Construction Of Multi-storey Buildings Research Articles

A genetic algorithm framework for time-efficient reinforced concrete work in multi-story building construction with partial striking technique

The construction of multi-story buildings is a complex process that requires careful consideration of time and safety. This research study aims to optimize the reinforced concrete (RC) work duration in multi-story building construction while maintaining safety through a Python program integrated with a genetic algorithm. The methodology involves analyzing the slab and shore load distribution at each construction stage and identifying factors that influence the RC work duration. A genetic algorithm optimizes RC work duration using sensitivity analysis. The study found that RC work duration is influenced by stripping time, cycle time, and the levels of shoring used. The minimum striking time for M50 concrete grade is one day. When the cycle time is 6–8 days, the required minimum level of shoring is two, but it increases to four for a lower cycle time of 3 days. The study recommends M35 grade concrete for the best shoring combination, prioritizing safety. The study's originality lies in the development of a Python program that optimizes the RC work duration for the partial striking construction method. Its practical applications can help construction companies to streamline their construction process, manage their construction time more effectively, and improve project outcomes.

A Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision Support System for Selecting the Most Sustainable Structural Material for a Multistory Building Construction

In recent years, the performance of the construction industry has highlighted the increased need for better resource efficiency, improved productivity, less waste, and increased value through sustainable construction practices. The core concept of sustainable construction is to maximize value and minimize harm by achieving a balance between social, economic, technical, and environmental aspects, commonly known as the pillars of sustainability. The decision regarding which structural material to select for any construction project is traditionally made based on technical and economic considerations with little or no attention paid to social and environmental aspects. Furthermore, the majority of the available literature on the subject considered three sustainability pillars (i.e., environmental, social, and economic), ignoring the influence of technical aspects for overall sustainability assessment. Industry experts have also noted an unfulfilled need for a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique that can integrate all stakeholders’ (project owner, designer, and constructor) opinions into the selection process. Hence, this research developed a decision support system (DSS) involving MCDM techniques to aid in selecting the most sustainable structural material, considering the four pillars of sustainability in the integrated project delivery (IPD) framework. A hybrid MCDM method combining AHP, TOPSIS, and VIKOR in a fuzzy environment was used to develop the DSS. A hypothetical eight-story building was considered for a case study to validate the developed DSS. The result shows that user preferences highly govern the final ranking of the alternative options of structural materials. Timber was chosen as the most sustainable option once the stakeholders assigned balanced importance to all factors of sustainable construction practices. The developed DSS was designed to be generic, can be used by any group of industry practitioners, and is expected to enhance objectivity and consistency of the decision-making process as a step towards achieving sustainable construction.

The Application of Lean Construction Concept in Multi-Storey Building Construction Project

Every construction project cannot be separated from various obstacles or failures. For this reason, it is necessary to improve planning using the lean construction method. The problem in this research is how to apply lean construction concepts, what factors can cause waste, and whether there are significant differences between the perceptions of contractors, supervisory consultants, and owners on the factors that cause waste to occur in fire station building construction. The purpose of this study was to analyze the application of lean construction and analyze the factors that cause waste and the differences between the perceptions of contractors, supervisory consultants, and owners. This study employs both quantitative and qualitative methods. Based on the analysis of observations made, the application of lean construction that was reviewed has started to be implemented, and there are some that have not been implemented properly, such as checking for safety, increasing visualization, and first run studies, so that it can cause waste. Descriptive analysis shows that only a small part of the waste factor with data interpretation intervals is found, namely waiting time for instructions. The results of one-way ANOVA analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of contractors, supervisory consultants, and owners of the factors that cause waste.

A new concept for large additive manufacturing in construction: tower crane-based 3D printing controlled by deep reinforcement learning

PurposeMost of the 3D printing machines do not comply with the requirements of on-site, large-scale multi-story building construction. This paper aims to propose the conceptualization of a tower crane (TC)-based 3D printing controlled by artificial intelligence (AI) as the first step towards a large 3D printing development for multi-story buildings. It also aims to overcome the most important limitation of additive manufacturing in the construction industry (the build volume) by exploiting the most important machine used in the field: TCs. It assesses the technology feasibility by investigating the accuracy reached in the printing process.Design/methodology/approachThe research is composed of three main steps: firstly, the TC-based 3D printing concept is defined by proposing an aero-pendulum extruder stabilized by propellers to control the trajectory during the extrusion process; secondly, an AI-based system is defined to control both the crane and the extruder toolpath by exploiting deep reinforcement learning (DRL) control approach; thirdly the proposed framework is validated by simulating the dynamical system and analysing its performance.FindingsThe TC-based 3D printer can be effectively used for additive manufacturing in the construction industry. Both the TC and its extruder can be properly controlled by an AI-based control system. The paper shows the effectiveness of the aero-pendulum extruder controlled by AI demonstrated by simulations and validation. The AI-based control system allows for reaching an acceptable tolerance with respect to the ideal trajectory compared with the system tolerance without stabilization.Originality/valueIn related literature, scientific investigations concerning the use of crane systems for 3D printing and AI-based systems for control are completely missing. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the proposed research demonstrates for the first time the effectiveness of this technology conceptualized and controlled with an intelligent DRL agent.Practical implicationsThe results provide the first step towards the development of a new additive manufacturing system for multi-storey constructions exploiting the TC-based 3D printing. The demonstration of the conceptualization feasibility and the control system opens up new possibilities to activate experimental research for companies and research centres.

Factors Influencing Choice of Wooden Frames for Construction of Multi-Story Buildings in Sweden

Construction of buildings with wooden frames higher than two stories has been permitted in Sweden since 1994. As construction of multi-story buildings with wooden frames is relatively new, people in the construction industry are more likely to construct these buildings with concrete frames. The current research evaluates the factors influencing the choice of wooden frames for construction of multi-story buildings in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to explain which advantages and disadvantages construction companies in Sweden consider with wooden construction and to highlight the factors for why multi-story buildings are built with wood to a lesser extent than with other materials. The main goal is to investigate what factors or assumptions construction companies base their decisions on, and whether experience and competence in wooden frames for construction of multi-story buildings are considered in short supply in Sweden today. The chosen method for this research is a descriptive survey study with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The survey is based on respondents from five leading building companies in Sweden with regard to the companies’ revenue. The respondents had either previous experience in constructing multi-story buildings with wooden frames, experienced respondents (ERs), or no experience, unexperienced respondents (UERs). 63% of the respondents were ERs, while 37% of them were UERs. It is resulted that the respondents think there is a lack of competence and experience in wooden frames for construction of multi-story buildings in Sweden. Factors that have the greatest impact on decisions to construct with wooden frames are positive environmental and climatic aspects as well as production advantages. Factors that are considered as major obstacles to construct with wooden frames are cost, acoustics, and moisture problems.

Analisa Perbandingan Volume dan Biaya Bar Bending Schedule dengan Metode SNI-2847:2013 dan BS 8666:2005 (Studi Kasus: Proyek Pembangunan Kantor Pacto, Denpasar-Bali)

The success of construction projects, especially in the construction of multi-storey buildings is influenced by material components. Therefore, optimizing material planning is important to do. In the Pacto Sanur Building construction project, optimization of material planning is viewed from the ironing work because it costs a relatively large amount compared to other works. The purpose of this study is to analyze the comparison of bar bending schedules on projects using the British Standard 8666:2005 and SNI-2847:2013 methods, then to identify project cost comparisons. From the results of the identification of iron planning using the SNI-2847:2013 method, it can be seen that the weight of Ø16 iron = 3971.00 kg, the weight of Ø13 iron = 251.51 kg, and the weight of Ø10 iron = 7034.38 kg. Furthermore, in the identification of repair plans using the British Standard 8666:2005 method, it can be seen that the weight of iron Ø16 = 42153.22 kg, the weight of iron Ø13 = 280.95 kg, and the weight of iron Ø10 = 7343.58 kg. The volume optimization for Sloof, Beams, Columns, and Floor Plates II uses the British Standard 8666: 2005 method of 47% with the total cost of the SNI-2847:2013 method ironwork Rp. 202,623,928 and the total cost of repair work using the British Standard 8666:2005 method is Rp. 213,799,435.

Concrete quality issues in multistory building construction in Ghana: Cases from Kumasi metropolis

This study investigated concrete quality issues at eleven multistory building construction sites in Kumasi metropolis amid several cases of multistory building collapses in Ghana. The objective was to understand key aspects of concrete quality problems at multistory building construction sites in Ghana to help recommend strategies for improving building safety standards. Apart from observing construction practices at the eleven construction sites, fresh concrete and constituent materials were sampled from four of the sites. The materials were used to produce concrete cube specimens, generally replicating the mixing ratios utilized at the sites. The site- and laboratory-produced concrete was tested for 28-day compressive strength. The site observations indicated that aggregate sourcing, stockpiling and batching practices promoted variability in concrete quality. Concrete production at the sites followed the recipe method (nominal mixing ratios), employing either low-capacity concrete mixers or hand-mixing. Consolidation, curing and quality control testing of concrete were not regular practices, and segregation and honeycombs were common. The sites determined adequacy of mixing water by visual evaluation of concrete workability. Had water content been properly determined and measured, the compressive strength of the site-produced concrete, which ranged from 10 MPa to 18 MPa, could have been 26–100% higher. The compressive strengths of the site-produced concrete were 26–60% less than the minimum 28-day characteristic compressive cube strength of 25 MPa required for structural use in buildings in Ghana. If an appropriate water content had been used at the sites, the compressive strengths could have still been less than the specified 25 MPa by 9%, on average. These findings suggested that low concrete quality was a real issue and could pose significant building failure risk or performance inadequacy. While the Ghana Building Code contains several specifications that potentially promote high building construction quality, their enforcement was non-existent or weak. A collaborative system of construction quality assurance and training encompassing local government agencies, professional associations and laboratories of higher educational and research institutions is recommended to help improve access to material testing resources and high-quality technical expertise, as well as to disincentivize willful violation of construction regulations.

Implementation of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (SMK3) in Development Projects Mall and Apartments "X" in Surabaya

The process of building a construction project is an activity that contains many hazardous elements. Multi-storey building construction has a high risk of work accidents, especially for workers in the field. Work accidents are things that may happen to construction workers and are required to implement an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SMK3) at the work site. This study tries to provide answers about how the standards and guidelines for the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SMK3) are used in the Mall and Apartment "X" construction project in Surabaya and discusses the factors that influence the implementation of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SMK3). The object of this research is the "X" Mall and Apartment Development Project in Surabaya. The method used is quantitative method, Nominal Scale and Ordinal Scale analysis. Then, perform the validity test, reliability, Kolmogorov Smirnov normality test, and the F test (simultaneous). Data obtained through interviews, distributing questionnaires and observations. Based on this research, it is concluded that SMK3 has been well planned and implemented in the project location according to PP No. 50 of 2012 About the Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems. The project has implemented a Quality Policy & K3L Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SMK3) according to ISO 45001: 2018.The results of questionnaire data on respondent’s responses regarding the factors that influence the implementation of SMK3 at the project location are (X11) which means that the social, economic and cultural conditions are less conducive and get a percentage value of 11.830% and (X1) Lack of cooperation, socialization, coordination. between employees / management staff and workers in the implementation and supervision of the K3 program in order to achieve the zero accident target and get a percentage value of 8,218%.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ДЕРЕВЯННЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ В КАЧЕСТВЕ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЙ ЗАМЕНЫ ЖЕЛЕЗОБЕТОННЫМ КОНСТРУКЦИЯМ В МНОГОЭТАЖНОМ ЗДАНИИ

Wooden structures are a substitute for such concepts as environmental friendliness and naturalness, therefore reinforced concrete structures are currently the main building material for the construction of multi-story buildings in Russia. The idea of building wooden multi-storey buildings is becoming more and more relevant every year. The emergence of new technologies and materials make this area of construction promising. Possible variants of structural systems using wooden elements are considered, based on the existing experience of using wooden structures as load-bearing elements of structures. The existing office building in St. Petersburg is taken as a basis. It is built using reinforced concrete structures. Calculations show, the proposed variants of building models using wooden structures are not inferior in physical, mechanical, and load-bearing indicators to a similar building made of reinforced concrete structures, moreover they surpasses in some cases. The experimental part of the work is aimed at the complete replacement of reinforced concrete structures with wooden ones. The results could make the construction of such structures profitable, but at the same time reducing the time for construction. Confirmation of this fact can be observed on successfully implemented multi-story buildings in European countries.

Construction of Multi-storey Buildings from Precast Reinforced Concrete

Construction of Multi-storey Buildings from Precast Reinforced Concrete

Review on Seismic Analysis of Multistoried Building in Hilly Region

Abstract: Due to sloping land and high seismically active zones, designing and construction of multistory buildings in hilly regions is always a challenge for structural engineers. This review paper focuses to establish a review study on the Possible Types of building frame configuration in the hilly region and he behavior of Such building frames under seismic loading conditions, and (3) The recent research and developments to make such frames less vulnerable to earthquakes. This paper concludes that the dynamics characteristics of such buildings are significantly different in both horizontal and vertical directions, resulting in the center of mass and center of stiffness having eccentricity at point of action and not vertically aligned for different floors. When such frames are subjected to lateral loads, due to eccentricity it generates torsion in the frame. Most of the studies agree that the buildings resting on slanting ground have higher displacement and base shear compared to buildings resting on plain ground and the shorter column attracts more forces and undergoes damage when subjected to earthquake. Keywords: Building frame configuration, Seismic behavior, Dynamic characteristics, Response spectrum analysis, time history analysis.

Comparative Study of RC Multistorey Building with Floating Column and Shear Wall Subjected To Seismic Load

Abstract : In modern multistorey building construction, irregularities like the soft storey, vertical and plan irregularities, floating columns etc are very common. Building with an open ground storey for parking is a common feature that results in floating columns. Floating columns provide column free space and a good aesthetic architectural view of the building. floating column means the end of any vertical element that rests on the beam which leads to discontinuity of columns such that the path of load distribution in multi-storey buildings is disturbed. The use of a floating column also tends to increase the moment in the column, storey shear etc which highly undesirable in seismically active areas. So, the study of the best location where the floating column needs to be provided to reduce the impact due to seismic loads is of primordial importance. Shear wall is a vertical member which is provided from foundation to top storey. In this study shear wall is used in the direction of orientation so that it provides additional strength and stiffness to the buildings. In the present analysis, 8 models are studied. The first model considers a multi-storeyed building without any shear wall and floating column. Other models analysed are with shear wall and by varying the location of floating columns. The analysis and design are done by STAAD.pro V8i SS6 version software and the method used is response spectrum analysis in earthquake zone 4. The effect of floating column location on parameters such as Base shear, Displacement, Maximum moment, storey shear and percentage of steel reinforcement are discussed. The comparison of results of different models is also carried out in detail using graphs and bar charts in this study. The suitable location for providing a floating column with the shear wall is also discussed. Keywords: Floating column, Shear wall, Seismic load, STAAD.pro.v8i, Response Spectrum Analysis.

Preliminary Design Proposals for Dovetail Wood Board Elements in Multi-Story Building Construction

Adhesives and metal fasteners play important roles in the composition and connections of engineered wood products (EWPs) such as cross-laminated timber and glue-laminated timber in the building construction industry. However, due to their petroleum-based nature, adhesives can cause toxic gas emissions, while metal fasteners compromise the end-of-life disposal and reusability of EWPs. These issues adversely affect the sustainable material properties of EWPs. Numerous studies have been conducted in the literature on the technological, ecological, social, and economic aspects of EWPs in construction with different construction solutions, but no studies have been conducted to evaluate the technical performance of dovetail wood board elements (DWBE) in multi-story or tall building construction. This study focuses on adhesive- and metal fastener-free DWBE as sustainable material alternatives for ecologically sensitive engineering solutions. Various preliminary design proposals are presented for DWBE using architectural modeling programs as an environmentally friendly approach intended for use in the timber construction industry. The research findings are based on a theoretical approach that has not yet been practically tested but is proposed considering existing construction practices that need further investigation, including technical performance tests. It is believed that this paper will contribute to the promotion and diffusion of DWBE for more diverse and innovative architectural and structural applications, particularly in multi-story timber building construction, as one of the key tools in tackling climate change challenges.

PEMETAAN PENURUNAN ELASTIS FONDASI TIANG BERDASARKAN DATA SONDIR KOTA PEKANBARU

<span class="fontstyle0">Pekanbaru City has developed quite rapidly. Therefore, local governments are aware of the<br />high demand for multi-story building construction, so that buildings built with more than two floors<br />are required to conduct a land subsidence test. The load of a structure will be transmitted by the<br />foundation to the ground, where the soil is expected to be able to support the load. The soil subsidence<br />test is obtained from the sondir test data or also called the Dutch Cone Penetration Test (DCPT)<br />which is used to determine the profile into the soil continuously with the value of cone tip resistance<br />and blanket resistance (Wafi et al., 2013).The purpose of this study is to analyze the calculation of<br />the settlement of a single pile foundation based on the foundation bearing capacity data from the<br />sondir data obtained from the Riau University Laboratory using the elastic settlement method. The<br />research stages carried out are reviewing theories related to piles, then collecting data including<br />data on the carrying capacity of the foundation and sondir data. The final stage is conducting<br />calculation analysis. The results of this study obtained a map of the elastic settlement of the pile<br />foundation at a depth of 6 meters, 12 meters and 18 meters</span>

PEMETAAN PENURUNAN ELASTIS FONDASI TIANG BERDASARKAN DATA SONDIR KOTA PEKANBARU

Pekanbaru City has developed quite rapidly. Therefore, local governments are aware of the high demand for multi-story building construction, so that buildings built with more than two floors are required to conduct a land subsidence test. The load of a structure will be transmitted by the foundation to the ground, where the soil is expected to be able to support the load. The soil subsidence test is obtained from the sondir test data or also called the Dutch Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) which is used to determine the profile into the soil continuously with the value of cone tip resistance and blanket resistance (Wafi et al., 2013).The purpose of this study is to analyze the calculation of the settlement of a single pile foundation based on the foundation bearing capacity data from the sondir data obtained from the Riau University Laboratory using the elastic settlement method. The research stages carried out are reviewing theories related to piles, then collecting data including data on the carrying capacity of the foundation and sondir data. The final stage is conducting calculation analysis. The results of this study obtained a map of the elastic settlement of the pile foundation at a depth of 6 meters, 12 meters and 18 meters.

Numerical investigation of non-shear-reinforced UHPC hybrid flat slabs subject to punching shear

Flat slabs are commonly used in the construction of multi-storey buildings due to their ease of placement and installation, relatively short construction time, minimal structural floor depth and economic credentials. However, flat slabs are vulnerable to punching shear, a failure mode that typically occurs without any warning at slab-column connections. While various methods exist to improve punching shear capacity, the use of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) offers a highly buildable alternative to use of shear reinforcement in normal strength concrete (NC). However, UHPC is an expensive material and recent research has focussed on its partial use in column zones only, with NC elsewhere i.e. hybrid NC/UHPC. In this paper, a non-linear finite element (FE) model using ABAQUS was developed to simulate the punching shear performance of hybrid NC/UHPC flat slabs without shear reinforcement. The FE model was validated against experimental results from the literature. The validated model was then used to investigate the influence of slab thickness, column size, UHPC area and UHPC compressive strength. The results show that punching shear capacity of the slabs increases with the area of the UHPC zone. Additionally, the ratio of concrete compressive strength of UHPC to that of NC has a significant effect on the behaviour of the hybrid slabs which should be accounted for in future design guides. In order to understand the performance of existing design guides and codes in this context, a comparison between FE results and code predictions is also presented. The results suggest that the code models including ACI 318-14, Eurocode2 and Model Code 2010 cannot accurately estimate the punching shear capacity of reinforced UHPC slabs and hybrid NC/UHPC slabs. A modification to the existing ACI equation is proposed which yields accurate predictions for reinforced UHPC and hybrid slabs.

Adoption of eco-bricks for housing: the case of Yelwa, Nigeria

The benefits of eco-bricks have been highlighted in contemporary literature. Notwithstanding, the adoption of eco-bricks masonry for the construction of houses in rural communities of low-income countries is significantly low. This study investigated the features, benefits, drivers and barriers to eco-bricks masonry from the expert’s perception. Yelwa village, where the first bottle bricks masonry building was constructed in Africa, was selected for the study. Empirical survey, interview and questionnaire design approach were used to gather data for the research. The study found that eco-bricks are used in the construction of masonry walls and columns, septic tanks, and water reservoirs, and in the construction of multistorey buildings. Door and window openings are created with wooden or metallic frames, and wall plate clits are secured with mortar. Principal drivers of eco-bricks masonry include job creation, high durability, cleaner environment promotion and high cost of conventional building materials. Inadequate skilled workers, lack of government incentives and research funding were identified as significant barriers to the propagation of bottle brick technology. This study is of value in that it can assist in the reduction of plastic waste and the housing deficit, and is also expected to inform policy deliberations and directions towards the creation of innovation-friendly environments in the housing sector.

Features of construction of multi-storey buildings and structures made of monolithic reinforced concrete in various climatic conditions

The construction of high-rise buildings with load-bearing structures made of monolithic reinforced concrete with the required quality is not an easy task. This applies mainly to the production of works in extreme temperature and humidity conditions. As the practice of construction using traditional technologies shows, the concrete of the erected floors does not reach the required strength. In winter, it is 85-90% of the project. In addition, on the upper floors where the concrete is in the hardening stage, its strength on average is even lower. Thus, high-rise buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete at the construction stage do not meet the requirements of stability and reliability to the perception of seismic loads. This situation is not taken into account at the design stage. In the normative design and design approaches, the condition for setting the grade strength of concrete is laid down. In fact, the real picture differs significantly from the estimated one. And it is necessary to study transient design situations. This means that when designing, you should consider options for different combinations of applied loads and the actual strength of the concrete structure of the floors. Modern construction technologies provide favorable conditions for concrete hardening. All of them are associated with a significant increase in production costs (electricity, materials, labor), construction time, and therefore the cost of building construction. The way out of this situation is a systematic linking of design issues and organizational and technological capabilities of construction production. Options for such solutions are discussed in the article.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ЗОНИ САДИБНОЇ ЗАБУДОВИ МІСТА ЛЬВОВА (НА ПРИКЛАДІ МІКРОРАЙОНУ КОЗЕЛЬНИКИ)

The single-family residential zone occupies an important place in the geospatial organization of the city of Lviv. According to the genesis, there are three types of single-family residential zone - former villages, which entered the administrative boundaries of the city in the 20th century; specially planned neighborhoods of single-family residence for different social groups of the population; small plots of single-family residence in the central part of the city in areas with a significant difference in height. The spatial transformation of Kozelnyky began in the 1860s with the construction of the railway and led to the loss of part of the agricultural land and several residential neighborhoods. Joining Lviv in 1959 radically changed the geospatial organization of Kozelnyky. Industrial construction and the construction of city roads through the village contributed to the emergence of internal barriers, which, consequently, increased social isolation within the neighborhood. In present, Kozelnyky is a buffer between the southern industrial zone and the new Sykhiv residential district. The neighborhood of Kozelnyky has stable borders, except for the south-eastern outskirts, where the construction of multi-storey buildings is the most intensive. Planning features of privatized land plots and narrow streets inhibit the penetration of urban architectural forms into rural construction. Construction compaction is mainly done by erecting annexes or new buildings on smallholdings without sharing them. The population of Kozelnyky is about 1163 people, most of them are descendants of Ukrainians deported from Poland. The transformation of the social structure is mainly due to the change of generations with minimal migration. The specific social structure, hybrid features of everyday life and sustainable attitudes of most people to preserve the existing way of life will further slow down the spatial transformation and contribute to the preservation of the rural cultural landscape of the neighborhood. The most acute problems of the neighborhood are: mostly dirt roads, lack of social facilities, in many households - centralized water supply and sewerage. Solving these problems requires significant investments and purposeful urban planning decisions that will facilitate the integration of the single-family residential zone into the urban environment. The abandoned area with technical water settlers may in the future be turned into a recreational zone for the residents of Kozelnyky district and the adjacent multi-storey buildings.

The Arrangement of a Modified Soil Layer with Specified Physicaland Mechanical Characteristics at the Construction of Multi-Storey Buildings

The Arrangement of a Modified Soil Layer with Specified Physicaland Mechanical Characteristics at the Construction of Multi-Storey Buildings