Consumption Meter Research Articles

Transitioning practices of water utilities from reactive to proactive: Leveraging Australian best practices in digital technologies and data analytics

Developments in technology and data analytics bring opportunities for water utilities to proactively adapt their practices to better manage pressing challenges, such as water losses, ageing assets, and urban water scarcity due to climate change. Despite the increase in commercial digital technologies for monitoring urban water, wastewater and stormwater systems, digital transformation in water utilities has been occurring much slower than in other businesses (e.g., the energy sector). Leveraging from Australian best practices, this study aims to facilitate water utility’s digital transformation by establishing a targeted research agenda and a continuous improvement process for the successful implementation, operation, and improvement of smart water technologies. Four case studies on 1) automated and digital water consumption metering, 2) early warning of water mains breaks, 3) early detection of sewerage blockages and spills, and 4) smart rainfall reuse and flood mitigation are used to exemplify the potential benefits and hurdles of adopting digital technologies in water utilities, while highlighting pressing areas needing further research and development. Key research areas identified include: 1) development frameworks to map water utilities capacity and needs for ranking priority areas of investment, 2) improvements in sensor hardware, 3) integration of big, multi-sourced data and cybersecurity, 4) increase in generality of smart data applications for various field conditions (i.e., reduce the need for or level of customization), and 5) data-informed proactive asset management and water pricing. Key barriers to be overcome include 1) lack of internal capacity to develop, operate and integrate smart applications, 2) the risk conservative culture of water utilities when facing innovation, and 3) lack of operation standards among water utilities to promote benchmarking. It is imperative that water utilities actively drive the digital transformation process by perpetuating collaborations with research centres and the private sector, while simultaneously increasing in-house capacity through investments in skilled personnel and training.

Prediction of Energy Consumption on Example of Heterogenic Commercial Buildings

The management of large enterprises influences their efficiency and profitability. One of the important aspects is the appropriate management of electricity consumption used for production and daily operation. The problem becomes more complicated when you need to manage not one but a large complex of buildings with heterogeneous purposes. In the paper, we examine real-time series data of electrical energy consumption in a complex of heterogeneous buildings, including offices and warehouses, using time series analysis methods such as the Holt–Winters model and ARIMA/SARIMA model, and neural networks (Deep Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network, and Long Short-Term Memory). Experimental research was performed on a dataset obtained from an energy consumption meter placed in the building complex, built in different periods, and equipped with a variety of automation devices. The data were collected over a period of four years 2018–2021 in the form of time series. Results show that classic models are good at predicting energy consumption in the mentioned type of buildings. The ARIMA model gave the best results—for buildings characterized by seasonality and trends the forecasts were almost perfect with actual values.

Design of Energy Consumption Meter

Design of Energy Consumption Meter

Review and Analysis of the Characteristics of IoT Sensors

Internet of things (IoT) is the concept of data transmission network between physical objects ("things"), equipped with built-in tools and technologies for interaction with each other or with the environment. The work is devoted to the inspection and analysis of sensors, how the IoT systems are associated with environmental objects. IOT uses a wide class of measurement tools, from elementary sensors (eg, temperature, pressure, light), consumption metering devices (such as intellectual meters) to complex integrated measuring systems. The parameters of 30 types of sensors for IoT are given, 2 of them of the type of temperature and humidity sensors, 2 type of pressure sensors, 13 sensors that measure the flow and amount of gas or liquid, 2 type of accelerometers, 10 approach and movement sensors and 1 noise sensor. Among them are 4 sensors for wireless sensory networks (WSM), a single-time medical sensor for internal blood pressure measurement, calorimetric, vortex and electromagnetic flow sensors and gas or fluid, accelerometer, and memes of memes, and e-memometers, and electromagnetic measurement motion, a device of measuring noise level in the range of sound vibrations. For some sensors, there are no metrological characteristics at all, at best there is only a range of measurements and resolution. The resolution ranges from 8 bits to 16 bits with a signal sampling rate from 0.5 Hz to 48 kHz. There is even a LDC1612 digital induction chip with 28 bits. WSM sensors are designed to work with DigiMesh, LoraWan and Arduino, Raspberry. Many sensors use outdated RS 232, RS 432, I2C. Keywords: internet of things, network, review, analysis, sensors, objects, metrology.

Estimated energy consumption and billing modelling using power availability recorder

Accurate estimation and billing of unmetered facilities and homes by the energy providers in Nigeria has been a serious nightmare to the rural and other consumers. The unjust billing due to inaccurate and wrong estimations have resulted to rancor, facilities damage and economic hardship among the people due to poor equipment and unreliable consumption data. This research work presents accurate energy consumption and billing model using power availability recorder (PAR) which keeps track of how long electricity lasts in a building or facility at discrete time scale. Two residential buildings situated at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and one facility each in two chosen communities in Nsukka, were used as commercial and residential electricity consumers respectively for this study. The readings from the PAR were obtained in discrete scale (mini-seconds), and were later converted to seconds and hours. Similarly, the readings from the Energy Consumption meter were taken in kWh. These daily results taken simultaneously at 6 am and 6 pm were used to calculate the Availability Factor (AF), Load Use Factor (LUF) and Average Load (AL) in kW. With PAR as energy meter in significant number of houses within the chosen communities, AF, LUF, and AL for different facilities in the community were obtained and used for the energy billing model development. A relationship, which depends on availability and load use factor, has been suggested in this study with a proportionality constant value of 14.78 kWh/day/customer for use in obtaining better estimates of the bills chargeable to unmetered customers. This will control the black-out relay period usually encountered by consumers instead of the grossly unjust estimated bills currently being used by Nigeria's electricity distribution companies.

Characterization of electricity demand based on energy consumption data from Colombia

<span lang="EN-US">The development of dynamic energy distribution grids to optimize energy resources has become very important at the international level in recent years. A very important step in this development is to be able to characterize the population based on their consumption behaviour. However, traditional consumption meters that report information at a monthly rate provide little information for in-depth analysis. In Colombia, this has changed in recent years due to the implementation and integration of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). This infrastructure allows to record consumption values in small time intervals, and the available data then allows for the execution of many analysis mechanisms. In this paper we present an analysis of the electricity demand profile from a new dataset of energy consumption in Colombia. A characterization of the users demand profiles is presented using a k-means clustering procedure. Whit this customer segmentation technique we show that is possible identify customer consumption patterns and to identify anomalies in the system. In addition, this type of analysis also allows to assess changes in the consumption pattern of users due to social measures such as those resulting from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.</span>

On-Board Fuel Consumption Meter Field Testing Results

This paper aims to investigate and compare the fuel consumption data obtained from on-board fuel consumption meters (OBFCMs) from approximately 1000 vehicles through field testing. Furthermore, this research aims not only to compare the OBFCM readings but also to juxtapose them against the fuel consumption specifications provided by the respective vehicle manufacturers. To collect data, a cost-effective on-board diagnostics (OBD) reader and a user-friendly mobile app were employed, providing an accessible and efficient method for fuel consumption analysis. Field testing involved a diverse range of vehicles, covering various makes, models, and years of production. The OBCFM readings were recorded over a 9-month period, probably capturing a wide range of driving conditions and patterns. In order to ensure the reliability of the OBCFM readings, the fuel consumption measurements obtained from the manufacturers specifications were utilized as a reference benchmark. Preliminary data analysis indicates that there are noticeable variations in the fuel consumption data obtained from the OBCFM and the manufacturer specifications. These differences can be attributed to various factors. The novelty of the presented data lies in using a new feature implemented in EU cars since 2019. The study capitalizes on this feature, allowing for the collection of data from a broad spectrum of vehicles throughout the country under genuine driving conditions.

Energy Contour Forecasting Optimization with Smart Metering in Distribution Power Networks.

Smart metering systems development and implementation in power distribution networks can be seen as an important factor that led to a major technological upgrade and one of the first steps in the transition to smart grids. Besides their main function of power consumption metering, as is demonstrated in this work, the extended implementation of smart metering can be used to support many other important functions in the electricity distribution grid. The present paper proposes a new solution that uses a frequency feature-based method of data time-series provided by the smart metering system to estimate the energy contour at distribution level with the aim of improving the quality of the electricity supply service, of reducing the operational costs and improving the quality of electricity measurement and billing services. The main benefit of this approach is determining future energy demand for optimal energy flow in the utility grid, with the main aims of the best long term energy production and acquisition planning, which lead to lowering energy acquisition costs, optimal capacity planning and real-time adaptation to the unpredicted internal or external electricity distribution branch grid demand changes. Additionally, a contribution to better energy production planning, which is a must for future power networks that benefit from an important renewable energy contribution, is intended. The proposed methodology is validated through a case study based on data supplied by a real power grid from a medium sized populated European region that has both economic usage of electricity-industrial or commercial-and household consumption. The analysis performed in the proposed case study reveals the possibility of accurate energy contour forecasting with an acceptable maximum error. Commonly, an error of 1% was obtained and in the case of the exceptional events considered, a maximum 15% error resulted.

An Intelligent Modular Water Monitoring IoT System for Real-Time Quantitative and Qualitative Measurements

This study proposes a modular water monitoring IoT system that enables quantitative and qualitative measuring of water in terms of an upgraded version of the water infrastructure to sustain operational reliability. The proposed method could be used in urban and rural areas for consumption and quality monitoring, or eventually scaled up to a contemporary water infrastructure enabling water providers and/or decision makers (i.e., governmental authorities, global water organization, etc.) to supervise and drive optimal decisions in challenging times. The inherent resilience and agility that the proposed system presents, along with the maturity of IoT communications and infrastructure, can lay the foundation for a robust smart water metering solution. Introducing a modular system can also allow for optimal consumer profiling while alleviating the upfront adoption cost by providers, environmental stewardship and an optimal response to emergencies. The provided system addresses the urbanization and technological gap in the smart water metering domain by presenting a modular IoT architecture with consumption and quality meters, along with machine learning capabilities to facilitate smart billing and user profiling.

IoT. К вопросу об Интернете вещей

Modern dynamic life makes changes both in the lives of individual households and industrial entities. Households striving for comfort and safety are ready to purchase and use gadgets that trigger the processes of providing climate control, motion sensors and data transmission of consumption meters. In-dustrial enterprises are also seeking to use the Internet of Things, looking for growth drivers by optimizing the costs of monitoring production processes. The use of advanced monitoring and process management tools is the guarantor of the rapid response of individuals and industrial and commercial enterprises to the challenges of competition. This is due to the use of technologies and tools of the Internet of Things.

Design and Development of a Low-Cost Fuel Consumption Meter for the Performance Testing of Agricultural Machinery

The fuel consumption of an engine is an essential parameter that needs to be measured during the testing of an agricultural machinery. Commercially available fuel meters are expensive. The purpose of the study is to develop a fuel meter with data logging capabilities using inexpensive materials. The developed fuel meter follows the gravimetric principle in which the initial and final weights of the fuel after a specified amount time has elapsed are obtained and used to calculate the fuel consumption. The main components were the Arduino UNO microcontroller, data logging shield, and a load cell sensor. It was calibrated for diesel and gasoline fuels during the actual testing of different agricultural machinery such as centrifugal pumps, small engines, two-wheel tractors, and four-wheel tractors. Data were compared to the existing fuel meter and calibration curves were generated. Separate tanks were used for both the gasoline and diesel fuel to avoid mixing of fuels and damaging the engine. The generated equations for diesel fuel (y = 1.0957x – 0.0962) and for gasoline fuel (y = 0.8551x – 0.0017) were implemented in the Arduino code. A paired T-test was conducted and it showed that at a 5% level of significance, there is no significant variation in the data before calibration (p= 0.054) and after calibration (p= 0.550) for diesel fuel. While at a 5% level of significance, there is a significant variation in the data before calibration (p=1.03e-8 ) for gasoline fuel but showed no significant variation after calibration (p=0.610). In comparison to the existing fuel meter (Ono Sokki FX-1100 Series), the percent difference obtained before calibration ranges from 1.05% to 27.12%, and after calibration ranges from 0% to 6.39% for diesel fuel. The percent difference obtained before calibration ranges from 10.18% to 19.96% and 2.03% to 9.40% after calibration for gasoline fuel in comparison to the volumetric method fuel meter of AMTEC. After performing calibration and statistical analysis, the developed fuel meter can be considered as good as the existing fuel meters of AMTEC. The researchers recommend to provide dampers to isolate the vibration that affects weight measurement during testing or use a different sensor like an inline flow sensor to eliminate this problem. The inline flow sensor also allows the design of the fuel meter to be simpler and it will be easier to transport and use during field testing of agricultural machinery. An inline flow sensor with a wide range of capacity would be applicable for testing of agricultural machinery

RANCANG BANGUN FUEL FLOW METER UNTUK MENGUKUR KONSUMSI BAHAN BAKAR MESIN SEPEDA MOTOR EMPAT LANGKAH

In general, in knowing the fuel consumption of a motorcycle, motorcycle owners do this by looking at the fuel indicator on the instrument panel marked "F" meaning full, and "E" emergency. However, in the context of learning, these conditions make it difficult for students to read how much vehicle fuel consumption is viewed at each engine rotation (RPM). Referring to these conditions, the need for a fuel consumption meter is absolute. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to produce a fuel flow meter that can function properly to measure motorcycle fuel consumption so that it can be used as a support for gasoline motorbike technology lectures at the Automotive Technology Vocational Education Study Program) Universitas Bhinneka PGRI. This type of research is experimental research. The research object is the 2005 Honda Supra Fit. The standard for measuring fuel consumption is based on SNI 7554:2010 standards. Data analysis used a quantitative descriptive method. Research equipment and instruments used are a fuel meter, stopwatch, tachometer, and blower. The results of this study indicate that the fuel flow meter functions well in measuring fuel consumption. When calculated, from idle to high speed, there is an average increase in fuel consumption of 0.11 liters/hour or 41% at every RPM. This shows that the fuel flow meter can be used as a support for gasoline engine technology lectures.

A Distributed Power Consumption Metering Assessment Method for the Energy Internet

This paper proposes a distributed power supply consumption metering assessment index system and method for rural energy internet, which can be used in the dispatch and design departments of power companies. The method can solve the problems that exist in the existing distribution system, such as the lack of basis for siting and capacity determination and access of large-scale distributed power units, and the single and one-sided assessment index of distributed power consumption capacity. Firstly, analysing the characteristics of the new rural power grid, considering the impact of the uncertainty of distributed power supply output, organically combine the influencing factors of power quality, power supply reliability and operational safety and establish a multi-dimensional index evaluation system to measure the ability of distributed power sources to consume. Finally, the improved fuzzy estimation is used to determine the consumption capacity of the rural grid. The data of a rural grid operation is analysed by case study to accurately assess the consumption capacity of distributed power sources in the area.

Modeling of Drying Kinetics of Banana (Musa spp., Musaceae) Slices with the Method of Image Processing and Artificial Neural Networks

In this study, modeling of thin banana slices dried on 316 stainless steel shelves is carried out in an oven working with serial controlled and concentric blower-resistor couple. Changes occurred in banana slices (area and color) during drying process have been recorded by a camera. Additionally, weight has been measured with a load cell which is under the shelf and energy consumption has been measured with electricity consumption meter which is tied to energy input. The main aim of the study is to conduct the drying process of banana slices according to the data obtained from camera. Besides, obtained data have been tested with a powerful modeling technique like Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and it has been seen that drying process could be modeled according to the data obtained from camera. Energy consumption data have been added in order to increase the performance of ANN and strengthen the modeling. Thus, an automatic drying system that can learn by itself using only a camera without any other sensors will be installed. This has been caused an increase in performance. However, it is obvious that it increases cost. According to the results of modeling process, 99% of “goodness of fit” has been obtained by using the change in banana slices and the number of pixels. It has been found that the developed model performed adequately in predicting the changes of the moisture content. Thus, it has been available to control the food drying process with a digital camera.

An Investigation of Thermoelectric Generators Used as Energy Harvesters in a Water Consumption Meter Application

An Investigation of Thermoelectric Generators Used as Energy Harvesters in a Water Consumption Meter Application

ESP32 Based Electric Energy Consumption Meter

In recent years, the Smart Energy Meter has attracted a lot of attention from all over the world. In this paper a design and prototyping a low-cost IoT energy monitoring is presented, which may be utilized in a variety of applications such as power billing, smart grid energy management, and home automation. The system is based on a low-cost ESP32 microcontroller that is interfaced non-invasive Current Transformer (CT) sensors, and voltage sensor to get data from sensor nodes and deliver it to a Blynk server over the internet. The studies' findings showed that the system for monitoring energy consumption can precisely record voltage, current, active power, and cumulative power consumption.

Test and Measurement Data Analysis of Fuel Consumption Measurement and Control System of Floating Ball Engine

Abstract Fuel consumption is an important index to evaluate the fuel economy of automobile engine, and it is one of the important measurement parameters in engine test research. This paper uses the engine eddy current test bench to carry out the repeatability verification test, measurement accuracy and accuracy verification test, and engine bench test of the designed and developed floating ball fuel consumption meter. The data obtained from the test are analyzed to verify the floating ball fuel consumption. performance indicators of the instrument.

Impacts of the protective measures taken for the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption and post meter leakages in public places.

Adequate, secure, and sustainable water supply gained utmost importance as an essential public service during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this research study is to investigate impacts of the protective measures taken for the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption and post meter leakages in public places. A total of 22 pilot study sites (PSS) representing schools, graveyards, parks, mosques, public toilets, a university building, and a sport facility were chosen to apply this study. The PSS were equipped with smart meters with different sizes that were capable of measuring the flow rates at short intervals of 15 min. The flow rates were continuously monitored at the PSS for more than 1 year before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 and 2020. Post meter leakages were determined based on the minimum night flow (MNF). The monitoring results showed a considerable decrease (42%) in the total flow rates at public places because of the lockdown measures, but excessive post meter leakages (72% of total flow rates) were also observed. Additionally, the decrease in flow rates adversely affected measuring accuracy of the meters and thereby increased the apparent water losses. Control of post meter leakages and selection of appropriate size of meters are important for efficient use of urban water. Water and energy savings besides reduction in greenhouse gas emissions are the main environmental benefits of leakage control. The use of smart technologies contributes to efficient and sustainable management of urban water demand, but raising public awareness for conservation of water is essential.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10661-022-09913-w.

Development and Implementation of Smart Water Metering System based on Lora Technology

The article presents an overview of traditional water meters in Vietnam, digitizing metrology technologies and wireless data transmission technology for data collection and user applications in smart water metering systems. After that, it is proposed to design a smart wireless water meter module. This paper focuses on designing and implementing a smart water meter to re-use traditional mechanical water meters by designing a smart water metering module attached to the existing meter. This way, it eliminates the costs of investing in flow water meter and influences the old water meter infrastructure system. The contribution of this paper is threefold: (i) Firstly, it proposes wireless data transmission and digitizing metrology technologies suitable for water metering systems in Viet Nam. (ii) Secondly, the proposed smart water meter module designs include hardware, firmwave, and plastic cover. There are two experimental prototypes of the module is introduced in this paper (iii) Lastly, The paper provides a water metering management software model for smart cities. And the overall systems of the proposed platform were built to verify the presented design. To reduce the amount of water leaking or users hacking from outside the meter in the measurement results, the article proposes to design features to alert about: abnormal flow, strong magnetic field influence, and equipment cover being removed. The experimental verification was designed with the Actaris water meter using Hall technology to digitize data and the Itron water meter with digitizing technology using the LC sensor. Besides, the Lora wireless network system is proposed and deployed to verify the water metering management with the advantages of low energy consumption, high security, and strict authentication process. Actual results for the laboratory environment and residential areas show that signal loss (RSSI) and signal noise (SNR) is within the allowable range. In addition, the packet loss rate <1% and average power consumption meter <50uA. Water metering management software is presented to verify the smart city service system.

Energy consumption meter

An electronic multifunctional adder SEM-3 for electric power account is described. The technical characteristics of the device and the principle of its operation are given. The algorithm of the adder operation is described. The adder SEM-3 is assigned for control and account of the electric power consumption directly from consumers, as well as in automated centralized systems for account and control, and is assigned for round-theclock operation. Keywords electronic adder, electricity, power, meter, assembly, device, operating principle, operation algorithm