Strategy For Construction Research Articles

Salt-separated strategy for construction of hollow carbon nanospheres with tunable size based on α-cyclodextrin

Hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs) have attracted much attention in the field of science and technology for their excellent properties; however, developing a versatile synthesis strategy for the preparation of HCNs remains a great challenge. The successful manipulation of size and shell thickness of HCNs is essential to meet their structural varieties and practical applications. Herein, HCNs were prepared directly from the renewable α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) by a novel and simple salt-separated strategy with direct carbonization method is reported. The synthesis differs from the traditional template method in that it is characterized by the introduction of salt for separation and protection, the carbonization does not require the passage of protective gas, and the salt can be recycled. Thus, this method is very cost-effective and environmentally benign. In addition, the HCNs size in this system can be adjusted on demand by simply adjusting the concentration of α-CD, thus realizing that the HCNs size is adjustable in the range of 90–700 nm and adjustable shell thickness in the range of 20–250 nm. This work provides a new insight into the preparation of high-performance carbon materials in an environmentally friendly manner.

A Study on the Teaching Mode of Integrating Telling China s Stories Well into College English Courses for Non-English Majors

Telling China s stories well is not only the requirement of China s foreign publicity work in the new era, but also has inspiration for the teaching of college English courses for non-English majors. Within the framework of college English courses for non-English majors, the course models are mainly divided into video watching, listening practice and oral expression. This multimedia based teaching model provides a platform for college students to tell China s stories well. This paper interprets the connotation and significance of telling China s stories well , and also puts forward the construction strategy of integrating telling China s stories well into college English teaching mode.

Research on the Construction of Urban Digital Governance System

With the rapid development of information technology, digital transformation has become an important way to modernise urban governance. The research on the construction of urban digital governance system aims to explore how to make use of the new management, optimise public services and enhance urban competitiveness. This research field not only focuses on innovation at the technical level, but also emphasises the deep integration of digital governance in multi-dimensional aspects such as policy formulation, regulatory improvement and public participation. By building a digital governance system, it can effectively respond to various challenges in urban development and promote sustainable urban development. Based on this, the following is a discussion on the construction strategy of urban digital governance system for reference.

Imparting Ultrahigh Strength to Polymers via a New Concept Strategy of Construction of up to Duodecuple Hydrogen Bonding among Macromolecular Chains.

Interconnecting macromolecules via multiple hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) can simultaneously strengthen and toughen polymers, but material synthesis becomes extremely difficult with increasing number of H-bonding donors and acceptors; therefore, most reports are limited to triple and quadruple H-bonds. Herein, this bottleneck is overcome by adopting a quartet-wise approach of constructing H-bonds instead of the traditional pairwise method. Thus, large multiple hydrogen bonds can be easily established, and the supramolecular interactions are further reinforced. Especially, when such multiple H-bond motifs are embedded in polymers, four macromolecular chains-rather than two as usual-are tied, distributing the applied stress over a larger volume and more significantly improving the overall mechanical properties. Proof-of-concept studies indicate that the proposed intermolecular multiple H-bonds (up to duodecuple) are readily introduced in polyurethane. A record-high tensile strength (105.2MPa) is achieved alongside outstanding toughness (352.1 MJ m-3), fracture energy (480.7 kJ m-2), and fatigue threshold (2978.4 J m-2). Meantime, the polyurethane has acquired excellent self-healability and recyclability. This strategy is also applicable to nonpolar polymers, such as polydimethylsiloxane, whose strength (15.3MPa) and toughness (50.3 MJ m-3) are among the highest reported to date for silicones. This new technique has good expandability and can be used to develop even more and stronger polymers.

A semantic segmentation-based algorithm for fast flotation bubble size distribution measurement

The visual characteristics of froths on flotation cell surfaces are crucial for the optimal control of the flotation process. However, previous research has primarily focused on optimizing markers to prevent the over-segmentation of froth images, often overlooking computational efficiency. This work proposes a deep learning-based froth segmentation algorithm that prioritizes both segmentation speed and quality. We propose a dataset construction strategy based on pseudo-labeling, which utilizes traditional methods to extract marker maps from froth images to build the dataset for deep learning. Subsequently, a semantic segmentation model is trained to derive marker maps from raw froth images. These marker maps are then employed in a marker-based watershed algorithm, enabling end-to-end segmentation of froth images. The proposed method is validated using froth images from a gold and nickel flotation plant, demonstrating the ability to accurately and efficiently identify different bubbles in real froth images without requiring complex pre-processing or post-processing steps. Industrial experiments show a tenfold increase in segmentation efficiency with virtually no loss of accuracy.

Asymmetric TVP-VAR connectedness between highly traded commodities and hedging strategies: Evidence from major contagions

The objective of this study is to examine the return interconnectedness and asymmetric spillover effects in global commodity futures markets, with a focus on the impact of contagion. A competent asymmetric time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model was employed for highly traded commodity futures (cocoa, coffee, corn, cotton, soy, sugar, wheat, and oil) between January 1, 2000, and March 31, 2024. This study investigates the connectedness of commodities in three dimensions: asymmetric spillovers, the influence of oil and oil substitutes on the network, and the impact of major contagions. The average total connectedness index (TCI) indicates that the connectedness is significant throughout the period and increases during the invasion. The findings imply that contagion effects trigger a potential alteration in the structure of the network integration level of the commodities, amplifying system-wide dynamic connectivity due to disurptions caused by oil and oil substitutes. The net plot depicts corn and soy as the net transmitters, with their magnitude increasing during the contagions. The pairwise connectedness index (PCI) revealed that corn-soy, corn‒wheat, and soy-wheat were the primary interactors, while oil became a significant interactor, particularly during the oil crash and the COVID-19 outbreak. Additionally, compared with other contagions, GFC had a potential asymmetric effect on the network. Positive returns dominate the interaction between the primary transmitter and receivers, whereas negative returns do not significantly dominate the total network. These investigations contribute to the literature on the food-fuel nexus in terms of asymmetries and the impact of contagions on the futures market. It also identified the optimal portfolio allocation based on the hedging effectiveness of three portfolio construction strategies.

Engineering the Strategic Mind : A study of Demolition and Construction Strategies

يعد العقل الإستراتيجي المرتكز الأساس في تنظيم وأستقرار وأستمرار وأرتقاء أي مجتمع في العالم، وأساس لشبكة من العلاقات المتنوعة. لكن في ضل الانكشاف التام أمام المحاولات المتدفقة التفكيكية والهدامة والمتمثلة بالتهديدات الخارجية (ثورة المعلومات والتطور التكنولوجي وشبكة الأنترنت) والأيدلوجيات المؤثرة وآثارها الرامية إلى انتزاع قدرته على التفكر والتفكير، عندها سادت قناعة بضرورة ان يعود هذا العقل إلى قراره المكين، من خلال البحث عن مقتربات دمج ضمن برامج أو مبادرات أو أنشطة، والخروج بإستراتيجية هادفة بناءة في تخليص العقل من الافكار المنحرفة، وتطويق تلك الآثار، ودفع الأمة نحو الاستقرار وبناء القدرات واكتساب المهارات بين الأجيال والرامية في النهاية لصناعة وبناء العقل الإستراتيجي، وتمكينه من إعادة إنتاج الوعي من حيث القدرة على التحليل ورؤية الواقع وفهمه، والتوليف، والرؤى بعيدة المدى، وبناء تصورات عالية لاستشراف المستقبل والسعي لامتلاك أدوات صناعته.

Narrative Study of Chinese Traditional Handicraft Brand

Shaping Chinese traditional handicraft brands through brand narratives is a systematic, comprehensive, and complex research and practical topic. This article innovatively adopts the perspective of brand stories and bases itself on brand narrative theory. It examines the current status of Chinese traditional handicraft brands in narrative practice, focusing on new narrative contexts such as the communication and consumption environments faced by the modern inheritance of traditional handicrafts. Furthermore, it proposes strategies for narrative construction of Chinese traditional handicraft brands, aiming to explore a path for shaping handicraft brands that is positive, modern, warm, and emotionally engaging.

The Impact of the Meaning Construction Strategy on the Acquisition of Grammatical Concepts Among Fifth-Year Literary Stream Students

عدنان عبد الكريم محمود كلية التربية للعلوم الإنسانية، ديالى جامعة، ديالى، 32001، العراق الملخص يرمي البحث الحالي إلى تعرف (أثر استراتيجية بناء المعنى في اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية عند طلاب الصف الخامس الأدبي). ولتحقيق هدف البحث وضع الباحث الفرضية الصفرية الآتية: - لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0.05) بين النسبة المئوية لعدد المفاهيم النحوية للمجموعة التجريبية التي درست طلابها على وفق استراتيجية بناء المعنى، وبين النسبة المئوية لعدد المفاهيم النحوية للمجموعة الضابطة التي درست طلابها على وفق الطريقة التقليدية في اختبار اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلاله (0، 05) بين متوسط درجات المجموعة التجريبية التي درس طلابها باستراتيجية بناء المعنى ومتوسط درجات المجموعة الضابطة التي درس طلابها بالطريقة التقليدية المتبعة في اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية مجتمعة. ولتحقيق هدف البحث وفرضيتاهُ، اختار الباحث تصميماً تجريبياً ذا الضبط الجزئي لمجموعتين تجريبية وضابطة، وحدد الباحث المفاهيم النحوية ضمن الموضوعات المعدة في خطة البحث، معتمداً على كتاب قواعد اللغة العربية للصف الخامس الأدبي للعام الدراسي (2021-2022)، ثم أعد الباحث اختبار اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية النهائي المتكون من (54) فقرة (44) فقرة منها من نوع الاختيار من متعدد و(10) فقرات من نوع التوصيل، ولغرض التأكد من صلاحية فقرات الاختبار عرض الباحث الاختبار على مجموعة من السادة المحكمين للتعرف على الصدق الظاهري للاختبار، ونال موافقتهم، ثم طبق الباحث الاختبار على عينة استطلاعية تألفت من (100) طالب لمعرفة الوقت المستغرق في الإجابة على الاختبار، لغرض أيجاد مستوى الصعوبة والسهولة والقوة التميزية لفقرات الاختبار، وفعالية البدائل الخاطئة لاختبار اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية، ثم أوجد الباحث ثبات الاختبار بطريقة التجزئة النصفية لمعامل ارتباط بيرسون، وصححه في معامل سبيرمان براون، وصاغ الباحث أهدافاً سلوكيةً للمفاهيم النحوية المحددة في خطة البحث، وللمستويات الستة في المجال المعرفي لتصنيف بلوم، و بلغت (69) هدفاً سلوكياً، كما أعدَ الباحث خططاً تدريسية لموضوعات البحث، وعرض أنموذجاً منها على السادة المحكمين، ونال موافقتهم، واختار الباحث بطريقة السحب العشوائي اختيرت مدرسة (الرواد للبنين ) في مركز قضاء الخالص لإجراء التجربة، إذ تألفت عينة البحث من (66) طالباً وزعوا بالتساوي على مجموعتين ( تجريبية وضابطة) و كافأ الباحث في بعض المتغيرات منها ( العمر الزمني محسوباً بالشهور، ودرجات الطلاب في مادة اللغة العربية للعام السابق، والتحصيل الدراسي للوالدين ). وبعد الانتهاء من تدريس الباحث لمجموعتي البحث للموضوعات النحوية المحددة طبق الباحث اختبار أكتسب المفاهيم النحوية على عينة البحث، وبعد إجراء المعالجة الإحصائية باستخدام برنامج (Spss 19) للقوانين (للاختبار التائي (t-test) لعينتين مستقلتين، ومربع (كا2)، ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون-وسيبرمان براون) أظهرت النتائج منها الآتي: - تفوق طلاب المجموعة التجريبية في اختبار اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية الذين درسوا باستخدام استراتيجية بناء المعنى مقارنة بالطلاب في المجموعة الضابطة الذين درسوا باستخدام الطريقة التقليدية، في فرضيات الصفر الأولى والثانية. وفي ضوء نتائج البحث استنتج الباحث ما يأتي: إن استراتيجية بناء المعنى تحث الطلاب في التدريس على اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية. إضفاء جو من الحرية عند تقديم المادة النحوية يساعد في اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية، لذلك تفوق طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الذين درسوا باستراتيجية بناء المعنى على طلاب المجموعة الضابطة الذين درسوا بالطريقة التقليدية.

The Global Context Camera (CTX) Mosaic of Mars: A Product of Information‐Preserving Image Data Processing

AbstractThe Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and its Context Camera (CTX) have acquired more than 100,000 separate panchromatic images that capture nearly the entire surface of Mars at ∼5–6 m/pixel. This paper describes a data processing workflow used to generate the first contiguous global mosaic of CTX data, which represents a large improvement in spatial resolution over existing 100 m/pixel contiguous global mosaics. We describe the overarching strategy for the mosaic's construction, which was to maximize the scientific utility of a continuous mosaic that is 5.7 trillion pixels in size. The pipeline used for data processing prioritized traceability and reproducibility of the final mosaic, such that the provenance of all pixels is reported, equipping scientists with information to differentiate mosaic artifacts from surface landforms and to incorporate critical image metadata into their analyses. The CTX data set synthesized into a global CTX mosaic facilitates ready analysis and provides a new capability in transitioning global studies of Mars from high‐resolution investigations of individual images to systematic studies of the entire Martian surface at outcrop‐resolving quality without regard to image boundaries.

Social Masks and Identity Construction in Lualhati Bautista’s Bata... Pa'no Ka Ginawa?

This research employs a descriptive qualitative method, combining textual analysis with cultural and socio-cultural perspectives, to investigate the portrayal of social masks, identity construction, and resilience in Lualhati Bautista's novels, focusing on "Bata, Bata... Pa'no Ka Ginawa?" The study explores how selected characters navigate social roles, adopt personas, and engage in impression management within Filipino society. Through close reading and theoretical interpretation using Goffman's and Mead's frameworks, the research uncovers insights into the intricate dynamics of identity construction, social interaction, and resilience depicted in Bautista's narratives. Significant findings include resilience among characters and its intersection with identity construction and social interaction. Additionally, the study reveals the influence of cultural norms, historical events, and socio-economic factors on characters' identity construction and resilience strategies. It also highlights moments of authenticity, vulnerability, and resistance, analyzing how they challenge or reinforce social masks and identity performances. Overall, the research contributes to understanding the complexities of Filipino identity and resilience in contemporary society as portrayed in literature.

Radio frequency fingerprint authentication based on feature fusion and contrastive learning

Radio frequency fingerprints (RFFs) are inherent attributes of wireless devices caused by differences in electronic components, which can serve as unique device identifiers and effective means of achieving physical layer authentication. However, traditional RFF approaches predominantly depend on manual feature extraction, which struggles to effectively distinguish devices due to its limited generalization capability as the number of devices grows. Additionally, current machine learning-based methods are designed for scenarios with a fixed set of trained devices while they fail to handle unknown devices. In this paper, we propose a novel contrastive learning-based RFF authentication framework to address the above challenges. The proposed framework integrates both manual feature extraction and deep learning-based techniques to enhance the generalization ability of RFFs, thereby enabling efficient differentiation among a vast number of devices. To further address the limitations of traditional machine learning approaches in dealing with unknown devices, we incorporate contrastive learning techniques into RFF authentication. By employing an input construction strategy, we generate positive and negative sample pairs of the RFFs to train an RFF compression network, allowing it to learn pivotal features within the fused RFFs. This process results in highly discriminative representations of the fused RFFs, ensuring effective authentication of open-set devices. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves an accuracy of 98% in open-set device classification even in the most complex experimental scenario, significantly outperforming other benchmark methods.

Construction and Optimization Strategy of Ecological Security Pattern in County-Level Cities under Spatial and Temporal Variation of Ecosystem Services: Case Study of Mianzhu, China

Climate change and human activities are seriously affecting the ecological level and economic development of county-level cities. Mianzhu City is a typical county-level city located within the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle and the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The study selected primary ecological sources by analyzing high-level ecosystem service functions over time, using Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA). Ecological resistance surfaces were constructed using natural factors to address ecological risks associated with future urbanization. The construction of the ecological security pattern (ESP) followed the source–corridor–node paradigm, incorporating changes in ecosystem service risks. From 2010 to 2020, ecosystem service functions and values in Mianzhu City declined overall, with significant spatial variations. Human activities increased in ecologically fragile areas, aggravating exposure to ecological risks from climate change and urban expansion. Ecological protection and restoration zones were identified, with nature reserves in the north and the southern center as the core. In 2020, 19 ecological sources and 46 ecological corridors were identified, with a spatial distribution pattern of “more length and short resistance in the north, less length and long resistance in the south”. Additionally, 41 ecological pinch points and 16 ecological barrier points were determined. Considering the spatial distribution of the core areas of ecosystem services and lands with human-intensive activities, setting up the general idea of the ecological restoration pattern centered on forests, river corridors, and natural and artificial landscapes. The study provides new insights into constructing and optimizing the ESP, offering crucial references for the rapid urbanization of ecological restoration and development planning in urban regions.

Domain-Specific Few-Shot Table Prompt Question Answering via Contrastive Exemplar Selection

As a crucial task in natural language processing, table question answering has garnered significant attention from both the academic and industrial communities. It enables intelligent querying and question answering over structured data by translating natural language into corresponding SQL statements. Recently, there have been notable advancements in the general domain table question answering task, achieved through prompt learning with large language models. However, in specific domains, where tables often have a higher number of columns and questions tend to be more complex, large language models are prone to generating invalid SQL or NoSQL statements. To address the above issue, this paper proposes a novel few-shot table prompt question answering approach. Specifically, we design a prompt template construction strategy for structured SQL generation. It utilizes prompt templates to restructure the input for each test data and standardizes the model output, which can enhance the integrity and validity of generated SQL. Furthermore, this paper introduces a contrastive exemplar selection approach based on the question patterns and formats in domain-specific contexts. This enables the model to quickly retrieve the relevant exemplars and learn characteristics about given question. Experimental results on the two datasets in the domains of electric energy and structural inspection show that the proposed approach outperforms the baseline models across all comparison settings.

Achieving a solar-to-chemical efficiency of 3.6% in ambient conditions by inhibiting interlayer charges transport

Efficiently converting solar energy into chemical energy remains a formidable challenge in artificial photosynthetic systems. To date, rarely has an artificial photosynthetic system operating in the open air surpassed the highest solar-to-biomass conversion efficiency (1%) observed in plants. In this study, we present a three-dimension polymeric photocatalyst achieving a solar-to-H2O2 conversion efficiency of 3.6% under ambient conditions, including real water, open air, and room temperature. The impressive performance is attributed to the efficient storage of electrons inside materials via expeditious intramolecular charge transfer, and the fast extraction of the stored electrons by O2 that can diffuse into the internal pores of the self-supporting three-dimensional material. This construction strategy suppresses the interlayer transfer of excitons, polarizers and carriers, effectively increases the utilization of internal excitons to 82%. This breakthrough provides a perspective to substantially enhance photocatalytic performance and bear substantial implications for sustainable energy generation and environmental remediation.

Biomimetic and electrostatic self-assembled nanocellulose/MXene films constructed with sequential bridging strategy for flexible supercapacitor

Despite the two-dimensional titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx) has shown promising applications in energy storage, the inherent self-stacking and weak connectivity among nanosheets present a challenge in manufacturing robust MXene films for emerging flexible supercapacitors. Herein, inspired by the robust “soft-hard” structured exoskeletons of crustaceans, the biomimetic cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)/MXene-Al (CM-Al) film with integrated high mechanical toughness, electroconductivity and electrochemical behavior, sequential bridging with hydrogen and ionic bonds, is crafted via the facile electrostatic self-assembly strategy. The embedded CNFs guide the in-plane orientation of MXene through hydrogen bonding, forming a “soft-hard” microstructure and dramatically enhancing the mechanical toughness of CM-Al. The rigid ionic bonds established between the oxygen-containing groups on CNFs and MXene with Al3+ further elevate the mechanical strength (163.88 MPa) and act as additional electron transfer channels to impart the reinforced electroconductivity (82.63 S cm−1). Benefiting from the more active site exposure induced by the expanded MXene layer spacing after CNFs embedding and the weakened intrinsic resistance caused by the constructed ionic bonding, the assembled flexible quasi-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor with CM-Al as electrode delivers a high area capacitance (679 mF cm−2), energy density (16.2 μWh cm−2), cycling capability (85.3 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles) and intrinsic tolerance to various non-stretching deformations. Moreover, the selective principles for metal ions are summarized that involved a comprehensive consideration of ionic radius, charge density and basic chemical properties. This work demonstrates an accessible and feasible construction strategy for flexible composite films and provides an alternative pathway for wearable energy storage devices.

Construction strategy of stimuli-responsive liposome and its biological application

Stimuli-responsive liposomes, a novel type of nanocarriers, have been widely used in the fields of medicine, food, and cosmetics. This paper provides a comprehensive introduction to the preparation methods, construction strategies, and biological applications of stimuli-responsive liposomes. The review highlights the functional principles of pH-sensitive, redox-sensitive, enzyme-sensitive, heat-sensitive, light-sensitive, and magnetic field-responsive liposomes, and summarizes their applications based on various drug delivery mode. Finally, the article provides an overview of the current challenges and future development prospects for stimuli-responsive liposomes.

A hierarchical porous structure integrated three-dimensional electrochemical biosensor for cell culture and real-time monitoring

Three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds are arousing tremendous interests in tissue engineering, in-vitro biological models and drug discovery for the potential on integration in-vivo 3D culture stimulation and real-time electrochemical sensing. However, the development on this field is still hindered by the lack of basic 3D conductive materials, unsatisfactory electrochemical performance and complicated construction strategy. Herein, we developed a hierarchical porous 3D electrochemical biosensor with facile preparation strategy for cell culture and real-time detection of cell-released molecules. In this biosensor, the micropores and nanopores were concurrently integrated within the Ni foam 3D porous scaffold, through which the fast mass transfer and the large specific surface area can be accomplished. As a proof of concept, the sensing materials, Pt nanoparticles were functionalized on the 3D porous scaffold. The fabricated biosensor presented a wide linear range from 200 nM to 20 μM with a high sensitivity of 423.1 nA/μM toward hydrogen peroxide. More importantly, HeLa cells cultured thereon demonstrated high viability and the cell-released H2O2 were also real-time monitored, illustrating its great application prospects on the in-vivo 3D modeling systems.

Electrochemically‐Enabled Construction of N‐Acyl Iminophosphoranes

AbstractN‐acyl iminophosphoranes have shown significant potentials in various areas. This paper presents two electrochemical strategies for the successful construction of a series of substituted N‐acyl iminophosphoranes using electrochemical activation of hydroxylamines or dioxazolones to generate unprotected amide radicals and radical anions. The simple undivided cell with inexpensive electrode setups (graphite felts, carbon rods, and copper sheets) provides excellent substrates tolerance under mild conditions. This simple electrochemical construction of N‐acyl iminophosphoranes also has good scalability, practicability and extensibility. Furthermore, synthetic transformations of the N‐acyl iminophosphorane products have demonstrated the application potentials of the P=N bond.

Lexicalisation of discourse strategies in the national anthems of selected African states

ABSTRACT A national anthem is an official song of a nation. Extant studies have examined national anthems from philosophical, thematic, and historical points of view with insufficient attention paid to the lexicalisation of discourse strategies in the anthems of African states. This study, therefore, investigates how lexical choices and discourse strategies are deployed in the construction of national identities and ideologies. Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics and Wodak’s Discourse-Historical Approach were adopted as framework. Data were purposively selected from ideology-laden anthems, four from each of the five African sub-regions namely: Central (Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea); East (Djibouti, Eritrea, Rwanda, and Uganda); North (Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Tunisia); Southern (Botswana, Namibia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe); and West (Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, and Gambia). The study discovers that lexicalisation of discourse strategies of construction, transformation, perpetuation, and representation reflects socio-cultural, political, and cultural experiences of African states.