Construction Of New Roads Research Articles

National-Scale Detection of New Forest Roads in Sentinel-2 Time Series

The Norwegian Environment Agency is responsible for updating a map of undisturbed nature, which is performed every five years based on aerial photos. Some of the aerial photos are already up to five years old when a new version of the map of undisturbed nature is published. Thus, several new nature interventions may have been missed. To address this issue, the timeliness and mapping accuracy were improved by integrating Sentinel-2 satellite imagery for the detection of new roads across Norway. The focus on new roads was due to the fact that most new nature interventions include the construction of new roads. The proposed methodology is based on applying U-Net on all the available summer images with less than 10% cloud cover over a five-year period, with an aggregation step to summarize the predictions. The observed detection rate was 98%. Post-processing steps reduced the false positive rate to 46%. However, as the false positive rate was still substantial, the manual verification of the predicted new roads was needed. The false negative rate was low, except in areas without vegetation.

SURVEY AND ROAD MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN POJA VILLAGE, SAPE SUB-DISTRICT.

The development of road access is currently a very important thing in infrastructure development in a country. Good road access can facilitate community mobility and support economic growth. Currently, the government is trying to improve road access in every region and village through the construction of new roads, repairing existing roads. The implementation method of measuring new roads is an important process in infrastructure development. This method involves the use of specialized equipment such as distance measuring devices and angle measuring devices. The purpose of this service activity is to determine the length, width, elevation and slope of the new road terrain. The location of the activity is Poja Village, Sape District, Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The results of the road terrain slope analysis on the Poja Village road section, Sape District, Bima Regency, were calculated at each STA with a distance of 500 meters for each STA. Obtained road terrain slope STA 00+000 - STA 00+500 is 0.2%, STA 00+0500 - STA 01+000 is 0.8%, STA 01+000 - STA 01+500 is 0.4%, STA 01+500 - STA 02+000 is 0.6, STA 02+00 - STA 02+500 is 1.8%, STA 02+500 - STA 03+00 is 1.2%. And the road section of Poja Village, Sape District, Bima Regency is included in the Flat (D) road terrain category, because all segments every 500 meters have a value smaller than 3%.

Engineering assessment of Lateritic soils of Obiaruku highway sections in South-southern, Nigeria

In order to determine the suitability of lateritic soils for the paving structures of highways, an engineering examination of some numbers of unsuccessful routes and highways in Obiaruku, southern Nigeria, was conducted. Thirty-two (32) lateritic bulk soil samples were taken for road construction-related index and strength testing from three stable and five failing sections. Compared to soils from the failed parts of A-7-6, which indicate poor-quality sub-grade materials, the soils from the stable sections have a greater specific gravity (2.49–2.85) and a lower percentage of clay (23.90%), indicating A-2-6 on the AASHTO classification system. Pores water pressure developed as a result of the high water absorption capacity, high proportion of fine particles (> 40%), and high values of linear shrinkage (> 8%) of the majority of soils from failed sections, leading to a loss in soil index strength. The degree of instability observed is caused by the predominance of fines in lateritic soils, low California bearing ratio (16–39% un-soaked), intermediate and high OMC above recommendation for most soil samples (12.6–19.1), maximum dry density (MDD) (<2000 kg/m3), and liquid limit (35.1–53.0). The lateritic soils of failed sections have poor geotechnical qualities, which suggest that they are not appropriate for use as sub-grade materials in other engineering constructions or even in the construction of new roads. For an accurate assessment of the sub-grade soils for highways, the significance of lateritic soils in detail sampling is emphasized. The findings of this study will be helpful in the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the road's failing parts, and it is advised that this investigation be well documented for future use.

Perpetual pavement utilizing crumb rubber modified bitumen: A case study of the trial section on the S-19 expressway

To minimize the environmental impact of road construction and reduce the carbon footprint, it is essential to design pavements with sustainability in mind, considering their entire life cycle. On the S19 expressway between Kraśnik and Janów Lubelski, a 400-meter-long trial section was designed and constructed in full alignment with this strategy. The pavement structure was developed following the American concept of perpetual pavement, incorporating a stiff and rut-resistant binder course along with a flexible and fatigue-resistant base course. This layer arrangement significantly extended the service life of the pavement without increasing the structure’s thickness. Additionally, recycled crumb rubber-modified bitumen from used vehicle tires was used for all asphalt layers. Beyond its ecological value, recycling waste tires also positively impacts material parameters. The constructed pavement structure enables the reduction of natural resource consumption, elongation of the periods between maintenance, and the utilization of fully valuable waste, like used car tires. Moreover, this type of structure is entirely recyclable, allowing for its use in the construction of new roads after its designated service life. The paper describes a method for designing perpetual pavement structures, presents a comparison of properties between crumb rubber-modified binders and standard binders, and provides test results for asphalt mixtures. The deflection measurements obtained by the falling weight deflectometer are also discussed.

Accidental Impact Driven Paramedic Alerting System

Abstract. Nowadays the traffic has been increased on a large scale. The number of vehicles on the road is increasing rapidly while the rate of construction of new roads is slow. Due to this, the number of road accidents has increased. Research has shown that there is a lack of proper communication with the medical authorities and delayed medical support which results in loss of life. To address this situation, we have proposed a model in which an accelerometer sensor is used to detect the occurrence of an accident. GSM module is used to send alert messages with GPS coordinates to Hospitals, Police Control Rooms, and Rescue teams. The emergency services receive these alert messages and coordinate through Emergency helpline numbers via the GSM module. Mainly, this System will be useful in isolated Areas where there is no one to report on the spot of mishap. With the inclusion of this system, there will be increase in the effectiveness of medical emergency services. Surely, the medical emergency services will get evolved and faster responses can be generated towards the injured person with the help of this System.

Kinerja Infrastruktur Pelayanan Jaringan Jalan Kabupaten di Wilayah Pengembangan Timur Kabupaten Bogor

The Eastern Development Region (WP Timur) of Bogor Regency, consisting of 7 districts, holds a strategic position and is experiencing rapid development. WP Timur is currently in the process of forming a new "Bogor Timur" Regency and is also the site of several national strategic projects. Infrastructure development, particularly road networks, must be able to anticipate the region's growth and changing needs. To improve the management of road infrastructure, an evaluation of the road network's performance is required.. The methodology involves (1) comparing the existing road variable values with the performance standards set by government regulations, (2) analyzing the connectivity index of the county road network, and (3) conducting an integrative assessment based on the analysis of various variables. The results of this research indicate that (1) Cariu District meets the standards for 8 road performance variables, including having good connectivity. Jonggol, Sukamakmur, and Tanjungsari Districts meet 5 variables with deficiencies in accessibility, mobility, road condition, and connectivity. Gunung Putri, Cileungsi, and Klapanunggal Districts meet only 3 variables with deficiencies in accessibility, mobility, and road condition. Gunung Putri and Cileungsi have low traffic loads, while Klapanunggal lacks connectivity. (2) New road construction is needed in Gunung Putri, Cileungsi, Klapanunggal, and Jonggol Districts based on Accessibility SPM, and in Gunung Putri, Cileungsi, Klapanunggal, Sukamakmur, and Tanjungsari Districts based on Mobility SPM. The construction of new roads aims to anticipate increased traffic volume and enhance connectivity. (3) Efforts are required to improve road conditions and maintenance in the 6 districts other than Cariu based on Road Condition SPM

Evaluation of Structural Stresses of Mountain-Embedded Railway Systems

Mountain railways are constructed on terrains with steep gradients and operate under unique conditions as they climb slopes at low speeds using rack rails. Recently, mountain railway systems in the form of embedded rail systems (ERSs) have been developed to minimize environmental damage caused by the construction of new roads. However, the use of ERS in mountain railway tracks is still limited, and research on their safety and behavior is lacking. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the safety profile and behavioral responses of mountain-ERS under a steep gradient condition of 180‰. The effects of using high-strength concrete materials for precast concrete panels were investigated in this study, and the safety profile and behavioral response of mountain-ERS based on changes in the gradient and after adjusting the thickness of the subgrade of mountain-ERS was assessed. Under load conditions, the maximum tensile stress in the concrete elements did not exceed the tensile strength of the concrete. In the structural behavioral analysis, the patterns of stress variation were analyzed by applying stress to the concrete elements. The safety assessment and behavioral analysis results obtained in this study are considered valuable foundational research data for analytical studies on mountain-ERSs.

Высокогорный природный парк «Ак Чолушпа» как территория экотуристского интереса

Высокогорный природный парк «Ак Чолушпа» как территория экотуристского интереса

Development and Evaluation of Sustainable Bituminous Paver Blocks

Most road surfaces globally are constructed using bituminous materials. The construction of new roads and the maintenance of existing ones demand a huge amount of virgin natural aggregates. Depletion of resources that takes place during the construction of the road has an impact on cost and also on the environment. Hence, there is a need to reduce virgin aggregate use for bituminous pavement construction. This can be achieved by utilizing sustainable materials such as marble waste and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in hot mix asphalt (HMA)-type road construction. This research work is focused on sustainable development goal (SDG) 12, exclusively on the target number 12.5 which describes the recycling and reuse of materials. However, no investigations were seen to be reported on the integrated utilization of sustainable materials and RAP in bituminous paver blocks. The bituminous mixes were evaluated based on strength and compared with the control mix in this study. Bituminous paver blocks were then cast using sustainable materials and tested in the laboratory to assess the performance of the blocks through a compression test, Cantabro loss test, and wheel rut test. The test results gave satisfactory values; hence, these bituminous blocks can be used for service maintenance of the pavement structures. The study indicates that using sustainable material along with RAP in blocks can provide an eco-friendly, easily maintainable pavement system which makes it a key approach to SDG 9 as well, in terms of innovative infrastructure solutions.

Continuity of paths as a measure of transformation in urban fabric: a study in the old centre of Hila

Cities are exposed to transformations in their urban fabric over time as a result of urban renewal projects and new requirements. These transformations can have negative consequences, especially for traditional cities. Traditional cities are characterized by their historical continuity over the years, so these transformations lead to the destruction of some of their characteristics, such as connectivity or hierarchy of the city. The destruction of the characteristics of the ancient city leads to the production of a hybrid city. Al-Hila city centre is one of the areas that have undergone several aspects of transformations, for example, a change in functional uses, the construction of new roads for cars, a change in the pattern of fabric and others. Therefore, the research problem was represented in the interruption of paths continuity as a result of unstudied transformations in the urban fabric, and by adopting a hypothesis that the continuity of the urban fabric is affected by changing the ease of access and hierarchy of a part of the region that leads to an imbalance in integration. So, the research aims to find out the differences in the continuity of paths that occur in city centres when they are transformed by comparing them temporally and identifying some of the main indicators of spatial analysis theories. Hypothesis quantitative indicators emerged from the research vocabulary and were represented by (connectivity, depth, axis length, choice and integration). The most important conclusions and recommendations that were extracted from the research for spatial analysis (Space syntax) by using the (Depth map) program are that the continuity of paths in the urban fabric has been destroyed as a result of unplanned and inappropriate transformations for the place in several respects.

Evaluation of the cost-benefit method in the feasibility analysis of the Pelješac Bridge construction

In the context of the construction of road infrastructure facilities, there is no doubt that the construction of new roads leads to an increase in the quality of transport services. A new road fosters the development of settlements through which it passes, and indirect benefits are achieved through new investments. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) as a method involves consideration of a project’s financial returns, and most data on project costs and benefits are obtained through a relatively detailed financial analysis. Any independent variable reflected in the change results in a set share in project analysis; it is a critical variable and must be evaluated as reliably as possible. The implementation of a historical capital project in the Republic of Croatia has been highlighted in this paper – the construction of the Pelješac Bridge. Based on the transport criterion, the research has shown significant advantages achieved by bridge construction in the surrounding and wider area. The positive effects of demographic, economic, and social parameters are multiplying. The economic effects of bridge construction are highly favourable since, on the one hand, they are expressed as benefits in terms of savings on the costs of all activities from primary to quintary. On the other hand, they represent multiplications regarding the use and revitalisation of employment and natural resources. In accordance with the expected faster economic growth, the offer structure will cause a change in the relations within service activities in the direction of strengthening investments, intellectual services, tourism with all of its accompanying activities, etc. In the case considered, non-measurable benefits have not been quantified, although, independently from the CBA, their feasibility is fundamental. Nota bene, this primarily refers to the political component in strategic decision-making, such as the integration of regions, i.e., the achievement of the state territory integrity.

ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE OF FRESH ASPHALT MIXTURE ON THE NUMBER OF ROLLER CROSSINGS

In the construction of new roads in BiH, reconstruction or rehabilitation of existing roads, construction or replacement of asphalt layers is a mandatory part of construction work. One of the most important characteristics of the asphalt mixture during installation is the temperature of the asphalt mixture. Legal regulations, ie technical conditions, define the minimum temperature of the asphalt mixture as well as the limit air temperatures during the installation of asphalt, but special emphasis is given to the optimal temperature of the asphalt mixture. The optimal temperature of the asphalt mixture in this paper was analyzed through the compaction property of the asphalt mixture. Therefore, working on several specific examples, observes the optimal temperature of the asphalt mixture so as to obtain the best possible compaction of the installed asphalt. During the research, numerous other data that are important for the research were measured, such as the number of roller crossings, roller weight, air temperature, etc. Keywords: asphalt mixture temperature, installation, asphalt compaction, roller

Estimate Final Cost of Roads Using Support Vector Machine

Introduction: The cost overrun in road construction projects in Iraq is one of the major problems that face the construction of new roads. Method: To enable the concerned government agencies to predict the final cost of roads, the objective this paper suggested is to develop an early cost estimating model for road projects using a support vector machine based on (43) sets of bills of quantity collected in Baghdad city in Iraq. As cost estimates are required at the early stages of a project, consideration was given to the fact that the input data for the support vector machine model could be easily extracted from sketches or the project's scope definition. Result: The data were collected from contracts awarded by the Mayoralty of Baghdad for completed projects between 2010-2013. Mathematical equations were constructed using the Support Vector Machine Algorithm (SMO) technique. Conclusion An average of accuracy (AA) (99.65%) and coefficient of determination (R2) (97.63%) for the model were achieved by the created prediction equations.

Roads and Bridges Engineering School and Its First Regulation (1862)

Turuk ve Maâbir Mektebi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda kurulan ilk sivil mühendislik okuludur. Okulun açılmasında başlıca etken ülkede yeni yol ve köprülerin inşası ve eskilerinin ıslah edilmesi için ihtiyaç duyulan mühendislerin yetiştirilmesi düşüncesidir. Bu amaçla ilk olarak Tanzimat döneminde ülkenin mühendis ihtiyacını karşılamak amacıyla Ticaret Nezaretine bağlı bir sivil mühendislik okulunun açılması tasarlanmış hatta Turuk ve Maâbir Mektebi adıyla açılması tasarlanan bu okul için 1862’de bir de nizamname kaleme alınmıştır. Ancak sivil mühendislik mektebinin bu tarihte açılıp açılmadığı bilinmemektedir. Ne var ki yaygın görüş Turuk ve Maâbir Mektebinin 1874’te açıldığı yönündedir hatta 1874 yılı Türkiye’de sivil mühendislik eğitiminin başlangıcı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ancak kaynaklardan 1868’den itibaren Mülkiye Mühendis Mektebi adıyla bir sivil mühendislik okulunun faaliyet gösterdiği anlaşılmaktadır. 1868 ila 1871 arasında faaliyet gösteren ilk sivil mühendislik okulu sadece dört yıl eğitim-öğretime devam ettikten sonra kapatılmış 1874 yılında yeniden açılmıştır. Bu çalışmada arşiv kaynaklarından da yararlanılarak Türkiye’de sivil mühendislik eğitiminin başlangıç tarihine ve ilk sivil mühendislik okuluna dair yeni bazı tespitler yapılmaktadır. Turuk ve Maâbir Mektebinin 1862 tarihli söz konusu nizamnamesi de ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınacak okulla ilgili daha önce hiç temas edilmeyen kaynaklara dayanılarak yeni bilgiler verilecektir.

Hotspots and Season Related to Wildlife Roadkill in the Amazonia–Cerrado Transition

The construction of new roads opens access to native environments, resulting in changes to the landscape. These roads cause the death of native wildlife due to collisions with vehicles, which is the main cause of human-induced vertebrate death. This work aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of roadkills on the BR-163 highway, Mato Grosso, Brazil, an Amazonia–Cerrado transition zone, to identify roadkill hotspots. The study area consisted of 244 km of road. Twenty-five trips were made totaling 6100 km of surveyed roadway between 2008 and 2011. A total of 1005 individuals from 65 species was recorded in this study. Mammals were the most affected, both in number of individuals and species, followed by birds, reptiles, and amphibians. The species with the highest roadkill rates were Cerdocyon thous and Tyto furcata. Identified endangered mammals included Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Priodontes maximus, Speothos venaticus, Tapirus terrestris, Pteronura brasiliensis, and Ateles marginatus. The highest rates of roadkill were recorded during the wet season. The location and number of hotspots varied among classes and were related to different environmental variables such as waterbodies, forest fragments, and agricultural areas. Roadkills may be a major threat for vulnerable species and should therefore be studied to define conservation plans for local species and road traffic.

ANALISIS DAYA DUKUNG TANAH DASAR BERDASARKAN UJI CBR LABORATORIUM DAN UJI CBR LAPANGAN PADA RUAS JALAN KAMPUS UNIPAS MOROTAI

The development of land transportation, in this case the highway in Morotai Island Regency, is currently very fast. One of the roads planned for the construction of a new road is the Unipas Morotai Campus Road Section. So far, the construction of new roads in Morotai Island Regency has not been optimally carried out by a survey to test the condition of the subgrade and the strength of the base soil. The purpose of this study was to determine the carrying capacity of the subgrade for the purpose of planning pavement thickness on the Unipas Morotai campus road through direct field testing with laboratory testing. The results showed that the soil types in the 3 sampling locations were loamy soils with high water content in the field between 30-35%. The laboratory CBR value at point 01 is 33%, point 2 is 28% and point 3 is 49%. These results indicate that from the results of laboratory testing, subgrade fulfills the requirements as a subgrade on road pavement where CBR> 5%. The CBR value of the field tested at point 6 test points gave a varied value of 4.64% -6.96%. These results indicate that from the lab test results, subgrade fulfills the requirements as a subgrade on the pavement where CBR> 5% at point 01 , and point 04. Meanwhile, the other 4 points did not meet their CBR values so that special compaction was needed in the field..

Foundation Settlement Response of Existing High-Speed Railway Bridge Induced by Construction of Undercrossing Roads

The construction of undercrossing roads often has an adverse effect on the upper existing railway line, and can cause an uneven subsidence of the crossed section. In response to the influence of new road construction on the existing high-speed railway bridge, a highway passing under an existing high-speed railway bridge was taken as the research object. Based on the FLAC3D finite difference software, a computational model of new roads undercrossing a high-speed railway bridge was established to analyze the structural deformation response of a high-speed railway bridge. The results show that the excavation of foundation pits during new road construction causes an overall upward heaving of the soil layers between the pits, with a greater amount of heaving near the high-speed railway piers than that at other locations. Meanwhile, a degree of upward displacement of the high-speed railway bridge piers occurred. The filling of a road base structure generates an additional stress greater than the original consolidation pressure, inducing an overall subsidence of the soil layers between the pits. The final deformation during construction of new roads undercrossing the high-speed railway bridge shows that the displacement of adjacent piles is manifested as an overall settlement and as a horizontal displacement to the side of soil excavation.

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Binder Extraction and Recovery Evaluation and Their Effects on the Recycling Agent Assessment

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has proved to be an advantageous alternative for the restoration and construction of new roads, with regard to the economical and environmental performance of the recycled material. However, one of the concerns about the use of RAP in the production of new asphalt mixtures is related to its inherent variability, manifested mainly in the asphalt binder. Some procedures to recover the aged binder are commonly used, such as extraction with solvents and recovery applying distillation techniques. These methods might change the intrinsic properties of the asphalt binder (e.g., rheological and chemical characteristics), which may lead to flaws in the dose of the recycling agent. The present study evaluated the variability of the techniques of asphalt binder extraction-recovery from a RAP source, and its effects on the final assessment of binder blend between RAP binder and a softer binder for recycled hot mix asphalt. The results show that automated extraction provided statistically satisfactory values for determination of the RAP binder content. The recovery method conditions, however, were not efficient with regard to solvent removal for 40% of the analyzed RAP samples. Pearson’s coefficients indicated a weak correlation between RAP binder aging indices and its rheological behavior, probably because of the presence of solvent. Tetrachlorethylene (TCE) spectrum band at wavelengths of 903 to 915 cm−1 tends to affect binder stiffness more than wavelengths of 771 to 783 cm−1, underestimating high temperature continuous performance grade ([Formula: see text]) and consequently the binder blend results.

OCCURRENCE OF ROADKILLS OF Caiman latirostris ON ROADS IN CENTRAL-WESTERN, SOUTHEASTERN, AND SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Brazil has an extensively large road network, with significant importance to its society. However, construction of new roads can promote the modification of the natural environment, increasing the chances of roadkills of wild animal specimens, both in protected and non-protected areas. In this sense, it is important to collect data on roadkills of native fauna specimens. Considering the scarcity of information, the main objective of this study was to collect data on roadkills of Caiman latirostris in Central-Western, Southeastern and Southern Brazil. Between 2010 and 2022, a total of 48 individuals of C. latirostris hit by vehicles were recorded, with occurrences in the Cerrado (75%), Pampa (16%), and Atlantic Forest (8%) biomes. Monitoring of wildlife roadkills may be an indicator of local biodiversity and its results can be used as an alert for implementing effective preventive measures to reduce the death of caimans from vehicular collisions.

Assessment of the satisfaction of Bus passengers in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Increased population results in an increase in travel demand. Greater road length and construction of new roads result in faster and longer travels and increase car ownership, which contributes to increased traffic congestion and pollution. The bus form of travel is a critical component of resolving this issue. A bus can carry 30-40 passenger per trip on the other hand a private car carries 2-3 passengers per trip. So, bus transport could decrease the number of vehicles in road if it can provide better service quality in bus mode. In this experiment, the main objectives are to better understand overall passengers’ satisfaction in bus transport in Uttara-Gazipur route and predict the individual factors contributing to the comfort of the bus modes in this route. To evaluate this result, a questionnaire survey form was created with about 19 service quality parameters such as safe speed, temperature, noise, required time, waiting time for bus, station service, seat comfort service, cleanness, staff behaviour, payment system fare. In this experiment, opinions of 100 passengers were collected regarding the service quality. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multiple linear regression, analyzed by SPSS software. One main finding reported that passengers are not satisfied yet with bus service quality. This study revealed that 75% of feedback was poor or very poor, and 25% of feedback was positive or good regarding the level of satisfaction for bus mode. The regression analysis reported that the overall P-value is less than 0.05 and the regression coefficient, R2 is 0.64, which rejected the null hypothesis and makes the survey significant to assess the overall comfort of passengers traveling with bus in Uttara-Gazipur route. It was also found that three parameters: reliability (ẞ = 0.170, P=0.027), safe speed (ẞ = 0.240, P = 0.021) and travel time (ẞ = 0.320, P = 0.01) are individually contributing to overall satisfaction of passenger in Uttara-Gazipur route.