimulates the sense of financial well-being (mediating mechanism), which in turn has an impact on the abovementioned automobile consumption behavior. These novel findings have a positive impact and significance on the national high-speed rail strategy, consumers' well-being, and the production and marketing strategies of automobile companies.

Analysis of the Development Prospect of China's Used Automobile Market

The development of automobile industry shows that the growth of automobile sales in a country will inevitably lead to the growth of used car market transactions. "With the further development of China's automobile market, the number of new cars is increasing, and consumers' demand for car replacement is increasing significantly. In the future, the gap between used car transaction and new car sales will be further narrowed." Although, since the outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020, the growth rate of China's domestic automobile consumption market has slowed down, consumer consumption expectations have declined, and the market has cooled significantly. Despite this, China's used car trading has achieved impressive results in the face of the overall car trading market. This article through to the development of China's used-car market present situation, used car trading, such as consumer preference for the data analysis, the rapid development of the used-car market in China in the future. The prospect of making a forecast and judgment, it is concluded that in the future China's used-car market size will continue to expand, huge market potential in the future; The used car trading system will be improved, and the market will become more standardized and transparent. The service quality of used car trading platform will continue to improve.

Comparative assessment of the efficiency of some car drives

The fundamental basis for the scientific progress is the cheaper technology. Systems analysis and engineering, decision-making systems are based on data completeness and their validation. The study aims to provide the following grounds for a systematic comparison of economic and environmental performance of vehicles with different fuel drives. The issue of logistical attractiveness and compatibility for Ukraine is especially relevant today. Thus, specific fuel consumption is calculated by determining the cost of electricity that goes to charge the traction battery from the mains and is equivalently converted into the cost of fuel. The paper presents a method of calculating the equivalent fuel consumption for electric vehicles according to European (l per 100 km) and American standards (miles per 1 gallon). According to the results of fuel efficiency studies, it is established that the equivalent fuel consumption on the territory of Ukraine of the studied electric vehicles is 8-10 times lower than the fuel consumption of cars of the same class with internal combustion engines.

Policy Requirements for Infrastructure Planning and Construction of Large Cities in the Development of New Energy Vehicles—A Case Study of the Sustainable Transport Policy of Large Cities in China

The auto industry is moving forward in reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and increasing renewable energy usage, as new energy vehicles are considered the key strategy to strengthen the country’s energy security, protect the environment, and enhance sustainable development. To cope with the pressure caused by the rapid increase in the number of cars, the Chinese government has implemented incentives in terms of markets, digital information networks, and infrastructure. This report focuses on the policies implemented by the Chinese government to enhance the application of new energy vehicles, and analyses the basic principles of urban transportation planning in China. By assessing the benefits and weaknesses of new energy vehicle policies, this study critically evaluates China’s project to promote new energy vehicles. The findings show that China’s alternative fuel industry has reached a turning point of rapid growth and is expected to become the mainstream of automobile consumption in the coming years. As the largest developing country, China’s development of new energy vehicles can provide valuable experiences to address both the opportunities and challenges of their cities moving to sustainable transport.

Evaluation of Real-World Fuel Consumption of Hybrid-Electric Passenger Car Based on Speed-Specific Vehicle Power Distributions

Fuel consumption differs between the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and the conventional vehicle (CV). However, traditional fuel consumption models developed for CVs are commonly applied to HEVs, which leads to uncertainties in the quantitative evaluation of energy consumption for passenger cars in traffic road networks. Considering the internal combustion engine (ICE) operating modes of hybrid vehicles among varying vehicle specific power (VSP) demand, we present a method to incorporate the HEV ICE speed to develop speed-specific VSP distributions for real-world driving conditions. Using vehicle trajectory and fuel consumption data in real traffic conditions, the results of this study show that the application of methods developed for CVs leads to a significant underestimation of fuel consumption for HEVs when the average speed is in the high-speed range (over 50 km/h) and a significant overestimation of fuel consumption when the average speed is in the low-speed range (below 30 km/h). The average relative error of the measured fuel consumption factor in each speed bin is 7.1% compared with real-world observations, which is an unacceptably large error. This paper proposes a method to develop the speed-specific VSP distribution, considering whether the internal combustion engine (ICE) of HEVs is on or off. This approach reduces the average relative error of the obtained fuel consumption compared with real-world observations to 2.2%, and the measuring accuracy at different average speeds is significantly improved. This method enhances the functionality and applicability of the VSP theory-based traffic energy model for HEVs.

Solar Based Station Digital E Fuel Monitoring System for Automobiles

This proposal introduces an innovative approach to revolutionize the monitoring and optimization of e-fuel consumption in automobiles through the implementation of a solar-powered station. With the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions, e-fuels have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. However, efficient monitoring and management of e-fuel usage remain a significant challenge. This paper proposes a comprehensive solar-based station that leverages renewable energy sources to monitor and analyze e-fuel consumption patterns, providing real-time data and insights to vehicle owners and fleet managers. The proposed system aims to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of e-fuel usage, leading to reduced carbon emissions and increased energy savings. Pure electric vehicles (EVs) are more and more popular in current automotive markets. Many services for EVs such as intelligent battery charging systems and mobile apps are developed to monitor battery energy information (energy consumption time series) for users. However, it consumes power from the grids and if there is no power charging EV vehicles will not be possible, and there is no alternatives. It is neglected such that EV energy consumption takes time in this we design the solar based EV charging station. An E-vehicle charging station, otherwise known as an EV charging station, an electric re-energize point a charging point, an electronic charging station (ECS), or an electric vehicle supply hardware (EVSE), is a piece of a framework that gives electric energy to the reenergizing of module electric vehicles, like electric vehicles, local area electric vehicles, and module mixtures. The main objective of this paper “Solar Based Charging Station for E-Vehicle” is to generate maximum power from the solar panel by tilting its angle based on the intensity of the light that falls on the solar panel .Also, the amount of power available in the charge station is continually monitored locally and from the remote area by using the concepts of Internet of things.

Fuel Consumption of Passenger Cars at Different Levels of Traffic Congestion and Traffic Conditions in Urban Cities of Sarawak

Fuel Consumption of Passenger Cars at Different Levels of Traffic Congestion and Traffic Conditions in Urban Cities of Sarawak

System dynamics modeling for improving the policy effect of traffic energy consumption and CO2 emissions

In view of the double superposition effect of the continuous increase in the number of motor vehicles, based on the price regulation strategy, in this article, a psychological decision-making algorithm for motor vehicle trips that considers the frame effect and availability heuristic is established to optimize the number of trips made by different vehicle types. Second, a collaborative pollution control and carbon reduction strategy is optimized from the perspective of improving the efficiency of vehicle scrapping and green travel awareness, as well as the efficiency of staggered shifts. The dynamic simulation results show that the collaborative strategy has a ceiling effect on urban traffic pollution control and carbon reduction. Under the 4H-scenario, the degree of PM pollution (pollution control), amount of CO2 generated by motor vehicles (carbon reduction), total energy consumption of passenger cars (energy conservation), and total energy consumption of trucks (energy conservation) decrease by 37.39%, 40.10%, 31.32%, and 55.96%, respectively. In addition, the degree of traffic congestion and the demand for parking spaces decrease by approximately 83.32% and 40.11%, respectively. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the collaborative urban traffic pollution control and carbon reduction strategy.

High-precision transient fuel consumption model based on support vector regression

Due to the increasingly severe environmental issues caused by transportation, energy conservation and emission reduction have become one of the most important research directions in the field of transportation. As the key tool for estimating transient fuel consumption, fuel consumption models are crucial for quantifying the energy consumption of automobiles and achieving energy conservation and emission reduction. However, most existing fuel consumption models suffer from problems such as a complex structure, difficult-to-determine model coefficients, and difficult-to-measure input parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a high-precision fuel consumption model with good applicability and easy implementation. The model proposed in this paper adopted a structure of steady-state estimation and transient correction and used support vector regression to predict fuel consumption. First, the engine torque was fitted based on the steady-state data, and the steady-state module was established. Then, based on data analysis using the Gaussian mixture model, the transient motion was divided into three driving conditions, and the transient module was obtained by transient correction for different driving conditions. Ultimately, the performance of the model was validated. The results show that the mean absolute percentage error of the new model is less than 14%, and the mean absolute error is less than 0.16 cc/s, which is a significant improvement compared with other classic models, indicating that the new model has a high prediction accuracy. In addition, the new model takes the most common engine speed, vehicle speed, and acceleration as inputs, making it easy to use and has good applicability and popularization value.

The effect of emergency engine mode on the fuel consumption of a passenger car

Vehicles with a combustion engine are characterized by different fuel consumption. The aim of the research is to determine the fuel consumption during the operation of the internal combustion engine. Consumption is monitored in the state when the vehicle is without a fault and in the state when the vehicle's engine is operating in emergency mode. The aim of the research is to carry out driving tests on a personal vehicle. The course of fuel consumption is monitored at various sections. In the first section of the route, consumption is monitored when driving in an urban environment, the second section represents driving outside the village and the third section on the highway. With the help of a diagnostic device, it is possible to monitor current consumption data via the engine control unit. The emergency state of the engine is caused by the disconnection of the electronic component that enters into the preparation of the fuel mixture. The cause of such disconnection is the engine being put into emergency mode, which in real operation may mean a drop in engine power and torque. The measurement results actually show an increase in fuel consumption when the engine is working in emergency mode. However, consumption is lower when driving on a highway section. This is due to the vehicle not being able to reach the required speed. The research carried out thus points to the impact of operating a vehicle with an emergency engine condition in relation to fuel consumption.

Performance Evaluation of Energy-Optimal Adaptive Cruise Control in Simulation and on a Test Track

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of energy-optimal adaptive cruise control (EACC) based on model predictive control (MPC) in comparison to standard adaptive cruise control (ACC) which is equipped for mass-produced cars of a German car maker. First, a simulation study is made in this work to compare the performance of PID-based control and MPC. Afterwards, a prototype of EACC is installed in an electric vehicle (EV), which is tested as the host car and follows a preceding car on a test track. In the test cycles, which represent urban and rural driving scenarios, EACC reduces the energy consumption of the host car by up to 13% in comparison with the standard ACC. The results of the vehicle tests not only demonstrate a significant energy reduction by EACC, but also show that EACC can reduce the risk of rear-end collisions by reacting earlier to rapid deceleration of the vehicle in front. Furthermore, the passengers feel more comfortable as the vehicle speed trajectory is smoothened by EACC. Finally, to investigate the real-time implementation capability of the optimization algorithms, this paper also examines the computation time of the MPC-based EACC function with different lengths of the MPC horizon.

Human–machine hybrid intelligence for the generation of car frontal forms

With the acceleration of the upgrading of the automobile consumption market, artificial intelligence has become an increasingly effective means of enhancing the creative design of automobile appearance modeling. However, when artificial intelligence processes specific design tasks, creativity is primarily based on data drive, resulting in machine-generated design schemes that do not match human-specific psychological intentions. Due to the absence of design knowledge in the process of machine design, there is a data gap between human cognitive thought and machine information processing. This paper aims to structure the human's complex cognitive knowledge of car frontal form, establish the consistency between human and machine cognitive structures, and reduce communication barriers in the process of human–machine hybrid creative design. To achieve this objective, a human–machine hybrid intelligence methodology – a combination of human cognitive mental model, human–machine shared knowledge base, and Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) – was developed to generate a large number of car frontal forms that are consistent with the design intent. First, we constructeda mental model of human cognition based on three dimensions: design intent, drawing behavior, and functional structure. Second, we created a shared human–machine knowledge base with design Knowledge. This knowledge base contains 12,560 images of car frontal form designs with corresponding morphological semantic labels and 3,140 sketches of car frontal forms drawn by hand. Human–machine shared knowledge base datawasutilized in a machine learning training network. In addition, a conditional cross-domain generative adversarial network was developed to investigate the implicit relationship between sketch characteristics, morphological semantics, and image visual effects. Using the suggested method, a large number of images with the specified morphological semantic category and resembling the hand-drawn sketch of a car frontal form can be generated rapidly. In terms of the quality of car frontal form generation, our research is superior to the baseline model according to qualitative and quantitative assessments. In comparison to the designer's output, the human–machine hybrid intelligent generation also demonstrates excellent creative performance.

Asynchronous Motor in a Mild Hybrid Vehicle

Problem. Strengthening requirements for reducing CO2 emissions requires reducing fuel consumption in cars with internal combustion engines. One of the ways to solve this problem is to equip cars with a hybrid power plant that combines an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. A classic hybrid vehicle requires two energy sources: a fuel tank for the internal combustion engine and a power battery for the electric motor. Therefore, hybrid vehicle has a more complex design and a relatively high cost. A mild hybrid vehicle is a new concept of a hybrid vehicle for urban use that is emerging today. Such MHVs have a simpler design and also allow you to save up to 30% of fuel in urban driving mode. Goal. The purpose of the work is to improve the economic and environmental characteristics of a mild hybrid car, due to the use of an inexpensive asynchronous electric motor with frequency control in the scalar mode, as well as more effective use of power plant control system algorithms. Methodology. Analytical research methods were used to develop algorithms for effective use of the power plant in acceleration, uniform motion, regenerative braking, and stopping modes. Mathematical modeling and calculation methods were used to justify the use of an asynchronous motor for the power plant of a mild hybrid vehicle. Results. The use of a low-power asynchronous motor in the power plant of a mild hybrid vehicle is mathematically justified. The use of the principle of rational amplitude-frequency scalar control is proposed. An algorithm and a scheme for the implementation of an induction motor control system with support for the optimal power factor have been developed. Originality. Instead of using a valve synchronous electric motor with an expensive control system, it is proposed to use an asynchronous motor, which has advantages in the power plant of a mild hybrid vehicle. An asynchronous motor will allow the use of effective algorithms of uniform motion and regenerative braking modes. Practical value. The design of a soft hybrid vehicle with the use of a low-power asynchronous electric motor makes it efficient and cost-effective. The scalar control method of an asynchronous motor, with the slip control, makes it possible to obtain a system with high control quality and lower cost of implementation.

Comparative study on performance of traditional engine and hybrid and electric engine

In the past, the car brands led by Mercedes Benz are extremely popular world-widely and those cars are mainly designed using internal combustion engines. Engine technology is also innovating in real time. Today's new energy technology is representing the development of low pollution and high efficiency in our country. In China, the growth of new energy vehicles, however, is especially rapid and, as a whole, China is the largest automobile market in the world, ranking first in production and sales scale. Despite fluctuations in recent years, China has maintained a steady but increasing development trend. Since China's accession to the WTO, new energy vehicles are blooming in the world, the shares of sustainable energy bought by everyone is constantly climbing and the scale of production and sales has grown rapidly. In 2009, China surpassed the United States to become the world's largest new car consumption market, and has always maintained a high growth rate. However, traditional cars and internal combustion engine vehicles gained some denial

User characteristics and demand insight of hatchback car market

Since entering the automobile market of our country, although the car has experienced a short market "warm spring", it has not become the mainstream of consumption due to the influence of the traditional concept. In recent years, major car companies have innovated the shape, performance, texture and other aspects of hatchback cars to seek a breakthrough in this market segment. At the same time, with the younger and diversified needs of mainstream consumers, the traditional "bias" of hatchback may be ended by the post-90s generation, and the increasingly rational car consumption will bring new opportunities to the hatchback market. Therefore, combined with the development of the hatchback car market, understanding the characteristics of users and insight into their car purchase needs can provide certain reference for car companies' planning ideas and marketing strategies. Based on desk research, big data analysis, quantitative and qualitative research methods, this study analyzes the development and current situation of the hatchback car market, and gives in-depth insight into the characteristics and needs of hatchback car users.

Beyond bans: A political economy of used vehicle dependency in Africa

African countries serve as used vehicle dumping sites for advanced capitalist countries, undermining global and local goals to move toward safe and low-emissions transport. Africa’s used vehicle dependency is commonly explained in terms of push-pull factors linked to demand for new cars and stringent environmental policies in wealthier countries that make available used vehicles for export, the limited purchasing power for less-polluting new safer vehicles, and weak regulation of vehicle emissions in Africa, all of which sustain used vehicle import on the continent. Drawing on the Ghanaian case, we present an enhanced explanation that brings in the role of historical underinvestment in public transport and larger processes that channel public resources toward car-oriented transport and land use, marginalizing other modes of transport used by the majority. Using historically informed political economy analyses and drawing on interviews and grey literature including media and institutional sources, this paper makes two contributions. First, it advances used vehicle research by moving beyond the push-pull approach to incorporate the historical institutional drivers of used vehicle and automobile consumption generally in Africa. Second, it provides insight into why used vehicle import bans on their own are unlikely to lead to sustained environmental and public health benefits and instead recommends more holistic policies for shifting toward cleaner, safer and affordable public transport in Africa. Transport and land-use planning reforms and investment prioritizing public transit including minibus recapitalization programs, as well as mixed land use and transit-oriented development can help reduce used vehicle dependency and the harms it brings.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of additives to automotive motor fuels by road tests

This article is devoted to research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of automotive motor fuel, in particular gasoline with additives. The efficiency is estimated by comparing the power characteristics and fuel consumption of cars with gasoline engines by road testing. Dependences have been obtained experimentally to assess the influence of various external conditions, vehicle driving mode and engine operation on fuel consumption and engine power. Based on the established dependencies, the effectiveness of the application of the studied multifunctional additives is determined. Keywords: reduction of harmful emissions by road transport, fuel consumption, gasoline additives, automotive motor fuel

Analysing the real-world fuel and energy consumption of conventional and electric cars in Europe

The transport sector constitutes one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. Although the literature is rich in studies assessing the factors influencing energy consumption in real world driving, few analyse the divergence between certified and real-world consumption on a fleet level and annual temporal resolution. The present work builds on the findings of previous studies to provide a complete simulation-based approach for fleet-level projections in real-world scenarios. A tailored simulation framework for fleet-wide analysis has been updated and validated extensively for current vehicle configurations. In addition to modelling, the analysis used data describing real-world conditions and vehicle characteristics representative of the European passenger car fleet and operation profile. Validation demonstrates good accuracy in simulating the vehicle measured consumption values with a near-zero mean error when simulating laboratory and on-road measurements. The impact of the certification procedure was quantified at 6% for both the combustion engine and battery electric vehicles. The influence of real-world factors such as traffic, ambient temperature and cabin air conditioning was quantified, and the results show a greater energy impact in the cold than in warm conditions. Different operating conditions were simulated to investigate the model’s capacity to estimate the distribution of the average sales-weighted gap in energy consumption between officially reported CO2 values and the real-world ones. The study focuses on three scenarios: average European conditions, the best and worst case for assessing the extremes, and a Monte Carlo-based scenario to determine the impact of warm and cold periods. Results show average gap values of 13.5% (best case) and 34.5% (worst case) for conventional vehicles and −4.5% (best case) and 23.9% (worst case) for battery electric ones. Warm and cold weather conditions result in 5.5 and 7.5% increases for conventional and hybrids and 7.5 and 15% for electrics, respectively.