Consumer Spending Research Articles

Water Pollution and Its Correlation to Mineral Water Consumption Expenditure

Water is a basic need for human life. However, challenges of access to clean and healthy water are increasingly being by pollution. This condition forces households to pay for clean and healthy mineral water. This study examines the distribution of water pollution levels and household mineral water consumption in Indonesia. It examines the relationship between water pollution and the spending the household mineral water consumption. The data used in this study are water pollution level data for 2021 from the raw data of PODES 2021 and spending of consumption the household mineral water data from the raw data of the SUSENAS 2021. Both data were analyzed using correlation analysis to calculate the r value. Then the data is presented in a map of the distribution of water pollution and mineral water consumption spending by districts in Indonesia. The results showed that the correlation of the two variables had a positive value of 0.026. Even though the relationship is not very strong, this proves that the higher the water pollution, the greater the spending for household consumption of mineral water.. Kalimantan Island is an area with a high water pollution level. In the distribution of mineral water consumption expenditure for households, Indonesia is classified as having a low consumption level, while DKI Jakarta Province is an area that has high mineral water consumption expenditure of an average of IDR 183,396/month.

How Does Cashless Payment Influence Consumer Spending Behaviour

India, like many societies, recognizes the need to move away from cash-based transactions. The decision to prioritize this transition nationally is driven by complex factors, including the challenges associated with cash circulation such as tracing difficulties, inconvenience, high printing costs, and the need for frequent currency replacements. These challenges are more pronounced in India compared to other countries. The transition aims to eliminate frictions by removing intermediaries, directly transferring benefits to beneficiaries, ensuring universal banking access, and reducing corruption. A comprehensive plan has been developed to propel India's 1.3 billion population towards a "paperless," "people-less," "frictionless," and "cashless" banking environment. The positive response from the Indian populace indicates potential success for the initiative. A cashless economy is expected to boost GDP through e-commerce and digital payments, enhancing economic openness and credibility, attracting more investments. This move aligns with Prime Minister Modi's vision of Digital India and promises significant success in the future.

Exploring the Dynamics of Economic Instability: An Analysis of the Interplay between Consumer Spending, Consumer Confidence, and Macroeconomic Factors

This study empirically evaluates the effect of consumer confidence on consumer spending in Nigeria. Relatively little attention has been paid to the existence of a long-run relationship between consumer confidence and consumer spending in Nigeria, and this study aims to contribute to the existing literature in this regard by utilising quarterly data spanning from 2009 to 2023. Examining the relationship through the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, it was found that consumer confidence, money supply, and inflation have a significantly positive impact on consumer spending, while interest rates possess an adverse relationship with consumer spending in Nigeria in the long run. The findings of the study recommend that good infrastructure, ease of doing business, and reduction of tax rate on everyday purchasing are key contributors to consumers’ optimism. Additionally, efficient responses to economic shocks and effective policy reformation according to the shift of the dynamic financial world are also crucial to making the economy well-run and maintaining the level of consumers’ confidence.

Waste generation and macroeconomic drivers: a panel study for European countries and regions

PurposeThe vast amounts of waste generated today threaten economies and societies due to high environmental and management costs. The aim is to investigate the short- and long-term patterns of municipal waste generation (MWG) in response to socio-economic and demographic growth variables at national and regional levels.Design/methodology/approachA panel data approach employing ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects (FE), random effects (RE), fully modified least squares (FMOLS) and error correction model (ECM) techniques. A sample of 28 European countries (2000–2020) and 44 European Union (EU) regions (2000–2018) were selected.FindingsDuring periods of economic growth and higher employment rates, consumer confidence tends to increase, leading to elevated levels of consumer spending and consumption. Intensification in the production factors, specifically capital and employment, results in an upsurge in MWG, thereby creating a cycle where waste generation becomes deeply entrenched in the economic system in both the short and long terms. Rapid population growth, attributed to higher fertility rates, is associated with increased MWG. At the regional level, a double-aging process and a shift toward an aging population exert less pressure on MWG in both the short and long term. Promoting higher levels of environment-oriented human development yields various benefits, including the generation of greater knowledge spillovers, enhanced environmental literacy, a shift toward circular thinking and the promotion of greener entrepreneurship. Increased R&D expenditures facilitate the development of innovative waste reduction technologies, fostering improvements in waste management techniques, recycling processes and the utilization of sustainable materials.Research limitations/implicationsThe research examines the short- and long-term adjustments of MWG in response to changes in macroeconomic variables from low aggregation (countries) to high aggregation (regions). By analyzing the relationship between economic growth, urbanization, healthcare system quality, labor market functioning, demographic trends, educational level, technological advancement and MWG, the study fills a research gap and enhances understanding of waste management interventions. However, data availability and waste statistics accuracy should be considered. Future research could explore the relationship between macroeconomic variables and waste generation in sectors beyond MWG, such as industrial or construction waste, for a more comprehensive understanding of waste generation as a whole.Practical implicationsThe positive correlation between economic activity levels and waste generation in both the short and long terms, emphasizes the criticality of investing in waste reduction and recycling infrastructure to mitigate landfill waste. The negative correlation between population density and waste generation stresses the importance of strategic waste facility placement in low-density areas. To effectively manage higher MWG, tailored waste collection systems and initiatives promoting healthy lifestyles are of immense importance. The positive relationship between employment rates and waste generation underscores the necessity of waste reduction programs that generate employment opportunities. The positive correlation between fertility rates and waste generation emphasizes the need for the expansion of extended producer responsibility programs to include products and materials specifically associated with families and child-rearing. Education campaigns and governmental support for research and development (R&D) in waste reduction technologies are also integral components of an effective waste management strategy.Originality/valueThe short- and long-term adjustments of MWG reacts to shifts in macroeconomic variables from low aggregation (countries) to high aggregation (regions). Previous research has neglected the long-term information contained in variables by not incorporating the lagged error correction term (ETM). Neglecting this aspect could result in imprecise estimates of the elasticities.

The transmission of monetary policy shocks through the markets for reserves and money

This paper identifies supply and demand curves for bank reserves and a Divisia aggregate of monetary services within a structural vector autoregressive time-series model. Estimated over four sample periods spanning 1967 through 2020, the model illustrates how monetary policy actions can be interpreted with reference to their initial impact on bank reserves and the federal funds rate and their subsequent effects on Divisia money, nominal consumption spending, the aggregate nominal price level, and the unemployment rate. Model estimates attribute strong inflationary effects to monetary policy in the late 1960s and 1970s and also show that changes in the supply of reserves associated with the Fed's large-scale asset purchases since 2008 worked, as intended, to offset deflationary pressures and reduce unemployment. The model describes a much richer monetary policy process than one focused on interest rates alone.

Fenomena Perilaku Belanja Online sebagai Pilihan Konsumsi pada Laki-laki Usia Produktif

Technological advances have a major impact on all human activities. One of them is shopping activities. Someone only by using the internet that is in a cell phone can carry out various shopping transactions easily. The ease of transactions in online shopping is also another supporting factor for choosing online shopping compared to traditional shopping. This causes changes in consumer spending behavior, including male consumers. Another phenomenon that supports online shopping activities is activities that are limited due to the development of the COVID-19 virus which continues to increase until now. This study uses a type of qualitative research using a phenomenological approach. The research involved one man of productive age who had online shopping experience in meeting his needs during a pandemic. Data collection was carried out using interview techniques. The results of the study explain that men of productive age choose online shopping because of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation consists of perceptions of convenience and practicality in online shopping, trust, hobbies they have, the desire to try new things and a sense of security in terms of health when shopping. Extrinsic motivation that causes online shopping behavior in men of productive age consists of the social environment, organizational/workplace culture, promotions/discounts, more economical prices, trends, availability and variety of products and attractive advertisements.

Marketization of Energy Resources in China: An Environmental CGE Analysis

This study aims to examine the effects of energy price fluctuations on China’s energy-environment-economy system under different scenarios. To achieve this, a computable general equilibrium model is constructed using the 2020 macroeconomic SAM table and microeconomic SAM tables that encompass 8 energy sectors and 13 intermediate sectors. The model is utilized to analyze the impacts of various policies on variables within the energy-environment-economy system. The findings indicate that an increase in energy prices will lead to a contraction effect on multiple industrial sectors and the overall macroeconomy. Higher energy prices result in elevated prices, reduced output, decreased investment, and decreased consumer spending across most industrial sectors, negatively affecting the macroeconomy. However, government regulation of secondary energy prices can mitigate the influence of primary energy prices on the national economy. Such regulation hinders the transmission of primary energy price fluctuations to downstream industrial chains, thereby alleviating its impact on different sectors and the macroeconomy to varying extents. In order to mitigate the adverse effects of energy price fluctuations, it is crucial to reduce energy consumption while promoting economic growth and enhancing resident welfare. This paper presents relevant measures and suggestions to address these challenges.

INVESTMENT CYCLE IN THE ECONOMY OF SLOVAKIA AND IN THE EU-27

Fluctuations in investment and consumption expenditure often give rise to the business cycle.Older theories or approaches to business cycles found the causes of cyclical fluctuations in investment, underconsumption, psychological factors as well as climatic factors.The aim of the article is to evaluate the development of investment and consumption expenditure in the economy of Slovakia and the EU-27 economy. In the period 2003-2022, which is the subject of our interest, the Slovak economy as well as the EU economy experienced two major economic recessions.The first was caused by the global financial crisis, and the second was due to the coronavirus pandemic.Investment expenditure was subject to significant fluctuations throughout the reporting period, butthe fluctuations were larger in the Slovak economy.Consumer spending also experienced cyclical fluctuations in both Slovak and the EU-27 economies.Consumption growth in the SR during the period of high GDP growth (2004-2008) exceeded consumption growth in the EU-27countries.During the global financial and economic crisis, consumer spending declined only slightly in both economies.Consumption fell more during the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic (2020).In the EU-27, consumer spending decreased by -4.8%, in Slovakia by -1%.

Ambient air pollution and consumer spending: Evidence from Spain.

Research on the economic burden of air pollution has focused primarily on its macroeconomic impact. However, as some studies have found that air pollution can lead to avoidance behavior-for example, reducing the time spent outdoors-we hypothesize that it can also influence consumer spending activity. We combine high frequency data on ozone and fine particulate pollution with daily consumer spending in brick-and-mortar retail in 129 postal codes in Spain during 2014 to estimate the association between the two. Using a linear fixed effects model, we find that a 1-standard deviation increase in ozone concentration (20.97 μg/m3) is associated with 3.9 percent decrease in consumer spending (95% CI: -0.066, -0.012; p<0.01). The association of fine particulate matter with consumer spending is, however, not statistically significant (β: 0.005; 95% CI: -0.009, 0.018; p>0.10). Further, we do not observe a sufficiently strong bounce-back in consumer spending in the day-or even the week-following higher ozone concentration. Also, we find that the relationship between ozone concentration and consumer spending is heterogeneous, with those aged below 25 and those aged 45 or above exhibiting stronger negative association. This research informs policymakers about a plausibly unaccounted cost of ambient air pollution, even at concentrations lower than the WHO air quality guideline for short-term exposure.

Динамика показателей макроэкономического окружения крупных проектов (по материалам США, Европейского союза, Китая и России)

This article provides an overview of the macroeconomic situation in a number of countries: United States of America, European Union, China and Russia in the 3rd quarter of 2023. Currently important statistical data is used for the analysis, and the mainstream literature is reviewed. The authors mark the dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators and describe the causes and possible consequences of the changes. The core indicators considered include GDP level, unemployment rate, inflation rate, key rate, consumer spending, government spending and others. The budget of each country is analyzed. For some indicators, the authors make forecasts of changes in indicators for future periods, taking into account various conjunctural factors. The article was written within the framework of the Crisis Management Center of the School of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Quantitative Easing’s Effects on the U.S. Housing Market

As the housing bubble burst in the United States, the buildup of subprime lending led to the Global Financial Crisis. The Federal Reserve desperately slashes interest rates to reverse the economic recession, but the Zero Lower Bound significantly hindered the policy's future effectiveness with concerns of an existing liquidity trap. As a result, the unprecedented Quantitative Easing became the policymakers' last resort. Through the large-scale purchases of financial assets including mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and government bonds, the Fed attempts to stimulate the economy through reserve creation and instilling downward pressure on future interest rates. This literature review discusses how QE specifically affected the U.S. housing market during the GFC. An analysis is conducted on various social aspects and stakeholders by identifying the various channels through which QE is transmitted. The signaling, bank lending, and refinancing channels all suggest that MBS had the greatest effect on market expectations, bank behaviors, and consumer spending. As a result, many were many spillover effects into real estate, notably on asset prices, employment, and investment. Even though literature has criticized QE's ineffectiveness and its potential drawbacks, the unconventional monetary policy certainly played an essential role in preventing a worse outcome and effectively demonstrating its ability to reduce interest rates, generate wealth, and revive the economy.

Economic Crisis of Bangladesh's RMG Sector Effect of Government Borrowing to Meet the Budget Deficit

The economic crisis in Bangladesh's real estate industry sector is a cause for concern as it is heavily affected by the government's borrowing to meet the budget deficit. The high level of debt has led to inflation and a decrease in consumer spending, which has harmed the real estate market. Developers are struggling to find buyers for their properties and are facing financial difficulties as a result. The government should consider implementing policies to address the budget deficit and reduce the burden on the real estate industry. This could include measures to increase revenue through tax reform and reducing government spending. Additionally, the government should also focus on providing incentives for investors to invest in the real estate market, such as tax breaks and subsidies. Overall, addressing the budget deficit and providing support to the real estate industry is crucial to ensuring the stability and growth of the economy. The majority of the government's revenue comes from taxes, VAT, and the domestic sale of bonds and certificates of deposit, making it one of the largest corporations in any nation's financial industry. There are three organizations through which governments may occasionally borrow money from other nations: the World Bank, the IMF, or LIBOR London Inter Bank. To close the budgetary gap, higher-rate borrowing will be necessary. Estimating income and expenses before making any purchases or placing anything on the market is the primary tenet of a budget.

The Effect of Household Consumption Expenditure, Government Expenditure and Per Capita Income on Economic Growth in Sidoarjo Regency

In learning to study the effect of per capita income, for economic growth in Sidoarjo Regency, pay attention to household consumption and government spending. The Central Bureau of Statistics has provided secondary data for 15 years (2007-2021) for research. IBM SPSS Version 26 program is used in multiple linear regression analysis with table α = 5% or 0.05. Based on research findings, household consumer spending, per capita income, and government spending have a significant and insignificant effect on the economic development of Sidoarjo Regency.

Unravelling the Proportion of Food Expenditure and Energy Consumption on Food Security: Evidence from Smallholders’ Clove Farmers in Indonesia

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the proportion of food consumption expenditure to clove farmer household expenditures, as well as the energy and protein consumption and food security conditions of clove farmer households in Indonesia. Theoretical Framework: Hunger eradication and food security remain critical development challenges, particularly in developing nations such as Indonesia. Poorer households spend a large proportion of their income on basic needs, including food. However, as their income increases, they divert more of their income towards buying higher quality goods and services, thereby reducing the proportion that goes into food. Method: This research was conducted on 30 clove farming communities using a purposive sampling technique. In in-depth interviews, all informants responded to the researcher's questions using precise, in-depth, and easy-to-understand phrases. Data analysis was carried out by reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions and verification. Result and Conclusion: The results showed that the average proportion of non-food expenditure to total household expenditure of clove farmers in the study locations was 54.45%, while the proportion of food consumption expenditure to total expenditure was 45.55%. This suggests that non-food consumption spending accounts for a significant portion of farmer household expenditure. Meanwhile, the average energy and protein consumption of rice farming households was 1995.81 kcal/person/day and 88.65 grams/person/day, respectively. Implication Of Research: These findings imply that clove farmers have a sufficient amount of energy and protein. It may be stated that clove farmers in the research area have very excellent food security, with no food insecure households.

Sales in Commercial Alleys and Their Association with Air Pollution: Case Study in South Korea

We investigate the dynamic interplay between air pollution (PM10) and income and their joint association with quarterly sales in commercial alleys, focusing on the pre-COVID-19 (2018–2019) and COVID-19 (2020–2021) periods in Seoul, South Korea. The objective of this study is to identify how air pollution and income collectively influence consumer spending patterns by looking at the increase and decrease in sales in commercial alleys, with a focus on contrasting these effects before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, utilizing advanced machine learning techniques for deeper insights. Using machine learning techniques, including random forest, extreme gradient boosting, catboost, and lightGBM, and employing explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), this study identifies shifts in the significance of predictor variables, particularly PM10, before and during the pandemic. The results show that before the pandemic, PM10 played a notable role in shaping sales predictions, highlighting the sensitivity of sales to air quality. However, during the pandemic, the importance of PM10 decreased significantly, highlighting the transformative indirect impact of external events on consumer behavior. This study also examines the joint association of PM10 and income with sales, revealing distinctive patterns in consumer responses to air quality changes during the pandemic. These findings highlight the need for dynamic modeling to capture evolving consumer behavior and provide valuable insights for businesses and policymakers navigating changing economic and environmental conditions. While this study’s focus is on a specific region and time frame, the findings emphasize the importance of adaptability in predictive models and contribute to understanding the complex interplay between environmental and economic factors in shaping consumer spending behavior.

MARKET BASKET ANALYSIS MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA HASH BASED PADA DATA PENJUALAN DI O2 SWALAYAN

O2 Supermarkets have stock of goods available in the warehouse. During this time there is a buildup of goods in the warehouse because there is no system to analyze transaction data so that losses occur. Therefore, a system is needed to manage these goods in order to reduce stocks of goods that are not selling well and make stocks of goods that sell well in warehouses through consumer spending patterns. To analyze data on consumer spending patterns, the Market Basket Analysis Method can be used. This method can be used to analyze consumer spending patterns. The algorithm used is the Hash Based and Association Rule Algorithm because it can overcome the determination of frequent itemsets from k-itemset candidates with a large number and speed up information on consumer spending patterns. With existing data and using this algorithm it can produce a lot of information. The results of this study get 6 Rules with a minimum Confidence of 50% and minimum Support&gt;= 4. From consumer spending patterns that can be used as a strategy to support sales, knowing which items are selling best, placing goods so that they are more efficient in picking up the goods desired by consumers, not only shopping patterns but also more controlled stock of goods.

Minimalna ušteda i finansijska likvidnost u matematičkom predstavljanju

This paper discusses the velocities of the minimum escaped concerning financial liquidity. This implies that the conduct of the money cycle in normal circumstances is examined, considering the velocity of minimal level managed to escape cash reserves and the acceleration of cash flow. As a result, the money cycle determines how the economy works. As a result, it is reasonable to reach conclusions about consumer spending and investment in each economy. A Q.E. approach framework is used for this assessment.

Examining the Effects of Economic Policy Uncertainties on the Stock Market Index: Analysis by Nonlinear ARDL Method for G7 Countries

Uncertainties are important factors that influence the decisions made by societies. Economic uncertainties closely affect society’s consumption and investment behaviour. Rising stock markets increase investors’ confidence, resulting in more purchases and higher stock prices and, in this context, an increase in consumer spending. When stock prices decrease, company investments are also negatively affected as consumer spending declines. Thus, increases and decreases in stock prices affect the general economy as they affect business confidence and consumers. The study analyses the effect of uncertainty in economic policies on stock markets, leading to a decrease in investor confidence in the economy. Such effects in G7 countries were examined using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the period 1998:M05–2020:M09. This method was able to capture symmetries and asymmetries in the relationship between economic policy uncertainties and the stock markets. The results showed that heightened uncertainty in economic policy in Japan has a significantly negative effect on the stock market index, but in Germany and Italy, it has a significantly positive effect. Rising interest rates have negatively affected the stock market index in the United States, Canada, Japan, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The increase in the industrial production index is positively related to the stock market index in the United States, Canada, Japan, Italy, and France. Additionally, uncertainties in economic policy have asymmetric impacts on the stock market index in the United States, Canada, Japan and Italy, and symmetrical impacts in Germany, France and the United Kingdom.

Contact or Contactless Payment: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer Decision Making in Money Domain

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered consumer behavior. The significant influence of COVID-19 pandemic on consumption has been documented in an increasing amount of literature; however, limited focus has been placed on how consumer spending decisions differ depending on whether they employ contactless or contact payment methods under COVID-19 and normal conditions. The results of this study, which used a laboratory experiment carried out in the northern part of China, demonstrate that: (1) consumers’ intentions to spend more money when using contactless payments than when they use contact payments; (2) disgust and negative contamination act as mediating factors on the relationship between the degree of contact and consumer spending intention; and (3) COVID-19 moderates this mediating effect. This study concludes by discussing its theoretical contributions and managerial implications, alongside limitations and future research directions.

Multiplier transformation of E-commerce to S-commerce in emerging economy

Relevance. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) and social commerce (s-commerce) are transforming business and consumer behaviour in Southeast Asia, propelled by digital advancements and increased internet and smartphone usage. This trend is significantly influencing economic growth and market dynamics in these emerging economies. Research Objective. This study aims to perform a comparative analysis of e-commerce and s-commerce across Southeast Asian countries. Additionally, it seeks to explore the evolution from e-commerce to s-commerce in emerging economies, examining the opportunities and challenges embedded in this transition, and discussing the implications for businesses and consumers alike. Data and Methods. To achieve these objectives, we used a quantitative approach, surveying 872 Thai participants through an online questionnaire using a convenience sampling technique. Additionally, we analyzed the data comparing e-commerce and s-commerce across Southeast Asian countries using the documentary method and content analysis. Results. Consumer spending through e-commerce and s-commerce has a significant positive impact on economic growth in Thailand, surpassing the impact of government spending. Private consumption, a substantial component of Thailand's GDP, stimulates production, investment, and job creation, fostering overall economic advancement. In Southeast Asia, distinct e-commerce trends are evident: Thailand benefits from high internet and smartphone usage, Indonesia from robust social media engagement, and Vietnam from a focus on social commerce and mobile, cross-border e-commerce. These diverse trends underscore the necessity for businesses to tailor their strategies to each country's unique consumer behaviors and preferences. Conclusions. The study confirms the significant impact of electronic consumption through e-commerce and social media on GDP growth. This form of consumption not only drives demand but also creates jobs, enhances efficiency, and opens up opportunities for international trade, fostering sustained economic development. In light of these findings, governments are advised to bolster digital infrastructure and support businesses in their digital transition. Meanwhile, businesses are recommended to adapt to digital models, emphasize consumer engagement, expand globally through online platforms, and integrate sustainable practices. Collectively, these measures are designed to harness the full potential of electronic consumption for sustainable and robust economic growth.