Consumer Of Petroleum Products Research Articles

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СИСТЕМ ЭКОНОМИИ ТОПЛИВНО-СМАЗОЧНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ ПРИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ТЕХНИКИ

The agro-industrial complex of Russia is one of the main consumers of petroleum products. The volume of work in agriculture, the loading of equipment when performing field and transport work place increased demands on the quality of fuels and lubricants. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in compilation of a comprehensive analysis of domestic and foreign sources to obtain detailed characteristics of fuel and lubricants economy systems. (Materials and methods) The article presents the methods of economical use of fuel and lubricants based on domestic and foreign sources, information about the quality and range of oils used in the agro-industrial complex of Russia. The article considers the basics of rational use of waste materials, ways to clean them from contamination, presented technologies and technical means for the recovery (regeneration) of waste oils. (Results and discussion) Currently existing fuel and lubricant saving systems do not fully meet the requirements of resource saving and environmental standards. The use of recommendations, guidelines, regulatory and technical documentation on this problem in the developed system of fuel and lubricants economy will allow consumers of the agro-industrial complex to reduce fuel costs by 7-25 percent; reduce friction losses by 3-5 times; restore the geometry of worn friction surfaces; increase the engine power by 5-10 percent; extend the life of the engine and mechanisms by 8-12 percent. (Conclusions) The developed regulatory framework, theoretical and methodological provisions will allow the management departments of the agro-industrial complex at the regional (district) level and large agricultural enterprises to develop and implement scientifically based solutions for organizing the processes of saving fuel and lubricants during the operation of agricultural machines and aggregates.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫХ МЕР ПО СТАБИЛИЗАЦИИ ЦЕНОВОЙ ДИНАМИКИ НА РЫНКЕ НЕФТИ

Цель: в статье рассматривается проблема стабилизации цен на рынке нефти. Нефтедобывающие и нефтеперерабатывающие компании, а также потребители нефтепродуктов заинтересованы в стабильной и устойчивой динамике нефтяных цен. В этой связи возникает необходимость предотвращения непредсказуемых хаотичных скачков цен на рынке нефти. Требуются антикризисные меры, направленные на подавление возникающих хаотичных колебаний нефтяных котировок. В данной работе показано, что этим целям может эффективно способствовать использование математических методов современной теории управления хаосом. Обсуждение: в статье предложена нелинейная дискретная система, с помощью которой моделируются процессы, наблюдаемые на нефтяном рынке. В результате применения совре-менных методов теории управления хаосом разработана экономико-математическая модель, которая способна сначала нейтрализовать хаотичное движение цен, а затем перевести их динамику в устойчивый периодический режим. Результаты: полученная модель может использоваться в качестве вспомогательного инструмента при разработке и осуществлении мер по стабилизации цен на рынке нефти. Практическое применение сконструированной модели показано на примере статистических данных для среднемесячной цены сырой нефти марки Brent. Разработанные в данной статье методы довольно удобны с практической точки зрения и легко адаптируются к реальному рынку.

Introduction to this special section: India

India is currently the third-largest global consumer of petroleum products after the United States and China. The country produces approximately 720,000 barrels of crude oil and 3.16 billion ft3 of gas per day and imports more than 80% of its oil and 50% of its gas needs. This large discrepancy between domestic supply and consumption has been rising rapidly of late. With an economy growing at 6%–8% per year, India's energy demand growth over the next couple of decades is forecast to be among the highest in the world. To mitigate the heavy dependence on imported energy, India has stepped up efforts in recent years to increase domestic production of oil and gas.

Life and Death: How Should We Respond to Oiled Wildlife?

AbstractThere is ongoing public debate about the best course of action to take when wildlife are affected by oil spills. Critics of wildlife rehabilitation suggest that the cleaning and release of oiled animals is a waste of resources focused on individual animals (not populations); thus, the most responsible course of action is to immediately euthanize affected animals. These critics claim that survival of rehabilitated animals is poor, and that the funds spent on rehabilitation would benefit wildlife more if spent on other conservation efforts. In this opinion piece, with a focus on birds, we review reasons for engaging in a coordinated response to oiled wildlife that includes cleaning and rehabilitation. The reasons for responding to oiled wildlife in any capacity include ethical, human safety, and legal aspects. Our rationale for proposing that responders attempt to rehabilitate wildlife, rather than planning on immediate euthanasia, includes financial, scientific, and additional ethical reasons. Financially, costs for wildlife rehabilitation are typically a very small portion of overall oil-spill response costs, and are typically independent of postspill enforcement and funds used to restore injured natural resources. Scientifically, we review recent studies that have shown that animals cleaned and rehabilitated after oil spills can often survive as well as nonoiled control animals. Ethically, some people would consider individual animals to have intrinsic value and that we, as consumers of petroleum products, have an obligation to reduce suffering and mitigate injuries associated with such accidents. For these reasons, we suggest that, although humane euthanasia should always be considered as an option for animals unlikely to return to normal function after rehabilitation, response to oil spills should include a coordinated effort to attempt wildlife rehabilitation.

The Petroleum Engineer's Role in Conservation

The petroleum engineer is at the very heart of the oil business. It is challenging, even exciting, work wresting energy from the clutches of Mother Nature. We know that all of our industry associates in down-stream operations (pipeliners, tanker operators, refiners, and marketers) depend on us to keep the oil flowing. More importantly, the public worldwide—civilization, if you will—relies on the geologist and petroleum engineer to continue to find and produce the oil and gas that everyone takes for granted and consumes at such an enormous rate. Geologists and rate-of-discovery statistics tell us how difficult it is simply to keep even with the annual depletion of reserves and, of course, how much harder it is to add to reserves. Petroleum engineers know how difficult it is to delay the inevitable production decline in a maturing oil field. They know the technological challenges of squeezing out the final barrels of oil from a near-depleted reservoir. And they realize how important it is to find new ways to stretch waning production and maximize the ultimate production from each reservoir and field. Today, the field of petroleum engineering is not simply a job or a career opportunity, but like the professional medical caregiver, it carries with it a responsibility to society. Adequate supplies of oil and gas are essential for societies worldwide, and they will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. Although consumers of petroleum products are not aware of how the industry works, they rely on petroleum engineers to produce more and more from the world’s increasingly hard-to-find oil and gas fields. The petroleum engineer is the one who best knows the effort that goes into simply maintaining production levels, not to speak of increasing production to meet growing demand. As petroleum engineers, we need to tell people what we do. Petroleum engineers have been in the business of energy conservation for years. We conserve oil as we produce oil. To a petroleum engineer, conservation means “squeezing” as much oil out of each reservoir as possible. It means saving energy by operating more efficiently and by using less oil and gas today than we did yesterday. It means calculating the maximum efficient rate of production so that ultimate production from each oil field and each gas reservoir is maximized. Natural gas may be reinjected into the producing horizon to maintain reservoir pressure, thereby increasing ultimate oil production. Water may be injected to sweep oil reservoirs and increase ultimate recovery. Wells may be stimulated and reservoirs heated to accelerate the flow of oil into the wellbore. Reservoirs and adjacent areas are meticulously mapped to reveal subtle, overlooked traps. In any enterprise, energy conservation is a direct means of adding to the bottom line. If Benjamin Franklin had been in the oil industry, the quotation from Poor Richard’s Almanac might have read: “A barrel saved is a barrel discovered.”

Crude Oil Prices--A Comment

THE paper on 'Crude Oil Prices in the United States at the Gulf Coast' by Professor Wayne A. Leeman is a most welcome contribution towards the clarification of problems which are approached, if at all, mostly for their political and legal implications rather than for their significance in terms of economics. Professor Leeman's conclusion that the price of crude oil at the U.S. Gulf Coast is determined by an oligopolistic system qualified by strong competitive forces within the system is to my mind correct; his analysis, however, does not appear to cover all the underlying factors and some of his conclusions are therefore perhaps less generally applicable than they might be. Professor Leeman sums up his paper by saying: 'Under present circumstances ... the consumer of petroleum products need not worry about the control over price which the producing states or the importing majors might exercise.' The main reasons why he is not afraid of the oligopolistic power of the Oil States with their opportunities of control of domestic output existing alongside the control of a few international oil companies over imports are: firstly ease of entry of newcomers, and secondly competition among the three main oil-bearing States and of the big oil companies who also handle the import of foreign crudes. Whereas it is correct to say that in theory it is easy to set up shop in drilling in the U.S.A. and new production is in certain cases privileged compared with old fields, the fact remains that during the last decade or so there have been no new discoveries of sufficient magnitude to affect materially the supply position; also new production is now inevitably more costly in terms of money than fields found and developed earlier on when the progressive erosion of monetary values had not yet reached the present extent. It is therefore less likely to result in a lowering of crude oil prices. The rivalry of the three main oil states to which Professor Leeman refers is very real but, there being so few of them, can it be expected to express itself in moves which would affect the price level? Are they not virtually compelled to remain in step lest they fall together? The further element on which Professor Leeman relies for turning oligopoly into working competition, the impact of foreign crude, has now proved to be hemmed in altogether by presidential encouragement of 'voluntary' self-denial by the im-

Oil — Canada's New Wealth

This article traces the birth and early growth of a major industry. Before Imperial Leduc No. 1 brought in the Edmonton field in 1947, Canadian oil producing operations had been sporadic. The Edmonton and subsequent discoveries in western Canada created an industrial giant overnight, providing historians and economists with a remarkable, documented, accessible case study of the process of industrial growth. Imperial Leduc No. 1 generated economic impulses that surged through a nation. The immediate effects were felt by the Canadian oil industry itself, which crystallized into a new pattern of integration. The domestic consumer of petroleum products was vitally affected, and his counter-reactions created new necessities. Canadian economic development in general was immediately and largely influenced; the flow of oil touched off a chain reaction in state and national fiscal affairs, in agriculture, in population trends, in education, in public expenditures, and in Dominion politics. Nor was the end here. The impulse for change swept across international boundaries, affecting monetary exchange and the competitive alignments of the world petroleum industry.