Theory Of Planned Behavior Constructs Research Articles

The transformation of government employees’ behavioural intention towards the adoption of E-government services: An empirical study

Electronic government is increasingly dominant in the study of public administration. In analysing people's behavioural factors towards the adoption of e-services, most previous studies targeted the adult population, while those on government employees are minimal. Government employees have an essential function in the process of government operation; they can be regarded as the principal medium of communication between the service provider (government) and the end-users (citizens). This study was designed to understand the government employees' behavioural factors on their intentions towards adopting e-government services. A set of semi-structured interview questions was developed based on the prior literature on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and e-government studies. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted in Macao SAR (Special Administrative Region). In addition to analysing the three primary constructs of TPB, the factor of Trust and some enablers and hindrances were identified. Significant findings were yielded while investigating how the government employees perceived the e-services and how they regarded the general public's perception of this issue. This contextualisation would help policymakers look at this issue from different perspectives and design feasible interventions according to group alignment strategies.

Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior Approach in the Sustainability of Electronic Waste Management: Critical Success Factors for Extended Producer Responsibility in Uganda

Governments and its citizens contribute enormously to the electronic waste problem in relation to the consumption and its generation posing serious threat to the management of wastes. Uganda government is yet to enact an Extended Producer Responsibility related laws within their national legislations to manage E-waste effectively. The paper aims to examine the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system critical success factors based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and consider ecological design concept as a potential extension of the TPB in promoting sustainable electronic waste management. The survey questionnaires were administered to expert environmental-oriented government employees. Data was analysed by means of the Partial-LeastSquares Structural-Equation-Modelling. The findings demonstrate that the developed conceptual framework explain 52.4% variance in the intentions to participate and practice EPR systems, thus reflecting a good explanatory power while confirming the model robustness. The results illustrate all TPB constructs of attitude, intentions, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm, towards EPR schemes have significant positive effect on the outcome of sustainable E-waste management. Exceptionally, it indicates ecological design is the most influential predictor of sustainable E-waste management for implementation of EPR systems. Building on the study results, for proper electronic waste management programs deployment, and successful implementation of EPR systems, developing countries should target the TPB constructs, and ecological design as an extension factor. As policy implication, government should emphasize the nurturing of good ecological design behavior of organizations and also encourage effort toward green actions taken through penalties and incentives and by laws and regulations.

Instrumental vs. experiential attitudes in the theory of planned behaviour: two studies on intention to perform a recommended amount of physical activity

ABSTRACT The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least 150 min per week of moderate to intense physical activity to mitigate the negative health consequences of physical inactivity. A great deal of research has applied the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), revealing the importance of attitudes towards physical activity. Most of these studies have focused on instrumental attitudes, at the expense of attitudes based on affective or experiential considerations. In two studies (N = 780), we administered measures of instrumental and experiential attitudes as well as measures of subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and intentions. Results show that, when instrumental and experiential attitudes were clearly distinguished from each other (Study 1), the latter were better predictors of intentions to engage in the WHO-recommended amount of physical activity than the former, and they significantly increased explained variance in intention by 8% over and above the other TPB constructs. When the two types of attitudes were not clearly distinguishable (Study 2), experiential attitudes accounted for little additional variance in intentions.

Prediction of Helmet Use Behavior among Motorcyclists Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are one of the most critical factors that endanger human health. More specifically, head and neck injuries are the main causes of deaths and disabilities among motorcyclists. This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors of helmet use behavior among motorcyclists based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). This study followed the cross-sectional design. This study was conducted on randomly selected 730 motorcyclist employees in Qom, Iran, in 2021. The data collection tool was a self-administered researcher-made questionnaire, including items on demographic characteristics, history of RTIs, and constructs of TPB. Data were analyzed using descriptive summary statistics, analysis of variance, independent samples t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and structural equation modeling (SEM). In this study, only 9.8% of the participants reported that they always used a helmet while riding a motorcycle. About 60% reported a history of a motorcycle crash, and 11.5% had a history of head injuries. The direct effect of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the intention to use a helmet were statistically significant, explaining 59% of the variation in behavioral intention (intention to use a helmet) (R2=0.59). Moreover, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention had significant effects on helmet use behavior (R2=0.26). The prevalence of helmet use among the studied population was very low. Moreover, TPB was useful in identifying the determinants of behavior and especially behavioral intention of helmet use among motorcyclists.

Too close for comfort: A mixed methods study to understand self-reported tailgating using the theory of planned behaviour

BackgroundTailgating (following a lead vehicle too closely) is a key contributor to crashes and injury. While vehicle technology has the potential to reduce the trauma resulting from tailgating, full market penetration of these technologies is some time away. In the meantime, efforts to improve road safety can focus on supporting safer driver behaviour by targeting motivations for this behaviour. MethodA mixed methods design was used to understand reasons why drivers tailgate and potential countermeasures to reduce this behaviour. Qualitative data from 247 drivers (males = 29 %; mean age = 39.86; SD = 14.39) were sought to understand circumstances when drivers are tailgated and when they report tailgating. In a second study, 736 drivers (males = 41 %; mean age = 37.69; SD = 14.27) responded to questions developed from the qualitative findings to quantify the frequency of tailgating and reasons behind it. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was applied to understand whether self-reported intention to tailgate could be predicted by attitudes, perceived social acceptance of the behaviour, perceived behavioural control, and past tailgating behaviour. ResultsTailgating was a common behaviour. All drivers in the first study had experienced being tailgated by other drivers, while 77% had tailgated other vehicles; albeit 55% reported this was rare. Tailgating was unintentional (due to dense traffic; or lack of knowledge of safe following distance recommendations) or intentional (due to pressure from other drivers, anger or to change others’ behaviour). Structural equation modelling showed that TPB constructs of attitude, social norms, perceived behavioural control and past tailgating behaviour predicted intention to tailgate, accounting for 66% of the variance. ConclusionTPB is a useful framework for explaining tailgating behaviour, or at least the intention to tailgate, and to develop interventions. These could focus on education of the risks of tailgating, the recommended safe following distances as well as strategies to support drivers maintaining safe following distances across different speed zones.

Understanding barriers to mental healthcare access by integrating stigma theory and the theory of planned behavior

ABSTRACT The inability to access needed mental healthcare can be a challenge for individuals situated in various social environments and can be understood and predicted via multiple theoretical perspectives. This paper explores access to mental healthcare through the lenses of stigma theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by presenting central tenants of the theories and a brief review of empirical evidence in support of the individual theories. The combined TPB and stigma theory model merges self-stigma with the TPB construct of attitude and public stigma within the construct of subjective norms. A case example illustrates the application of the combined model in understanding barriers to mental health treatment. Discussion of the case study within the combined theoretical framework also acknowledges how culture within the social environment could have impacted mental health outcomes. Thus, it is necessary to intervene in areas of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and stigma to shape the social environment through policy, practice and research and to improve mental health.

Drivers of support for citizen science across state wildlife management agencies in the United States.

Citizen science (CS) is gaining recognition as a valuable approach to meet data needs for environmental projects while fostering collaboration between scientists and members of the public. Despite increasing implementation of CS by natural resource entities, organizations' motivations for engaging in CS remain poorly understood. We examined the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social exchange theory (SET) in identifying factors influencing support of CS by scientific organizations. To test predictions of the TPB and SET theories, we surveyed (quantitative, web based) state wildlife agency staff in the United States on their perceptions of organizational engagement in CS. We divided questions that measured TPB items into individual and organizational components to address the influence of personal- and organization-level decision-making on staff perceptions and attitudes. We used structural equation modeling to identify key constructs that influence staff support of CS in state wildlife agencies. The survey yielded 627 responses across 44 states. Both TPB and SET constructs accurately predicted staff support of CS; however, measures from SET (e.g., public engagement benefits and costs of CS to scientific credibility) were most influential (i.e., TPB constructs had less impact). Our findings indicate that organizational support for CS is primarily influenced by assessment of trade-offs among perceived costs and benefits. Indicators of support for CS were further elucidated by including measures from the TPB model. Based on our results, we suggest that natural resource entities give careful consideration to CS project design, develop thorough communication and data management plans, and practice iterative evaluation of CS project productivity.

Predicting young drivers’ safe behaviour of stopping in the dilemma zone

Young drivers are overrepresented in road crashes, half of which occur at intersections in urban areas. One area of focus for crashes at intersections is the dilemma zone, when a driver approaches a signalised intersection at the onset of the yellow light and is unsure whether to continue through or to stop. A challenge in this area of research has been the lack of focus on safe, rather than risky, driving behaviours of young drivers at intersections and a paucity of research on psychosocial factors that motivate driving decisions at intersections. This study aimed to explain young drivers’ intentions and predict their self-reported behaviour of stopping in the dilemma zone (the safe behaviour), using psychosocial factors which influence behaviour in young drivers. Participants were N = 180 young drivers from Queensland. An initial online survey presented three unique scenarios to participants: a general dilemma zone situation, the dilemma zone whilst running late and the dilemma zone where the vehicle in front drives through the yellow light. Participants responded to items measuring Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs extended with prototype perceptions and willingness constructs from the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM). A follow-up online survey measured participants’ self-reported driving behaviours in the previous three weeks, in each scenario. Hierarchical multiple regressions found that the TPB and PWM constructs significantly explained between 59.1 % and 72.7 % of the variance in intentions to stop. This suggested the utility of extending the TPB with a social-reaction decision making model such as the PWM. The follow-up survey (N = 74), found that intentions, but not PBC or willingness, significantly predicted 29 % of the variance in young drivers’ self-reported stopping behaviour for the general scenario and the running late scenario and 10.8 % for the vehicle in front scenario. The findings of this study suggest the value of researching young drivers’ safe behaviours and provide information on psychosocial factors, such as prototype perceptions, that road safety interventions can target in order to reduce road crashes. Additionally, these findings provide evidence for the use of the PWM to extend the TPB, and in investigating young drivers’ decisions in the dilemma zone.

Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict community pharmacists’ intention to provide diabetes care

BackgroundThe role of the pharmacist has changed from dispensing medicines, to working with other healthcare professionals to assure appropriate medication therapy management. This study assessed community pharmacists’ intention regarding diabetes care based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in Alexandria, Egypt.MethodsA sample of 385 community pharmacies with one index per site (one pharmacist per pharmacy) was recruited in the sample using a multistage random sampling technique. This cross-sectional survey was performed using a self-administered questionnaire that measured the constructs of TPB. A structural equation model was used to identify specific factors that most contribute to and predict pharmacists’ intention to provide diabetes care.ResultsThe sample included 385 pharmacies, approximately half of them (51.4%) were males and the majority of them (94%) had a bachelor’s degree in pharmaceutical sciences. Intention was significantly correlated with attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. “Regular screening for complications can improve quality of life for diabetic patients” (β = 1.131) was the most specific factor motivating pharmacists to perform diabetes care, while “some physicians do not appreciate pharmacists’ involvement in diabetic care” was the most specific factor that negatively influenced intention of pharmacists to provide diabetes care (β = 4.283).ConclusionCommunity pharmacists demonstrated a positive attitude, perceived significant approval from others and felt able to intervene in diabetes care. However, lack of physician collaboration was a specific hindering factor for pharmacists’ practice of diabetes care.

Factors Associated With Anabolic Steroids Use in Bodybuilding Athletes Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background: Athletes’ use of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AASs) is a significant health problem. This study aimed to determine factors associated with AAS in male bodybuilders by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Methods: Using a multistage random sampling procedure, this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 429 athletes participating in gyms in Qom, Iran, in 2019. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, including demographic information and questions related to TPB constructs. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, logistic regression, and linear regression using SPSS software, version 16. Results: The results demonstrated that 188 (48.2%) athletes had a history of AAS use. The attitude (β=0.39), subjective norm (β=0.26), and perceived behavioral control (β=-0.36) predicted 38% of the variance of intention to AAS use. Further, behavioral intention was the statistically significant predictor of AAS use among the studied athletes (OR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.78-0.87). Variables such as having friends (OR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.28-3.30) or a sports coach using AAS (OR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.58-6.42) and having a history of supplementation use (OR=5.8, 95% CI: 2.65-12.8), along with age (OR=4.3, 95% CI: 0.35-53.6) had a significantly predictive role in using AAS. Conclusion: The findings revealed that nearly half of the studied athletes had a history of using AAS and supplements. TPB is applicable to identify the determinants of beliefs, intention, and behavior to use AAS among athletes. These findings can be useful in designing appropriate programs to prevent AAS use.

Estimating farmers' intention towards institutional credit adoption by using extended theory of planned behavior

AbstractThe role of socio‐psychological factors on farmers' institutional credit adoption intention is rarely studied in the context of developing nations. This study estimates the direct and mediating association of various socio‐psychological factors with farmers' institutional credit adoption intention. An extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) was adopted and empirically tested using the cross‐sectional data from 384 farmers from West Bengal. The study used structural equation model for the mediation analysis. Results showed that primary TPB constructs like attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were positively and significantly associated with the intention of institutional credit adoption. Besides direct effect, the primary TPB constructs mediated the relationship between institutional credit adoption intention and other explanatory constructs used in this study. Findings predicted a positive partial mediation between trusted information sources, formal education level, coping appraisal, risk perception, and farmers' formal credit borrowing intention. Risk perception displayed a direct and mediated, however, negative, association with farmers' institutional credit adoption intention. These findings provide a clear understanding of factors predicting farmers' intention to adopt institutional credit and comprehensive insight into establishing policies for effective institutional lending at the ground level. The study delivers a paramount scientific perspective to the policymaker of developing countries suffering from insufficient institutional credit penetration in the farming community to design practicable frameworks and incentivize policies to motivate farmers in institutional credit borrowing.

Behavioural Theories and Purchase Intention of Renewable Energy Technologies—A Meta-Analysis

Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and technology acceptance model (TAM) are two behavioural theories that have been widely applied to understand the association between their constructs and purchase intention (PI) of renewable energy technologies (RETs). There is a need to synthesise these studies to understand the overall strength of association between their constructs and PI of RETs. With this objective in view, we conducted a meta-analysis of 41 studies that applied TPB and TAM or both to understand the PI of RETs. The results showed that all the constructs of TPB and TAM have a medium to large association, with perceived utility and attitude showing the strongest relationship with r = 0.536 and 0.487, respectively. To explore the reasons for heterogeneity in studies, moderator analysis was done by considering Hofstede’s cultural dimension of individualism, the economic development level of the countries, and sample-related moderators such as the educational qualifications of the respondents. Moderator analysis gave mixed results.

Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Predict College Students’ Online Purchase Intention : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The main aim of this study was to review and synthesize the literature on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) tested empirically by researchers worldwide to predict college students’ online purchase intention using its antecedents. This article meta-analyzed the correlations between the three independent constructs of TPB: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and one dependent construct, purchase intention. The researchers reviewed 1,798 articles generated through seven electronic database searches for the period from 2003 – 2020. These studies were screened against the inclusion-exclusion criteria using PRISMA, leaving 15 study records for performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. The findings confirmed a strong relationship between attitude and purchase intention, subjective norms and purchase intention, and perceived behavioral control and purchase intention. This indicated that the TPB constructs significantly predicted the online purchase intention of college students.

The Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits and the Theory of Planned Behavior in Using Mindfulness Mobile Apps: Cross-sectional Survey.

Mindfulness has emerged as a promising approach toward improving mental health. Interest in mindfulness mobile app services has also increased in recent years. Understanding the determinants of mindfulness behavior is essential to predict people's utilization of mindfulness mobile apps and beneficial for developing and implementing relevant intervention strategies. Nevertheless, little has been done to determine the predictors of mindfulness behavior. This study investigates the association between the Big Five personality traits and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables in the context of using mindfulness mobile apps to explore the potential indirect effects of conscientiousness and neuroticism on people's behavioral intention for mindfulness, mediated by their attitude toward mindfulness, subjective norm about mindfulness, and perceived behavior control over mindfulness. The authors conducted an online, cross-sectional survey in December 2021. Structural equation modeling was conducted to evaluate the overall model fit and test possible linkages among conscientiousness, neuroticism, attitude toward mindfulness, subjective norm about mindfulness, perceived behavior control over mindfulness, and behavioral intention for mindfulness. Bootstrapping mediation analyses were also conducted to test the potential mediating effect in the model. A total of 297 Korean participants' responses (153 males and 144 females) were analyzed. The proposed model had a good fit. Conscientiousness was correlated with attitude toward mindfulness (β=.384, P<.001), subjective norm about mindfulness (β=.249, P<.001), and perceived behavior control over mindfulness (β=.443, P<.001). Neuroticism was not correlated with attitude toward mindfulness (β=-.072, P=.28), but was correlated with subjective norm about mindfulness (β=.217, P=.003) and perceived behavior control over mindfulness (β=-.235, P<.001). Attitude toward mindfulness (β=.508, P<.001), subjective norm about mindfulness (β=.132, P=.01), and perceived behavior control over mindfulness (β=.540, P<.001) were separately correlated with behavioral intention for mindfulness. Conscientiousness was not directly correlated with behavioral intention for mindfulness (β=-.082, P=.27), whereas neuroticism was directly correlated with behavioral intention for mindfulness (β=.194, P=.001). Conscientiousness was indirectly linked with behavioral intention for mindfulness through attitude toward mindfulness (B=0.171, 95% CI 0.103-0.251) and perceived behavior control over mindfulness (B=0.198, 95% CI 0.132-0.273) but not through subjective norm about mindfulness (B=0.023, 95% CI -0.002 to 0.060). Neuroticism was indirectly linked with behavioral intention for mindfulness via perceived behavior control over mindfulness (B=-0.138, 95% CI -0.197 to -0.088) but not via subjective norm about mindfulness (B=0.021, 95% CI -0.002 to 0.059). The results show that the integration of the Big Five personality traits and TPB constructs is useful in predicting the use of mindfulness mobile apps. Focusing on conscientiousness and neuroticism in developing information dissemination and implementation strategies for enhancing mindfulness behavior using mobile apps may lead to the successful promotion of mindfulness mobile apps and adherence to mindfulness techniques.

Predicting Vaccination Intention against COVID-19 Using Theory of Planned Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This study systematically analyzed the literature using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a theoretical framework to examine the influence of its constructs on vaccination intention against COVID-19. Quantitative studies were searched in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar following the PRISMA guidelines. The average rate of COVID-19 vaccination intention was 73.19%, ranging from 31% to 88.86%. Attitude had the strongest association with vaccination intention (r+ = 0.487, 95% CI: 0.368-0.590), followed by subjective norms (r+ = 0.409, 95% CI: 0.300-0.507), and perceived behavioral control (r+ = 0.286, 95% CI: 0.198-0.369). Subgroup analyses showed that the pooled effect sizes of TPB constructs on vaccination intention varied across geographic regions and study populations. Attitude had large effect sizes in Asia, Europe, and Oceania, especially among the adult general population, parents, and patients. Subjective norms had large effect sizes in Asia and Oceania, especially among parents and patients. Perceived behavioral control was the most dominant predictor of vaccination acceptance in Africa among patients. These findings suggest that TPB provides a useful framework for predicting intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Hence, public awareness and educational programs aimed at promoting COVID-19 vaccination intention should consider using TPB as a framework to achieve the goal.

Attachment, altruistic personality traits and the theory of planned behaviour as predictors of altruistic driving behaviours in young adults

Young adults are overrepresented in crash statistics compared to mature drivers. Research has addressed this concern by investigating factors related to risky driving; however, studies investigating altruistic driving are scarce. Altruistic driving, conceived as driving in a way that benefits others without expectation of benefit for oneself, may lead to less risky driving and reduction in crashes. The current study investigated psychological attachment, altruistic personality traits and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs as predictors of altruistic driving behaviours. The sample consisted of 17–25-year-old licensed drivers, living in Queensland, Australia, who had completed at least three quarters of mandated supervised driving practice with their mother or father as supervisor. Participants completed two linked online surveys. Survey 1 (N = 93) assessed sociodemographic factors, TPB variables, previous behavioural performance, attachment, altruism and intentions for altruistic driving. Survey 2, occurring two weeks later (n = 23), measured opportunity for and engagement in altruistic driving. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses supported the predictive value of the TPB constructs in explaining behavioural intention in general altruistic driving and two specific altruistic driving scenarios. However, altruism and attachment were not significant predictors of intention in any scenario. Bivariate correlations found that neither intentions or PBC (from Survey 1) were significantly associated with altruistic driving behaviours (from Survey 2) in any scenario. This research increases knowledge about motivators of altruistic driving by young drivers. This insight may be used to inform road safety interventions to motivate more altruistic driving, decrease aggression on the roads, and reduce young driver involvement in crashes.

Identifying factors that predict seatbelt use among drivers in Queensland, Australia using an extended theory of planned behaviour

ObjectiveAlthough seatbelt wearing rates among drivers and other vehicle occupants are relatively high in Australia, approximately-one third of vehicle occupants killed in crashes are unrestrained. The aim of this study was to identify factors that predict intentions to always wear a seatbelt as both a driver and passenger, through the use of an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). MethodsThis study used a mixed methods design, consisting of both qualitative (Phase 1- focus groups) and quantitative (Phase 2- Survey) methods with licensed Queensland (state of Australia where the study was conducted) drivers. In Phase 2, a convenience sample of 125 participants responded to an online survey. The survey assessed intentions to always wear a seatbelt both as a driver and as a passenger. ResultsThe results of Phase 1 revealed the salient normative, behavioural, and control beliefs underpinning this behaviour. These beliefs were incorporated into the survey for Phase 2. The results of Phase 2 identified that the standard TPB constructs accounted for 70.5% of the variance in intention to always wear a seatbelt as a driver and 51% of the variance in intention as a passenger. However, perceived behavioural control (PBC) and subjective norm were the only significant predictors of intention to always wear a seatbelt as a driver, while subjective norm was the only significant predictor of intention as a passenger. The extended TPB explained a significant amount of additional variance over and above the standard TPB for both the driver (2.1%) and the passenger (15.2%) contexts. Mediation analyses also confirmed the importance of considering not only the direct but also indirect effects of the study’s key constructs. Results confirmed the perspective that past behaviour’s effect is at least partially, and in the case of the relationship between past behaviour and attitude, fully mediated by habit. ConclusionThe results confirmed that while most participants reported always wearing their seatbelt irrespective of whether they were said to be a driver or passenger in a vehicle, there are some instances where they may be less likely to wear their seatbelt. The study highlights the complexities associated with understanding the motivations of seatbelt wearing intentions and the need for further research to ensure the motivations underpinning seatbelt use are well-understood. Such motivations need to be clear to help inform the development of future, targeted interventions to enhance seatbelt wearing intentions and ultimately behaviour.

Attitudes and Beliefs of College Students towards Pain Management Modalities: Theory of Planned Behavior Approach.

Chronic pain exhibits a burdening onset and duration in young adults. It is critical to understand appropriate pain management decision-making. To investigate the associations of attitudes and beliefs of college students with their intention and behavior toward pain management modalities using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). In this cross-sectional online survey study, we recruited college students (age≥18 years) at West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States. We examined four pain management modalities: Over-the-Counter (OTC) pain medications, prescription pain medications (RX), mindfulness therapy, and yoga/exercise. Likert scales were used to assess TPB constructs (attitude, Subjective Norm [SN], Perceived Behavior Control [PBC], intention, and behavior). We analyzed the associations of the TPB constructs with both intention and behavior toward pain management modalities using multiple linear regression. Of the 364 returned surveys, 227 were completed and analyzed. Attitude was found to be significantly associated with the intention to use all pain management modalities, while PBC was significantly associated with the intentions to use RX, mindfulness, and yoga/exercise (RX: β = 0.38; 95%CI= 0.28, 0.84; p=<0.001, mindfulness: β=0.27; 95%CI=0.07, 0.76; p=0.019, and Yoga/exercise: β=0.35; 95%CI=0.25, 0.85; p=<0.001). Furthermore, the intention to use pain management modalities consistently predicted all behaviors (OTC: β=0.49; 95%CI=0.32, 0.76; p=<0.001, RX: β=0.47; 95%CI=0.17, 0.58; p=<0.001, Mindfulness: β=0.62; 95%CI=0.40, 0.72; p=<0.001, Yoga/Exercise: β=0.59; 95%CI=0.42, 0.84; p=<0.001). College students' attitude and PBC were the top predictors of intention to choose pain management modalities, and intention predicted behavior. Research with robust study design is needed to confirm our study findings.

Self-care behaviors in older adults suffering from knee osteoarthritis: Application of theory of planned behavior.

Osteoarthritis is one of the main reasons causing disablement. Educational intervention for self-care behaviors of patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis is important because its effect on quality of patient life decreases the economic burden of disorder on society and family. This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on promoting self-care behaviors in elderly patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis. This quasi-experimental study was performed on 200 elderlies suffering from knee osteoarthritis in the rheumatology clinics of Shiraz, Iran, in 2019. The subjects were divided into two groups (100 experimental and 100 control). Before and after 4 months, both experimental and control groups filled a questionnaire. After administering a pre-test to both groups, only the experimental group was trained based on the TPB constructs on self-care behaviors in elderly people suffering from knee osteoarthritis in eight sessions by presenting educational films and images, power points, and group discussions for solving problems. The mean age of the experimental group was 67.25 ± 3.64, and the mean age of the control group was 66.12 ± 3.50. The average scores of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior before the educational intervention did not have significant differences in experimental and control groups, however, 4 months after the educational intervention, the paired t-test indicated significant enhancement in every construct in the experimental group, but no significant changes in the control group. According to the results, the educational intervention increased the self-care behaviors of patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis based on the theory of planned behavior. Therefore, the results of this study can be used in theory-based intervention strategies for self-care behaviors of patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis.

Effect of Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behaviour on Physical Activity Intention among Secondary School Teachers of Nepal.

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle which requires energy expenditure is known as physical activity (PA). WHO has recommended that at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity PA or a combination of both per week is required for health benefits. Physical inactivity is one of the strongest risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and other conditions and is attributable to 6% of global premature death. However, data on the PA of teachers are unavailable in Nepal. They are considered one of the risk groups for NCDs because of the less active nature of their job. So, we aimed to evaluate the effect of the educational intervention based on the theory of planned behaviour on PA intention among secondary school teachers in Bhaktapur district, Nepal. For this study, we recruited 126 teachers from 6 schools. Each intervention and control group contained three randomly selected secondary schools. All the teachers from the selected schools were enrolled in the respective groups. A quasiexperimental (pretest-posttest control group) study design was used to test the effectiveness of the intervention on attitude, behaviour control, subjective norms, and intention for engaging in regular PA. Both groups underwent baseline and follow-up assessments at four weeks using the self-administered questionnaire developed for this study. The intervention group delivered a one-hour lecture session supported by audio-video materials for PA promotion. The effect was analysed by comparing the changes in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs within and between intervention and control groups. The difference in scores between and within the groups was tested using Student's t-test. Adjusted difference-in-difference scores were calculated through linear regression. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Science version 26.0. The adjusted mean score increase in TPB constructs due to the interaction of time and intervention increased from 0.641 to 1.381. The highest gain (beta = 1.381) was seen in the intention score, while a minor improvement was seen in perceived behavioural control (beta = 0.641). After the intervention, the net increase in PA intention score was 9.35% compared to the control group. Thus, the promotion package was effective in increasing PA intention. The findings of this study and educational package could be helpful in encouraging teachers to engage in PA in other schools.