Consumption In Russia Research Articles

Impact of Climate Change on Energy Production, Distribution, and Consumption in Russia

An assessment of the overall impact of the observed and expected climatic changes on energy production, distribution, and consumption in Russia is presented. Climate model results of various complexity and evaluation data on the vulnerability of various energy production sectors to climate change are presented. It is shown that, due to the increase of air temperature, the efficiency of electricity production at thermal and nuclear power plants declines. According to the climate model results, the production of electricity at TPPs and NPPs by 2050 could be reduced by 6 billion kW h due to the temperature increase. At the same time, as a result of simulation, the expected increase in the rainfall amount and river runoff in Russia by 2050 could lead to an increase in the output of HPP by 4–6% as compared with the current level, i.e., by 8 billion kW h. For energy transmission and distribution, the climate warming will mean an increase in transmission losses, which, according to estimates, may amount to approximately 1 billion kW h by 2050. The increase of air temperature in summer will require higher energy consumption for air conditioning, which will increase by approximately 6 billion kW h by 2050. However, in total, the optimal energy consumption in Russia, corresponding to the postindustrial level, will decrease by 2050 by approximately 150 billion kW h as a result of climate- induced changes. The maximum global warming impact is focused on the heat demand sector. As a result of a decrease in the heating degree-days by 2050, the need for space heating is expected to fall by 10–15%, which will cause a fuel conservation sufficient for generating approximately 140 billion kW h of electricity. Hence, a conclusion about the positive direct impact of climate change on the Russia’s energy sector follows, which is constituted in the additional available energy resource of approximately 300 billion kW h per year.

DENTAL AND SALIVARY STATUSES OF MEN WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER DEPENDING ON AGE

Introduction. High level of alcohol consumption in Russia and significant need of dental care especially among patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) dictate necessity of investigation of dental pathology features among this group of patients. The aim of the study is to research dental and salivary statuses of men with ADS depending on the age. Methods. Examination of indices of dental and salivary statuses was carried out among two age groups of patients with second stage of AUD aged 25-44 years - «younger» and 45-64 years - «older». Methods of statistical analysis were Pearson's chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression. Results. In studied group median of DMFT with Q1 and Q3 is 14,0 (11,0-20,0) in younger group and 23,0 (18,0-29,0) in older group with significant prevalence of missing teeth in older group (p

Newest policy developments regarding surrogate alcohol consumption in Russia

Abstract The following viewpoint updates on very recent developments regarding policies for unrecorded surrogate alcohol consumption in Russia. It is outlined how and why the current lack of an appropriate legal framework and poor enforcement of existing measures can potentially increase mortality among the most vulnerable populations of heavy drinkers.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ МЕДИАПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ В РОССИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ДИНАМИЧЕСКИ МЕНЯЮЩЕЙСЯ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ

The article highlights the current problem of media consumption in Russia, the concept of media use as an active social practice is considered. The characteristics of the practice of media consumption in the modern world and their features are investigated. The comparative data of the dynamics of media consumption in Russia (by types of media television, Internet, radio and press desktop and mobile Internet are considered separately) are presented, the main trends of changes for the period from 2013 to 2017 are described.

Prevalence of tobacco consumption in Russia: dynamics and trends. Analysis of global and national survey results

Prevalence of tobacco consumption in Russia: dynamics and trends. Analysis of global and national survey results

Alcohol consumption in Russia: Distorted vision

Alcohol consumption in Russia: Distorted vision

Demand for Alcohol Consumption in Russia and Its Implication for Mortality

Alcohol abuse is widely blamed for the very high rate of male mortality in Russia. I estimate a structural model of the demand for alcohol that incorporates two features of alcohol consumption, peer effects and habits. I use a kink in the policy regime of the excise tax on alcohol and regional variation in alcohol regulations to estimate a price elasticity of demand for alcohol. I find that peer influence and habits are critical determinants of the response of alcohol demand to price changes. The estimates imply that increases in alcohol prices would yield significant reductions in mortality. (JEL D12, H25, I12, L66, P23, P36)

Suicides and Alcohol Consumption in Russia, 1959-2013

Suicides and Alcohol Consumption in Russia, 1959-2013

Role of MNCs in Changing Preferences for Food Consumption in Russia under Import Substitution

The paper analyses the changes in the food market in terms of supply and demand in the context of import substitution and a decrease in the purchasing power of the population. It explores the reasons behind a rise in food prices, studies consumer preferences and criteria for choosing food products, and reveals the distinguishing features of Russian consumers’ behavior in the food market under the conditions of the import substitution policy. The article shows that, in general, multinational companies engaged in the food industry have managed to successfully integrate into the import substitution policy in the context of post-crisis development.

Socially Responsible Consumption in Russia: Factors and Development Potential of Market-oriented and Non-market Practices

Socially Responsible Consumption in Russia: Factors and Development Potential of Market-oriented and Non-market Practices

Distributional effects of higher natural gas prices in Russia

This paper analyses the distributional effects of eliminating the implicit subsidy on natural gas consumption in Russia. The analysis is based on a computable general equilibrium model with multiple households and a detailed power generation sector. It is found that using additional government revenues from higher domestic gas prices to increase the income of low- and middle-income households could improve the welfare of these households and alleviate income inequality in Russia, e.g., total private consumption of the poorest decile could increase by 3%. Nevertheless, the most efficient revenue-recycling policy would be to invest in the energy efficiency of buildings, which have the largest energy savings potential in Russia. In the long term, investing in the energy efficiency of buildings could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 240 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year and increase the welfare of low- and middle-income households, e.g., total private consumption of the poorest decile increases by 1%. It is also found that increasing the regulated domestic gas price could lead to windfall profits for non-Gazprom producers. Hence, to increase government revenues, the gas-price reform could be supplemented by an increase in the capital income tax in the gas sector.

Apple juice nutritional profile

Fruits and vegetables are an important component of proper nutrition, but its consumption in Russia is below the recommended levels, and fruit and vegetable juices can partially fill the lack of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Russian Union of Juice Producers (RSPS) has been accumulating data on nutritive and biologically active substances of juices during five years to assess the contribution of juices to the diet. RSPS has organized research in accredited laboratories of more than 500 samples of reconstituted and direct juices available on the shelves of Russian stores since 2010 with the aim to specify and supplement the data listed in the various reference books. Analysis of literature data on the content of nutritive and biologically active substances is performed in the article together with the results of studies of various samples of apple juice of domestic industrial production. The nutrient profile of apple juice is given on this basis and contains 30 nutritive and biologically active substances. The most significant from the point of view of providing human body with micronutrients and minor biologically active substances for apple juice of industrial production are Potassium, Chromium and hydroxycinnamic (mostly chlorogenic) acids. A glass of apple juice (250 ml) contains, on average, about 8% of the daily requirement for potassium, 12.5% for chromium and about 150% of adequate daily intake of hydroxycinnamic acids. Additionally apple juices (except clarified ones) contain pectins - in a glass (250 ml) of juice on average there is 15% of daily requirement in pectins, and the total content of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in apple juices with pulp on averages make 5% of daily human requirement in a dietary fiber.

The internet trade of counterfeit spirits in Russia – an emerging problem undermining alcohol, public health and youth protection policies?

Counterfeit alcohol belongs to the category of unrecorded alcohol not reflected in official statistics. The internet trade of alcoholic beverages has been prohibited by the Russian Federation since 2007, but various sellers still offer counterfeit spirits (i.e., forged brand spirits) over the internet to Russian consumers, mostly in a non-deceptive fashion at prices up to 15 times lower than in regular sale. The public health issues arising from this unregulated trade include potential harm to underage drinkers, hazards due to toxic ingredients such as methanol, but most importantly alcohol harms due to potentially increased drinking volumes due to low prices and high availability on the internet. The internet sale also undermines existing alcohol policies such as restrictions of sale locations, sale times and minimum pricing. The need to enforce measures against counterfeiting of spirits, but specifically their internet trade should be implemented as key elements of alcohol policies to reduce unrecorded alcohol consumption, which is currently about 33 % of total consumption in Russia.

Russian Orthodox Parish Family Clubs of Sobriety. Specific of rehabilitation work (1992-2016)

According to WHO report published in 2014 Russia ranks world N°4 by alcohol consumption, Croatia - N° 11, Serbia - N° 32, Italy - N° 37, USA - N° 56. Per capita alcohol consumption in modern Russia is an average 15.76 litres of pure alcohol. To compare with the year 1912 per capita alcohol consumption in Russia was 3.14 litres of pure alcohol. In WHO opinion per capita alcohol consumption over 8.0 litres of pure alcohol is a national danger.Aid programs for alcohol addicted people exist in the USA for over 100 years. In connection with obsolescence of the most popular and wide-spread Alcoholics Anonymous approach founded in 1930-1940 - other programs are actively developing now.In Russia social sobriety movement has a history of more than 130 years' experience. From the middle of the 19th century there was an active social sobriety movement connected with such names as a great Russian teacher and public figure Rachinsky S.A., the archpriest Alexander Rozhdestvensky, St. Righteous John of Kronstadt. However scientifically based aid programs for alcohol addicted people have spread in the USSR only in the eighties of the XX Century.In Croatia the development of scientific aid program for alcohol addicted has started in the sixties of the XX Century and is connected with the name of a world-famous psychiatrist Vladimir Hudolin (2.05.192226.12.1996). Vladimir Hudolin has graduated from the chair of nervous and mental diseases of medical faculty of the Zagreb university, the chair was based in 1921 by a distinguished psychoneurologist, professor, Russian nobleman Lapinskiy Michail Niki- tovich (1862, Russia - 1949, Argentina). Doing an internship in Great Britain and Scotland clinics in 1952-1953, Vladimir Hudolin has got acquainted with clinical psychiatrist and the pioneer of social psychiatry Joshua Birer who has created in 1938-1939 the first therapeutic social club for patients of lunatic asylum and also with Maxwell Jones and his therapeutic community in Belmont hospital (Henderson Hospital). On the base of psychoneurological office of university hospital named after Doctor Mladen Stojanovic Vladimir Hudolin on his returning to Zagreb has organized open doors system suggested by Scottish psychiatrist John Batty Tyyuk. He has also begun to implement there a therapeutic communities methodology, strategy of work in small groups and family approach.Rising star of social psychiatry- the president of World association of social psychiatry A. Guilherme Ferreira has said about 45-year-old Vladimir Hudolin. Hudolin on the base of experience, theory of systems of Bertalanfi and reflections of his own began to develop social-ecological theory of alcoholism. According to this approach - problems connected with consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive agents are to be considered in the context of deviant behavior and lifestyle of addicted person. In this regard it is necessary to take into consideration the influence of immediate environment and inhabitable environment in general on the individual i.e., to estimate the influence of both individually-psychological and sociocultural factors.On April 1, 1964 Vladimir Hudolin being already a doctor of medical sciences opens at university hospital the Croatia's first The Club System for Treated Alcoholics. By 1979 there were already over 2000 such clubs on the Balkans, and currently the club aid program has spread not only in the countries of the former Yugoslavia but also in more than 30 countries worldwide. The results of the efficiency of this program were amazing as they have shown that among clubs members about 60% had permanent long remission.In Russia wide range of experts became familiar with Vladimir Hudolin's method after an article published by B. Gachich, T.P. Neborakova and E.A. Koshkina in Journal of Addiction Problems. In 1994 an article by A.N. Baburin together with a group of authors was published, in the article Russian experts have shared their experience in Family Clubs of Sobriety (FCS) management in Moscow and Moscow area. …

The internet trade of counterfeit spirits in Russia - an emerging problem undermining alcohol, public health and youth protection policies?

Counterfeit alcohol belongs to the category of unrecorded alcohol not reflected in official statistics. The internet trade of alcoholic beverages has been prohibited by the Russian Federation since 2007, but various sellers still offer counterfeit spirits (i.e., forged brand spirits) over the internet to Russian consumers, mostly in a non-deceptive fashion at prices up to 15 times lower than in regular sale. The public health issues arising from this unregulated trade include potential harm to underage drinkers, hazards due to toxic ingredients such as methanol, but most importantly alcohol harms due to potentially increased drinking volumes due to low prices and high availability on the internet. The internet sale also undermines existing alcohol policies such as restrictions of sale locations, sale times and minimum pricing. The need to enforce measures against counterfeiting of spirits, but specifically their internet trade should be implemented as key elements of alcohol policies to reduce unrecorded alcohol consumption, which is currently about 33 % of total consumption in Russia.

Content of iron, zinc and manganese in grains of Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare and Avena sativa cultivars registered in Russia

Micronutrient deficiency associated with low dietary intake is the most prevalent public health problem worldwide. This is especially true for cereal-based diets which are poor in the amount and bioavailability of micronutrients. To screen for high micronutrient content the genotypic variation in iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) contents the whole grain of cereals (Triticum aestivum L., Secale cereale L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Avena sativa L.) was investigated. All 65 considered accessions were highly productive modern cultivars/breeding lines registered in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation and are presently accepted for cultivation in the country. A variation in microelement concentrations of cereal grains was indicated (mg kg−1): wheat Fe 15–22, Zn 14–21 and Mn 2.4–4.1; rye Fe 14–30, Zn 16–24 and Mn 2.6–7.0; barley Fe 24–79, Zn 6–33 and Mn 7–21; oat Fe 19–37, Zn 10–70 and Mn 3.5–9.9. Generally, the highest genetic potential for promoting direct consumption and breeding to increase microelement content was observed within barley and oat. Among barley genotypes, contents of Fe, Zn and Mn varied 3–5.5-fold. Oat showed 7.0-fold variation in Zn and almost threefold variation in Mn. Genotypic variation for seed micronutrients among wheat and rye cultivars was relatively narrow (1.5–2-fold). The distribution of micronutrient content among the cultivars differed for each element. Nevertheless, cereal cultivars with relatively high density of all micronutrients (Fe, Zn and Mn) were found. The identified cultivars of cereals with high micronutrient content are important for breeding programs and for providing enhanced micronutrient diets for human consumption in Russia.

The Effects of Alcohol Taxation and Pricing Policies on Unrecorded Alcohol Consumption in Russia

Background: In Russia, harmful drinking is significantly associated with consumption of unrecorded alcohol (homemade spirits and non-beverage alcohol surrogates) containing high levels of ethanol and other toxic substances. Objectives: To estimate the effects of recent alcohol taxation and pricing policies on unrecorded alcohol consumption in Russia. Methods: Trends in the affordability of vodka, excise tax rates on vodka, real disposable income, real price of vodka and unrecorded alcohol consumption per capita between 2010 and 2015, were compared. Results: A Pearson’s correlation analysis suggests an inverse relationship between unrecorded alcohol consumption and total alcohol sales per capita, as well as vodka sales per capita. The relationship between unrecorded alcohol consumption and the affordability of vodka was also negative, but statistically nonsignificant. The level of unrecorded alcohol consumption also positively related to the excise tax rates on vodka and the real price of vodka. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that several factors including rising price of legal alcohol and ongoing economic crisis underpin a switch to unrecorded alcohol consumption in Russia over the last years.

Drinking in the North of European Russia: From Traditional to Totalising Liminality

AbstractThis article* explores the topic of alcohol consumption in Russia. My fieldwork was conducted in the north of European Russia between 2010 and 2014 in Arkhangelskaya and Vologodskaya oblasts. The main idea of the paper is to look at alcohol drinking through the lens of rites of passage and especially liminality. I argue that the traditional festivities, and alcohol consumption with the traditional type of liminality, were based on a small amount of sugar and money and also the long period of time required to make beer. In 1960s, afterukrupneniyeand the urbanisation of villages, money and spirits came to the villages. Together with an existing prohibition on ceremonies and rites they created a new permanent liminality of drinking. This new liminality included getting dead drunk and was paradoxically approved by Soviet ideology.

Surrogate alcohol containing methanol, social deprivation and public health in Novosibirsk, Russia

Surrogate alcohol, i.e. alcohol not intended or not officially intended for human consumption, continues to play an important role in alcohol consumption in Russia, especially for people with alcohol dependence. Among the different types of surrogate alcohol, there are windshield washer antifreeze liquids; these products are the cheapest kinds of non-beverage alcohol available and thus likely to be used by the most deprived and marginalised groups such as homeless people with alcohol dependence. Although it is well known, that non-beverage alcohol is used for consumption by various groups in Russia, and although there are laws to prohibit the use of methanol as part of windshield washer antifreeze liquids for the very reason that such products could be used as surrogate alcohol, we detected products in retail sale which were a mix of water and methanol only. Methanol poses serious health threats including blindness and death, and there had been repeated methanol deaths from surrogate alcohol in Russia over the last years. If law-enforcement does not change for surrogate products, we can expect more methanol-resulting deaths in the most deprived and marginalized groups of people with alcohol dependence in Russia. In addition, ingredients with questionable safety profiles such as formic acid should also be prohibited in non-beverage alcohol products that are likely to be consumed as surrogate alcohol.

Performance of gas turbines in Russia under the changing climatic conditions

The impact of the expected climatic changes on the performance of gas turbine units (GTU) as part of the power industry and gas pipeline network in Russia is considered. Long-term estimates of changes in the average annual air temperature throughout the country are made based on the authors’ model. The calculations using the efficiency value of gas turbine units as a function of the ambient air temperature show that climatic changes will significantly deteriorate the operational efficiency of gas-turbine equipment in practically all of Russia’s regions. Based on publicly available statistical data, we assessed the installed capacity of gas-turbine power stations (including combined-cycle power plants) and gas-turbine drive of gas pipeline network. Three development scenarios have been considered for gas turbine power in the national electric power industry, differing in the rates of new facilities’ commissioning. Integrated estimates have been made of the increase in gas consumption in Russia’s gas pipeline network and power industry resulting from climatic changes by 2030 and 2050. It is shown that the total increase in the annual gas consumption associated with a reduction in the efficiency of gas turbine units due to climate warming by 2030 could reach approximately 130000 tce (of which approximately 90000 tce in the gas pipeline network and 40000 tce in the electric power industry) and more than 170000 tce (120000 and 50000 tce, respectively) by 2050. Should more optimistic scenarios be implemented for the development of the electric power industry, this effect will increase 1.5–2.0 times by 2050. Despite high absolute values, the increase in GTU fuel expenditures due to higher ambient temperatures resulting from climate change in Russia will only amount to a fraction of a percent of the total gas consumption and will be two orders of magnitude lower than the savings in space heating.