Construction Of Rights Research Articles

A “Judicialização do Amor”: sentidos e paradoxos de uma Justiça “engajada”

Este artigo investiga o campo de intervenção judicial da infância e juventude, dirigindo sua atenção para as transformações nos sentidos e práticas de agentes judiciais após a promulgação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (1990). Descrevem-se os significados que configuram, na prática, a mudança nesse espaço de intervenção social e a motivação profissional para o engajamento desses agentes. O argumento do texto é que, num cenário no qual se enfatizam a participação comunitária e a mobilização social para constituição de direitos, os agentes judiciais investem em um conjunto de dispositivos para legitimar sua atuação que casam o “capital jurídico” com o que poderia ser chamado de “capital militante”, expresso nos ideais de participação comunitária e de uma “justiça engajada”. A compreensão desses novos dispositivos de legitimação judicial, assim como a reflexão sobre seus paradoxos são o foco deste texto.

The Construction of Rights

This paper examines the sense in which rights can be said to exist. We examine various approaches to the definition and analysis of rights, focusing in particular on the compossibility of rights. Concentrating on three existing approaches to rights—social choice-theoretic, game-theoretic, and Steiner's approach—we suggest that rights are noncompossible in any interesting sense, that is, that the rights people have are nonexistent or vanishingly small. We develop an alternative account of rights—which we claim is more in tune with moral intuitions—where compossibility is not important and rights cannot form the exclusive basis of morality or a theory of justice. Rights are constructed on the basis of more fundamental moral values. We demonstrate how they are constructed and the sense in which they exist even though they might not always be exercised, while acknowledging that rights that may never be exercised are hardly worth the name.We would like to thank Cecile Fabre, Ruth Kinna, Matt Kramer, Anna Pilatova, three anonymous referees, and participants at the Analysis of Measurement of Freedom conference in Palermo, Italy, September 2001, the 2002 meeting of the Dutch Political Science Association, and the Economic Decisions Conference in Pamplona, Spain, June 2002, for their comments on earlier versions of this paper.

Culture, Autonomy and Djulibinyamurr: Individual and Community in the Construction of Rights to Traditional Designs

The possibility of granting proprietary rights in indigenous intangible cultural property – including artwork, cultural items and, more recently, traditional knowledge – has been and continues to be an area of considerable controversy, and the subject of discussions in various international organisations. It is widely accepted that present intellectual property regimes are structurally inadequate. The author focuses on the particular problem of traditional designs, and seeks to analyse critically the justifications that are advanced for extending existing regimes or introducing a sui generis right: in particular, the protection of ‘cultural integrity». The aim is to elucidate some of the theoretical problems with this rationale, and to extrapolate, from arguments regarding the importance of culture and cultural integrity, to the form and scope of rights that such an argument might require. In particular, the author believes that such a rationale has implications in determining how conflicts between communal and individual interests are to be resolved.

(Staats)Bürgerschaft ohne Staat

This paper addresses the conceptual challenge to citizenship in the aftem1ath of Maastricht and discusses citizenship in a non-state. lt argues that Union citizenship will not only lead to debates over the application of the citizenship provisions in the EU Member States, but it will also remain a subject of continuous political tension over rights to participation. The paper advances a socially constructive perspective on citizenship as a contextualised practice which entails the construction of rights, access and belonging as the historical elements of citizenship.

Доктринальні підходи щодо визначення сутності переходу цивільних прав та обов’язків: основи теорій континуальності та дискретності

Стаття присвячена розгляду основних доктринальних підходів щодо визначення сутності переходу суб’єктивних цивільних прав та обов’язків. Аналізуються наукові положення теорій континуальності та дискретності, що пояснюють зміст явища переходу прав та обов’язків. Визначається, що теорія континуальності будується на правонаступництві, що становить зміст похідного набуття суб’єктивних цивільних прав та обов’язків, в той час як теорія дискретності заперечує саму конструкцію переходу прав та обов’язків, визнаючи за термінами типу «перехід прав», «передача прав» умовне значення. Дискретний підхід пропонує розглядати такий перехід як припинення прав та обов’язків у однієї особи і їх виникнення в іншої.
 Визначаються переваги і недоліки зазначених підходів, рівень обґрунтованості наукових положень у контексті кожного з них. Висловлюється авторська думка стосовно порушеного питання.