Construction Of Shelters Research Articles

Fit for purpose? Lessons from transitional shelter provision for internally displaced persons in urban informal settlements in Brazil

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges of transitional shelter provision for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in urban informal settlements. While there has been considerable research on postdisaster transitional shelters, less is known on shelters for IDPs in urban informal settlements.Design/methodology/approachA case study is presented based on field research at the communities in Olaria and City in São Paulo, Brazil. Collection of data included personal communication with the dwellers, surveys and interviews with representatives from Techo, one of the few organizations that provide transitional shelters for IDPs. A review of documents regarding the construction, design and users' adaptation of transitional shelter was also undertaken. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis.FindingsThe study found that Techo's program impacts positively on the nonphysical aspects of shelter, such as physical and mental health, security, household responsibilities and community participation. However, Techo's transitional shelter for IDPs in urban informal settlements and most postdisaster transitional shelters share similar problems. These programs respond to the needs of a small proportion of the affected populations with shelters of minimum quality and low durability.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper is limited to a single case study of the NGO Techo and further case study research is recommended to further develop and validate the study results in other urban development contexts.Originality/valueThis research contributes to describing and understanding the context and the provision of transitional shelters to IDPs in urban informal settlements and impacts in the community. With increasing numbers of IDPs settling in urban informal settlements in many parts of the world, this paper is valuable to policymakers, NGOs and researchers operating in this field to facilitate community development.

A Major Change in Rate of Climate Niche Envelope Evolution during Hominid History.

SummaryHomo sapiens is the only species alive able to take advantage of its cognitive abilities to inhabit almost all environments on Earth. Humans are able to culturally construct, rather than biologically inherit, their occupied climatic niche to a degree unparalleled within the animal kingdom. Precisely, when hominins acquired such an ability remains unknown, and scholars disagree on the extent to which our ancestors shared this same ability. Here, we settle this issue using fine-grained paleoclimatic data, extensive archaeological data, and phylogenetic comparative methods. Our results indicate that whereas early hominins were forced to live under physiologically suitable climatic conditions, with the emergence of H. heidelbergensis, the Homo climatic niche expanded beyond its natural limits, despite progressive harshening in global climates. This indicates that technological innovations providing effective exploitation of cold and seasonal habitats predated the emergence of Homo sapiens.

“Petishism”, or Animals in the City and on the Islands: Case Study of the Island of Silba

The first part of this paper (by Suzana Marjanić) documents the fact that city authorities throughout Croatia do not encourage needed care for stray dogs and cats, specifically the construction of state and private shelters for abandoned and lost animals, as well as feeding stations. Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, does not have a shelter for cats. Also documented are exhibitions of animal studies in Croatia, two of which were organised in Zagreb in the same year: an artistic one All Our Animals – Animals as Subjects in Croatian Modern Fine Arts (Modern Gallery, Zagreb, 2017), and another from the aspect of ethnozoology and anthropology of animals – Of Animals and Humans (Ethnographic Museum, Zagreb, 2017), both of which also featured cats.The second part of the article (by Rosana Ratkovčić) notes the fact that the number of stray cats on Croatian islands increases each year, as pets brought by tourists are frequently left behind at the end of summer vacation. On the example of the island of Silba and its only (eponymous) town, how the local population has self-organised the protection of the island’s stray cats is presented.

Temporal Resource (Dis)continuity for Conservation Biological Control: From Field to Landscape Scales

Conservation biological control (CBC) seeks to promote the occurrence of natural enemies of agricultural pests by managing habitat to provide key resources in and around farm fields. In particular, vegetation diversity may help ensure temporal resource continuity such that natural enemies are less likely to experience detrimental gaps or bottlenecks as they move through and use different habitats. While the conceptual value of resource continuity has long been recognized by CBC researchers and practitioners, empirical studies have tended to focus on snapshots in space and time. Here we review how continuity of trophic (food) and structural (shelter) resources affect natural enemy conservation and pest control outcomes within farm fields and across agricultural landscapes. Key trophic resources include alternative prey and non-prey food (such as floral nectar and pollen), which can bolster natural enemy nutrition when pests are scarce. Vegetative and non-vegetative structural resources can protect enemies when crop fields are disturbed and provide important overwintering habitat in temperate regions. Within fields, non-crop plantings such as wildflower strips or beetle banks are the most popular habitat management strategies, but temporal intercropping, asynchronous planting/harvesting, and the construction of artificial shelters have high potential to contribute to resource continuity. Analogously, semi-natural habitat at the landscape scale may contribute to resource continuity in some cases, but crop diversity, asynchrony, and urban habitat can also be important. Simultaneous consideration of resource diversity and continuity could generate better predictions and more targeted management interventions for particular pest and enemy assemblages. Future research should strive to expand our understanding of natural enemy resource requirements in space and time.

Characterization, mechanical properties, and microstructural development of lunar regolith simulant-portland cement blended mixtures

Lunar regolith simulant – JSC-1A is a basaltic powder compositionally similar to rock samples brought back from the moon by Apollo missions. This study describes JSC-1A as a potential construction material advancing the critical, prerequisite knowledge for the construction of shelters on the moon. A reactivity test based on isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis was conducted on JSC-1A materials of different fineness. The results indicated that the finer portion could potentially be used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) of low reactivity, whereas the coarser fraction, which was considered inert, could be used as a filler/aggregate material (similar to sand). Four JSC-1A-portland cement blended pastes were tested as prospective binders. Some extent of portlandite consumption by JSC-1A in blended pastes was confirmed through thermogravimetric analysis. Blended mortar containing 75% JSC-1A and 25% portland cement developed over 30 MPa of compressive strength at 28 days of hydration and an increasing strength development over time was observed, as JSC-1A slowly reacted. Microstructural analysis of these mortars showed evidences of dissolution sites on JSC-1A and formation of different types of reaction products. The results presented and discussed in this research lengthen the directions for long-term space missions.

A study on the use of cyclone shelters in Bangladesh

AbstractBangladesh's geography renders it vulnerable to cyclones. The most severe cyclone occurred in 1970, resulting in severe damages and over 300 000 deaths. The government has implemented cyclone disaster mitigation primarily by providing cyclone shelters. Recently, BRAC University proposed a new type of cyclone shelter, the house‐shaped “mini‐shelter.” This study aims to contribute to the government's cyclone mitigation schemes, especially regarding the appropriate utilization and construction of cyclone shelters that can be used throughout cyclone‐prone areas. Investigations in two cyclone‐affected areas reveals that cyclone shelters, which are intended for a few hours of occupation during inundation, function as temporary living quarters during post‐cyclone reconstruction. Moreover, most cyclone shelters are elementary schools, and their storage and staff rooms may be locked during cyclones owing to poor management, which complicates their use as evacuation centers or temporary post‐cyclone living quarters. The “mini‐shelters” can be used as both evacuation centers and livestock storage during cyclones. Although locals doubt the buildings' safety because the wooden second floor is too low for protecting against storm surges, “mini‐shelters” can be useful in remote coastal areas with limited space for cyclone shelters. Hence, a combination of these cyclone shelter types affords a holistic solution to cyclone disaster mitigation.

The performance of shelters for the conservation of archaeological sites in dry and warm climates: the case of Complutum

Excavated archaeological sites are frequently exposed to damaging environmental conditions, which could lead to rapid decay especially for vulnerable heritage such as mosaics. One of the most common solutions is the construction of shelters; however, some may not behave as expected, either because they do not protect adequately or induce decay. An environmental monitoring programme was undertaken inside and outside the two types of shelters at the Roman archaeological site of Complutum (Alcala de Henares, Spain) from May to September in 2018 and 2019. Hourly temperature and relative humidity readings collected by data loggers, together with rainfall data from a local meteorological station, have been comparatively assessed to better understand the consequences of sheltering in dry and warm areas. The results indicate that both shelters are avoiding further decay by keeping a more stable environment in relation to outside, although the more enclosed structure would be the most suitable one.

Finding Sustainability in the Desert: Conservation of the Archaeological Site of Dangeil, Sudan, and Its Associated Collections

ABSTRACT An extreme environment poses challenges, and forces one to implement solutions that require mixing state-of-the-art techniques with local knowledge and resources, to achieve results that are appropriate, effective, and sustainable in the long term. This is the case at Dangeil, Sudan, site of a first-century CE Kushite temple and cemeteries. Archaeological excavation and conservation were initiated in 2000 by the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM), Sudan, in cooperation with the British Museum. This paper presents the methodological approach applied at Dangeil as an example of effective sustainable conservation. Key aspects have been sourcing and use of local materials, a capacity-building programme and knowledge diffusion through the local community. A robust social and economic relationship with the community has provided the support crucial to ensure the success of the project thus far, and its long-term sustainability. Following the construction of a protective site shelter, on-going work aims to open an interpretation centre on-site and a museum in a nearby town, where finds from excavations (including a well-preserved Kushite wall painting, detached in 2018) will be displayed. Given the isolation of Sudan and remoteness of Dangeil, ‘going local’ has been both a necessity and a virtue. Co-operation between the international missions, the NCAM and local communities will further increase protection for this endangered heritage.

Pantai Taman-Pacitan ecotourism development: Conservation and community empowerment orientation

Ecotourism is a form of tourism that is closely linked to the principle of conservation. Thus, ecotourism is right and beneficial in maintaining the integrity and authenticity of ecosystems in natural areas, particularly turtle conservation areas. Ecotourism is synergized to turtle conservation as it has such features: (1) Conservation, the use of biodiversity does not damage the natural source, also it does not cause negative impact whereas it is very environmentally friendly, (2) Education, by improving community’s awareness and changing their behavior about the need for conservation of living natural resources and their conservation, (3) Economy, ecotourism provides economic benefits and spur regional development; and (4) Active role of community, this is done by building partnership with local communities for the development of ecotourism. Based on the issues, “IbW Conservation and Ecotourism Ngadirojo District Pacitan Region” was done by (1) Making a model of tourism activities that is environmentally, ecologically, socially, and economically beneficial to local communities and to the sustainability of natural resources, (2) Assessing the object of tourist attraction in flora and fauna conservation areas, in this case sea turtles and their ecosystems, so that can synergize with ecotourism activities, and (3) Making a model of local community-based tourist institution. The method implemented to achieve the objectives was “Community Empowerment through Ecotourism” which is described as follow: (1) Land Conservation, value and travel product, (2) Creation of an ecotourism atmosphere that all people who live in the area will gain the benefit, (3) The development of tourism activities that carry the excellence of the physical, economic, socio-cultural aspects of the local, (4) The solid image of ecotourism activities in the region that is supported by the readiness of all stakeholders, and (5) Integration of turtle theme conservation and ecotourism area with other supporting tourism products in the Regency. Pacitan Construction of facilities that have been carried out are: (1) developing the forest of eternity, (2) ecological restoration of coastal forests, (3) making sea water wells for turtle ponds, (4) nursery of coastal forest vegetation, (5) construction of marine biota ponds and sanitation facilities, (6) construction of shelters and gazebos, (7) construction of parking lot, and (8) widening of the ecotourism ring road. The next stage plans are: (1) ecotourism community empowerment, (2) strengthening the ecotourism area, and (3) revitalization of marine biota ponds.

Coaching Process Of Prisoners In Correctional Institution Class I Kedungpane Semarang Viewed From Act No 12 Of 1995 On Concerning The Correctional Institution

The problem this study are: a) how the coaching process in prison inmates Class 1 Kedungpane Semarang in terms of Act No. 12 of 1995 on Correctional Institution? and b) whether a limiting factor in the implementation of prison inmate gave coaching in the Correctional Institution Class I Kedungpane Semarang? Researchers using normative juridical approach. The source and type of data in this study are primary data obtained from field studies with interviews at the Correctional Institution Class I Kedungpane Semarang. And secondary data obtained from the study of literature. Based on the results of the implementation study coaching in the penal system for prisoners gradually form has been going well, the first stage of the introduction of the orientation stage where inmates including receiving prisoners, registration inmates and temporary placement of prisoners, the introduction of a maximum of 1 month. The second stage of assimilation in the strict sense lasts from 1/3 to 1/2. The third stage is the stage of assimilation in a broader sense and has lived half of a criminal past. The fourth stage is the stage of integration with the community has undergone criminal or 2/3 of the time for at least 9 months. The obstacles that occur due to the lack of Correctional officer training, infrastructure is still lacking adequate. Addition of facilities are still related to education problem such as library books, any additional school, socializing with new science and training tools. Construction of shelter / blocks apart to make it more comfortable for them.Keywords: Correctional Institution; Prisoners; Development.

Sustainability based on indigenous materials of building construction

Construction of shelter is one of the basic and prime needs of human civilization. With the passage of time, the basic of construction of this shelter have evolved from simple caves to magnificent houses, palaces and like. Similar is the case with building materials and construction industry that has evolved from the use of simple straw, mud, thatch, and slates to modern day conventional building material like bricks,

Housing rehabilitation and reconstruction in Central Sulawesi post-2018 earthquake

The 2018 Palu Earthquake had damaged many community houses. The post-earthquake settlements program is the construction of temporary shelter and permanent house. The paper discusses to evaluate the development and propose rehabilitation and reconstruction applied in Central Sulawesi. All data were obtained by questionnaire, interviews, and field observations. The data is analyzed in a result framework for the shelter evaluation and a comparison to other post-earthquake programs for permanent house development. The research found the temporary shelter is occupied by only 52% because of impractical mobilization, living cost assistance absence, uncomfortable conditions, lack of clean water, and several refugees have reconstructed their houses. A low satisfaction rate is caused by the inadequate indoor condition, small capacity, and lack of privacy. This rate makes the temporary shelter is less effective. Regarding the permanent house development, the construction of relocated and satellite houses use modular houses, while the house reconstruction program authorizes the community to choose the preferred house model. The result is concerned to be different in occupancy and satisfaction level, in which the house reconstruction program will be more accepted. Since the temporary shelter and permanent house development requires relocated sites, land provision has slowed down the pre-construction stage.

Construction of geodesic domes made of wood and composite materials during restoration and conservation of cultural heritage objects

The paper provides an overview of the existing structural and technological solutions for the construction of outdoor shelters over cultural heritage objects during restoration works in order to preserve from environmental influences and prevent external precipitation from entering buildings and structures. For these purposes, it is proposed to use standard solutions for various spans in the form of geodetic dome structures to protect buildings and structures from external precipitation and other atmospheric phenomena. The paper highlights the authors' work on the creation of new technical solutions for geodesic domes made of wood and high-strength polymers, which will significantly facilitate load-bearing structures, compared to metal and reinforced concrete. Also, the use of modern materials and technologies for the construction of protective structures will allow taking care of the environment, taking into account GREEN and ZOOM standards.

Studi Kelayakan Ekonomis Rencana Pembangunan Pelabuhan Sungai Liong Desa Berancah Kabupaten Bengkalis

The fish shelter port (TPI) is a need that needs to be prepared by local village officials and the government for every coastal village in Bengkalis Regency. This research was conducted in the Berancah village of Bantan District. The analysis in this study describes the economic feasibility mathematically for the construction of a fish storage port (TPI) by calculating the cost ratio (B / C ratio) benefit analysis, payback period (PP), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return ( IRR). The results obtained from the NPV value (3,661,267,645), BCR value (0.943), IRR value of 10.01%, and PP are in the period of 30 years. Taken as a whole by standardizing the calculations, it can be concluded that the planned construction of a fish shelter in Berancah village is considered not economically feasible, but economic analysis is not merely a benchmark for feasibility, reviewed for the future many benefits will be received by the community around the location of the development plan so that it can improve the welfare of the community in Berancah village.

ARAHAN KEBIJAKAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN PERMUKIMAN BERBASIS BENCANA TSUNAMI DI KABUPATEN PESISIR SELATAN

This research begins from phenomena of the tsunami disaster that could potentially occur in Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. This study aimed to analyze the suitability of land for settlements in the zone are not at risk of tsunami and settlement development policy directives based tsunami. This research classified as descriptive and used a survey method. The mapping unit used is a unit of landforms. units in research area was varied so that sample technique used here was stratified random sampling. The research showing that residential suitability in Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan divide into two areas, its : suitable area for settlement (4007,225 km) and unsuitable area for settlement (1742,665 km). The suitable area based on tsunami there are four areas, its (i) Settlements with moderate risk of tsunami (946,036 km), (ii) Settlements with low risk tsunami (3061,189 km), (iii) Unsuitability settlements with moderate risk tsunami (838,710 km), (iv)Unsuitability settlements with low risk tsunami (903,954 km). Policy directives use for settlements based on tsunami disaster with priority by four alternative policy its : a. tsunami disaster mitigation through the construction of shelters and evacuation route, b. Knowing risk zone tsunami for early warning system, c. relocation of settlements gradually to people who live in areas at risk of tsunami, d. preparing land designated for residential area-based tsunami.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN KAMPUNG NELAYAN PASAR BENGKULU SEBAGAI KAWASAN WISATA KOTA BENGKULU

The pattern of development in the city of Bengkulu is directed at building tourism and its development. This is because most of the city of Bengkulu is in the coastal region of the Indonesian Ocean. The potential of tourist areas in the city of Bengkulu is very large, especially for the development of tourism based on sea and fisheries. The Bengkulu City Government has established coastal area development programs, one of which is in Bengkulu Market Fisheries Village. Facilities and infrastructure supporting coastal tourism have been sought by the Bengkulu City government such as the construction of tourist area entrances, shelters, parking lots and other supporting facilities. Other support is to mobilize the community to sell Bengkulu special culinary and other sea culinary, so that the development of fisherman villages as tourist areas can be achieved.

Effect of building overtopping on induced loads during extreme hydrodynamic events

ABSTRACT Tsunamis, impulse-waves and dam-break waves have affected humanity in recent decades and the construction of vertical shelters can provide safety to people. However, for non-critical infrastructures, typically residential houses of lower height, overtopping is accepted during such events. This study experimentally quantifies the effect of building overtopping, i.e. water flowing over the roof, on the resulting loading process. Both surges and bores were investigated and the impact against buildings with two different heights was assessed. Detailed measurements of forces and moments allowed key differences to be captured between the scenarios with and without overtopping. Results showed that overtopping induced higher downstream water depths, leading to lower horizontal forces and a reduced resistance coefficient. Furthermore, cantilever arm, moment and impulse values were constantly lower in case of overtopping. Finally, this study presents an innovative methodology to assess the main loading features of buildings subject to overtopping, supporting engineers to design safer resilient structures.

Study of γ‐Fast Neutron Attenuation and Mechanical Characteristics of Modified Concretes for Shielding and Sheltering Purposes

The study of γ‐neutrons attenuation and mechanical characteristics of modified concrete are vital and crucial parameters for the construction of civilian radiological, nuclear shielding, and/or shelters. In this work, fifteen samples of ordinary concretes with five different additives; steel fibers, polypropylene, silica fume, and fly ash, with variation of cement percentages, were prepared and used for performing the mechanical and radiation attenuation investigations. The compressive strength, tensile strength, slump test, bulk density, and water permeability were also carried out for the prepared concrete mixes. Collimated coherent beams from 60Co and Pu‐Be fast neutron sources were used to check the radiation penetrability through the syntheized mixed concrete‐additives. Very sensitive and well calibrated gamma‐neutron pulse shape discriminating spectrometer with its electronic componenets and stilbene organic detector and 3′′ × 3′′ NaI scintillation crystal was used to measure the radiation before and after attenuation and transmission. The integrated fast neutron removal macroscopic cross section (Σr) and linear attenuation coefficient of total gamma rays (μ) were calculated for all the analysed concrete mixes. The results of measurements, tests, analyses and calculations are given and explained. The investigated modified concrete mixes show good workability and properties from the view point of mechanical loads and γ‐fast neutrons penetrability and resistance. These results can be used for shielding and sheltering design.

Welding Polymer Pipes at Low Climatic Temperatures

The results of the research on development of technology for welding polymer pipes at low climatic temperatures in open air without the use of temporary heated structures are presented. The most common welding methods are considered: butt welding with a heated tool, electrofusion welding with embedded heating element and socket welding. Tests on welded joints show that the developed technology for welding in open air without the construction of shelters provides the same level of quality as when welding at admissible temperatures.

Suitability Assessment of Emergency Shelters Based on GIS: A Case Study in Urban Function Optimization Area of Shanghai

In recent years, major disasters have occurred frequently and they have various types, which has seriously affected the lives and property of urban residents. The planning and construction of emergency shelters has become an important factor affecting urban safety and livability, therefore, it is of great significance to study the location and spatial allocation of emergency shelters. This paper established a suitability assessment indicator system for urban emergency shelters, the assessment criteria of emergency shelters can be divided into three categories: applicability criterion, accessibility criterion and safety criterion. Each emergency shelter will get a score to quantify their suitability after assessment, the scores are classified as 5 levels: suitable, appropriate, generally appropriate, less suitable, and unsuitable. The map the suitability of emergency shelters on ArcGIS. A case study in 36 existing emergency shelters of Shanghai, China was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system.