Construction Of Industrial Buildings Research Articles

A review of approaches to assessment of potential radon hazard of land plots

According to Rosstat statistics, in recent years there has been a tendency in the Russian Federation to increase the intensity of construction, while both the number of buildings put into operation and their total area are increasing. The assessment of the potential radon hazard of land plots for construction provides the possibility of timely inclusion of the necessary protective (preventive) measures against radon in the design of buildings. This is a legal requirement in cases where the density of radon flux from the ground surface within the building area exceeds the established hygienic standards (action levels). The paper presents a review of Russian and foreign approaches to assessing the potential radon hazard of land plots conducted within the framework of engineering and environmental surveys. The current regulatory requirements to radiation safety indicators of land plots for construction of residential, public and industrial buildings and facilities in the Russian Federation are analyzed. The main drawbacks of the algorithm for determining the potential radon hazard of land plots, used in the current guidelines MU 2.6.1.2398-08 approved at the federal level more than 15 years ago, are described. Critical remarks (the unsuitability of the value of density of radon flux from the ground surface for designing radon protective and mitigation (remedial) measures, lack of consideration of seasonal variations of radon flux density, etc.) accumulated over the years as a result of practical application of these guidelines are presented. Benefits and drawbacks of foreign approaches to assessing the potential radon hazard of the territory based on the results of measurements of radon concentration in soil gas, as well as the very possibility of a transition in Russian regulations from the density of radon flux from the ground surface to the radon concentration in soil gas, are analyzed. Some rational proposals of various Russian research teams on improving the algorithm for determining the potential radon hazard of land plots are considered.

ПРО ОБЧИСЛЕННЯ ІНСОЛЯЦІЇ ПРИМІЩЕНЬ

Solar radiation has a significant both positive and negative impact on all processes of human life. The construction and operation of both residential and industrial buildings requires an analysis of the sun's influence. Among the areas of scientific research related to solar radiation, the following are particularly relevant: solar energy, the impact of the sun on building envelopes, achieving solar comfort in residential and industrial buildings, and ensuring sanitary and hygienic standards. Insolation is defined as the amount of solar radiation inflow calculated in calories per unit area of a horizontal surface per unit time. Methods for calculating insolation can be divided into two types: geometric and energy-based. The insolation level of residential premises is regulated by state construction legislation. According to the current standards, the duration of insolation of residential premises should be at least 2,5 hours between 22 March and 22 September. These standards define and recommend calculation methods. They are mainly geometric. Energy-based methods for calculating insolation are more dynamic and subject to change, as they take into account the properties of materials. And building materials are constantly being modernizedф and have different reactions to solar radiation. On the other hand, energy-based methods of calculating insolation are more accurate and take into account more factors directly related to a particular building or room. Therefore, a comparative analysis of indoor insolation calculated by different methods is an urgent scientific problem. The development of computer research methods opens up wide opportunities for modelling the insolation state of a dwelling at the design stage. In this paper, an object-oriented method for calculating insolation for residential and industrial premises is developed. This makes it possible to build a spatial picture of the room's irradiation and demonstrate the impact of changes in input parameters on this process.

Strengthening of the soil base - preparation for the road surface of the existing enterprise

The issue of constructing new and restoring existing complexes for the storage and processing of agricultural products, as well as logistics complexes, holds significant importance in today's conditions as an integral component of ensuring the normal functioning of our economy. Historically, in Ukraine, when developing regulatory documents, the primary requirements were outlined for the design and construction of civil and industrial buildings and structures: residential and administrative buildings, industrial facilities, and objects of transport, energy, and critical infrastructure. These requirements are based on ensuring strength, reliability, durability, safety, and cost-effectiveness. For projects involving the construction of logistics complexes or agricultural facilities, the regulatory documents in Ukraine contain significantly fewer detailed instructions and requirements [1, 2]. Therefore, when implementing this class of projects, design solutions are often based on requirements outlined in construction regulatory documents from other countries, such as Eurocodes (EN) [10], British Standards (BS), or the standards of the United States (ASTM), where considerable experience has already been accumulated in the reliable operation of such facilities. The issue of requirements for the engineering preparation of territories for industrial or agricultural projects during the development of comprehensive building plans is not sufficiently covered in national regulatory documents that establish requirements for the calculation of building structures, road construction, or comprehensive territory planning – these documents are too general and lack the necessary detailed information or clear requirements for the application of reliable design solutions. As a result, there are often cases where deformations of the surrounding surface and access roads to these facilities significantly complicate and/or render their normal operation impossible. This article focuses on the study of soil preparation as the foundation for access roads for a group of buildings and structures in a grain storage complex: assessing the condition of the foundation during the operation of the complex; identifying the causes of significant deformations; selecting methods for strengthening and stabilizing the foundation; and geotechnical quality control of the performed foundation strengthening work.

Concrete touchdown: new technology influences industrial buildings in Norway, 1912–1920

Construction technology developed quickly during the first decades of the twentieth century. This influenced the construction of industrial buildings at the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization World Heritage site of Rjukan and Notodden in Norway. Behind the construction was Hydro, a company founded in 1905 to produce synthetic nitrogen fertiliser to increase the world’s food production. This industrial development demanded large structures such as hydropower stations and production facilities. Concrete was introduced for the first time during this period, and systems are characterised by heavy concrete bearing walls and mixed bearing walls where concrete and steel were combined. Such systems demanded significant material resources and resulted in the development of steel and concrete skeleton frames. The development of viable systems was achieved through research in materials science and structural engineering, in both the USA and Europe. This paper discusses how concrete influenced construction and building systems at this site. Similarities to industrial buildings and other building typologies are evident and connect the site to the international context of architecture and engineering history. Understanding the characteristics of individual buildings and presenting them in an order of a construction systems will support the work of architects and engineers in future conservation schemes.

Collective Protective Equipment Using Netting Materials in Construction of Industrial Buildings

The article presents conditions for ensuring the safe performance of construction and installation works during construction/reconstruction of industrial buildings and facilities of various purposes, based on the use of fall arrest nets, which are collective protective equipment for preventing work-related injuries in case of a person’s or an object’s potential fall from height. The article specifies the basic elements of these devices where synthetic netting materials are suggested as the most pacing factor of the required protection degree. Consideration is given to governing parameters of fall arrest safety nets that make it possible to ensure the safety of works at heights. This produced net deflection values that are acceptable for conditions under which construction is carried out, with required contour-rope tension values. The value of the maximum negative acceleration that acts on a body falling from height to the net was assessed. Herewith, the performed calculations showed, based on relatively large dimensions of the fall arrest device’s net fabric, that overloads that occur when catching fallen objects are insignificant and do not require that additional equipment be used to reduce dynamic loads.

Investigation of temperature effects in RC-Steel composite industrial building model with FEM

Today, composite structure design has become very popular. The most important goal in composite structure design is to create the most efficient structural system under load by using materials that respond positively to different cross-section effects. Industrial type buildings, on the other hand, consist of very wide openings. In addition, industrial buildings are required to be designed to be constructed quickly and simply. For all these reasons, there has been an increase in the construction of industrial buildings in the form of reinforced concrete-steel composite structures. The effect of temperature in buildings is a parameter that should be considered both in design and use. It is a scientific fact that the expansion and contraction coefficients of reinforced concrete and steel are different. The temperature effect has an even more important place in composite construction systems where both are used together. For all these reasons, in this study, a reinforced concrete-steel composite industrial building model was created and its responses at -50°C and 50°C were examined. As a result of the findings obtained, the effect of temperature in reinforced concrete-steel composite industrial structures should definitely be taken into account both in the design and in the use and maintenance stages.

Comparison of methods for determination the bearing capacity of piles in punched holes with broadening using the results of static load tests

In recent years, due to the increasing of urban construction extent, there has been a tendency to exhaust of territorial reserves, suitable for construction in large cities. Increasingly, it is necessary to use territories with unfavorable soil conditions for the construction of civil and industrial buildings. In such cases, various pile foundations are used, which have significant technical and economic advantages compared to foundations on a natural bases. Among the progressive designs of pile foundations, a special place is occupied by piles in punched holes with broadening (SPSu), which ensure the improvement of the physical and mechanical properties of the foundation during the production of works, as well as the reduction of material, energy and labor costs during their installation. Piles of this type are designed using the developed regulatory framework ISO 36554501-018-2009 "Design and installation of pile foundations and reinforced foundations from packed piles in punched holes". At the same time, the task of improving the quality of work on the design, arrangement, as well as the assessment and prediction of the bearing capacity of piles becomes particularly relevant. This task is solved with a high degree of accuracy by conducting large-scale tests of piles with a static load tests. These tests are carried out in real conditions of the construction site and allow to observe the changes pile`s settlement under load. The article is devoted to solving the problem of increasing the efficiency of assessing the bearing capacity of piles according to static load tests. Using the example of the test results of single SPSu, the authors of the article assess the effectiveness of the existing domestic and foreign methods for determining the bearing capacity of piles. As part of the solution of this issue, the results of the bearing capacity determining according to SP 24.13330.2021 were compared with the data obtained during the use of Davisson, Chin, De Beer, Hansen, Decourt and Eurocode 7 methods. The advantages and disadvantages of this approaches used are noted. Based on the accumulated practical experience of testing the SPSu in various ground conditions, the authors of the article proposed an alternative method of interpreting the "settlement - load" graph.

Modular Construction of Industrial Buildings and Lean Thinking—Identifying the Role of Daylight through a Case Study

This research looks at the optimisation of industrial buildings through the application of the principles of lean thinking and philosophy, with an emphasis on daylighting in the design of industrial buildings. With the use of multiparametric analysis tools, we provide a solution for the optimized design of a roof system for the provision of daylight, whilst maximising the benefits and minimising the cost during its lifetime, in different geographic and climatic regions in Greece. An optimisation algorithm has been proposed that improves the selection of the optimal roof opening type and geometry for industrial buildings in different geographical locations. The investigation of a roof system model was based on the maximum performance of daylighting, while reducing unnecessary energy use and cost. To reach our solution, we investigated the sawtooth roofing system in terms of energy cost (cooling, heating, and lighting), geography (orientation, location), and building variables (the opening dimensions and number). This has been achieved through the use of multi-parametric design, computational simulations, genetic algorithms, and the post-processing of results through statistical analysis. The use of natural lighting proved to be an effective sustainability strategy, providing energy savings of up to 20–30%, and offering economic advantages, hence presenting a comprehensive approach that benefits stakeholders and end-users by reducing the thermal loads, cooling requirements, initial HVAC costs, and overall waste. The developed algorithm has identified the optimal opening size and distance as ranging between 10 and 11 m for the conditions examined.

INNOVATIVE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AS IMPROVEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES OF CONSTRUCTION

Purpose. Analysis of the main advantages and proposals for the use of innovative information technologies to increase the efficiency of organizational construction processes. Methodology. Along with the spread of organizational processes of technology and construction organization of modern well-known Ukrainian and foreign IT firms in Ukraine, there is a need to improve the image of construction by using high-tech methods of standard and non-standard construction of civil and industrial buildings and structures. The tasks currently facing the country in the field of capital construction are the revival of renovation and reconstruction of domestic industrial and civil construction, the introduction of advanced technologies on a large scale, the rise of the culture of construction production, the training of a new generation of professional builders who are able to solve these tasks using IT in construction. The successful implementation of such a course is facilitated by measures to improve the technology and organization of construction, the introduction of new IT methods for managing renovations and reconstructions, and solving financing problems. Findings. The paper analyzes the scientific research of IT in construction, in particular during the renovation and reconstruction of buildings and structures, which reflect the advantages of using innovative technologies, VIM technologies at various stages of renovation and reconstruction from the technology of construction organization, and provides examples of the use of innovative technologies. Originality. Analysis of the results of the application of the most common IT components in industrial and civil construction makes it possible to use them at different stages, taking into account various software and technical support. Practical value. Technical, technological and organizational solutions in construction technology and organization, which have already been developed and implemented, allow the use of innovative technologies or their parts regardless of the technical or software equipment of construction organizations in the design and construction of construction objects. The methodological structure of analysis, quantitative evaluation and modeling of processes was developed, which made it possible to identify the dependencies that characterize the level of efficiency of works and allows for variant design of construction works with the help of these technologies.

Seismic Evaluation of Pre-Engineering and Conventional Steel Structure-A review

Abstract: In recent years, the introduction of steel pre-engineered building (PEB) designs has helped streamline design concepts and reduce dead loads in structures. PEB construction, replacing the traditional steel structure (CSB) construction concept, has brought many advantages as the element is the design. According to the bending moment distribution diagram over the full span of the beam and column he dimensions the PEB structure and reduces the steel requirements with the help of conical IS profiles. In this study, his PEB frames and conventional steel frames of industrial structures were subjected to Seismic analysis and designed according to Indian Standards IS 800-1984, IS 800-2007 and IS1893:2016. I was. Traditional steel and prefabricated buildings require aesthetic appearance and high quality construction to be built very quickly. Traditional steel structures and prefabricated buildings can be widely used in the construction of industrial and residential buildings. This paper was prepared to study various research work related to the analysis of PEB and conventional steel structures.

Highway expansion and impacts on land use changes: An event study approach

Despite its impact on both sprawl and carbon emissions, developing or expanding highway infrastructure remains the object of strong political support. Highway access provides important advantages for firms and households, generating powerful incentives to develop new built areas through the conversion of vacant land. Based on the case study of the expansion of Highway 30 on Montréal’s South Shore region between 2000 and 2019, this paper investigates how new highway infrastructure impacts the construction of new industrial and commercial buildings on individual parcels. Using a panel dataset, an event study model is developed to estimate the impact of the proximity to highway access ramps on the probability of construction. Results show that highway infrastructure increases the probability of construction of new industrial and commercial buildings, even if public authorities aim to limit such possibilities by legal constraints and laws.

Effects of low doses of gamma radiation on the human body

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of additional cases of malignant neoplasms (MN) in a comparative aspect between the settlement living next to a radioactive waste disposal facility (RWDF) and the indicators of an environmentally clean area of the same territorial unit (region). Evaluation of radiation situation on the residential territory adjacent to the RAW disposal facility in settlement 1, and in settlement 2 (comparison settlement), as well as interpretation of the obtained data was performed in strict compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents specifying requirements to the research object. When performing measurements, the methodology described in the regulatory documents establishing these rules was used: MU 2.6.1.2398-08 "Radiation Monitoring and Sanitary-Epidemiological Assessment of Land Plots for Construction of Residential Buildings, Public and Industrial Buildings with Respect to Radiation Safety". The residents of the settlement 1 were found to be exposed to 3.7 mSv/year, i.e. 54.2% more than the average whole-year exposure dose received by the residents of the settlement 1 from natural background (2.4 mSv/year), which results in excessive risk of MHC development compared to the ecologically clean region. This indicates that excessive risk of MNS can occur even in conditions of radiation background within the considered safe dose of not more than 5 mSv/year. However, this risk is much lower than that from high doses of radiation. This makes it urgent to search for solutions that would allow implementation of the recommendations of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Russia regarding reduction of total radiation dose to 1 mSv per year or to develop measures allowing to neutralize harmful effects of radiation exposure on the human body.

Methodology for Designing the Steel Frames of Variable Cross-Section from Rolled I-Beams

Introduction. The article tackles the problem of finding the most efficient in terms of metal consumption I-shaped crosssection for creating a frame of variable section. In this paper from various options of creating the variable in length frame elements the authors study the option of creating the elements from the ordinary I-beams by diagonal slitting followed by welding as one of the most technologically advanced one. To obtain the most efficient in terms of metal consumption cross-section, it is proposed to use a monosymmetric I-beam composed of two different assortment items.Materials and Methods. The review of scientific works related to the topic of designing structures from I-beams allowed the authors to compile a methodology for calculating the optimal section parameters. The implementation of this methodology makes it possible to draw the parameters for finding the most efficient for application cross-sections from the existing assortment of rolled I-beams.Results. The object considered in this study is a frame of a building designed as the braced frame structure from welded single-span frames with elements of variable cross-section (code 828KM). The calculation was made in accordance with the proposed methodology. The results of the calculation show that the use of a monosymmetrical I-beam, composed of two different I-beams, gives opportunity to use the load-bearing capacity of the section to the fullest extent.Discussion and Conclusions. In the result of implementation of the proposed methodology, it became possible to reduce the mass of an I-beam of a variable cross-section compared to the serial one used under similar loads. The result of the study allows us to conclude that the use of frames of variable section formed of I-beams of various cross-sections by diagonal slitting and subsequent welding in the construction of industrial frame buildings is highly perspective.

Study on soft soil foundation treatment technology in industrial building construction

Because of its unstable structure, SSF (soft soil foundation) will appear obvious deformation after being subjected to external force, which will cause the foundation settlement of buildings and the overall life of buildings will be affected to some extent. With a large number of construction projects, land resources are increasingly scarce, and a large number of SSF will be used as construction land foundations. The base material in soft soil has many physical and chemical properties and active properties different from other soft soil materials. Under the action of strong external pressure, the SSF of high-speed tunnel is easy to bend. Because there are many defects in SSF, there are great security risks in industrial buildings, so it is necessary to use SSF treatment technology to change the problems in SSF during construction. By analyzing the characteristics of SSF, this paper focuses on the importance of SSF treatment and discusses the application of common foundation treatment technology in industrial building construction.

Bioclimatic zoning as a prerequisite for architectural and structural design, urban and area-wide planning

Introduction. Factors of nature and climate were analyzed using bioclimatic criteria of environmental assessments made in within the framework of urban planning during warm seasons. Territories of republics, located in Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan, were considered as southern specimen areas; they have both plain and complex mountainous terrains, and their climatic and bioclimatic conditions make them similar to equatorial countries. The author chose a method for assessing bioclimatic indices; they take into account the response of the thermal status of a person to the environment, which is a rele­vant task of architectural and structural design and area-wide planning in southern countries with hot climates.
 Materials and methods. This research project is based on a comprehensive methodology for studying, analyzing and summarizing meteorological factors, provided by local meteorological stations, and reference data from the leading research institutes of hydrometeorology. These data are further processed by the software package to identify specific small and large microclimatic and bioclimatic differences between large areas. The methodology also determines the degree of comfort of a thermal state of a person in urban bioclimatology.
 Results. A new area of research was identified to study the response of the thermal state of a person to the environment: the bio-climatological assessment of environments. Bioclimatic zoning of republics in Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan was performed to classify the bioclimatic conditions in these environments according to their livability, taking into account values of meteorological indices during warm seasons. Bioclimatic differences between territories, cities, and excerpts from area development documents were identified for the purpose of bioclimatic zoning and division into districts. Maps of districts were designed to make bioclimatic forecasts of territories for the purpose of architectural and structural design, as well as urban planning.
 Conclusions. The research is relevant for territories and cities with hot climates. Methodological fundamentals of bioclimatic zoning in Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan, coupled with classified bio-meteorological indices, will serve as a prere­quisite for purposeful and rational use of territories in the region; they will allow evaluating its recreational potential and planning the construction of residential complexes, public and industrial buildings and structures that ensure maximum comfort and convenience at minimum costs. The classification of bioclimates is presented; it is based on thermal characteristics of climates as well as responses from the human thermoregulatory system during excessively hot summer periods. These responses are needed to characterize the thermal state of a person during periods of greatest heat stresses and radiation loads.

Consolidation and specialization of industrial building construction within the boundaries of an ecological urban environment

In the present-day world, we often face the situation wherein the number of buildings and structures is greatly increased in contrast to green spaces and other objects critical to the ecological component of a city. As a result, applied science and practice face new complex tasks of substantiating the methods needed to accelerate and boost the efficiency of the leading industries, mainly the efficiency of construction enterprises whose products are key to re-tooling and modernizing all industries of the national economy. As the industry-specific division of labor develops, particular production industries get a toehold in urban areas having good natural, working, material, and engineering resources at their disposal. Accelerated research and technology progress, triggered by large industrial enterprises, or the agglomeration of production, leads to the restructuring of the system of social division of labor, stemming from industry- and area-specific specializations. All of the above-listed factors determine the extent of agglomeration within the boundaries of ecological urban environments, especially if they are presented as a system of interrelated factors. Being on the list of production agglomeration factors, fixed assets determine the level of mechanization of labor and, consequently, the factors that most vividly describe the labor productivity.

Lean Thinking into the modular construction of industrial buildings. Identifying the role of daylight

The necessity of energy equilibrium in industrial building stock must be addressed at design level in order to optimise use of materials without jeopardising the functional outcome. To do so effectively, the designer should incorporate a light use vs availability balance that will harness as much natural light resources as possible without creating unfavourable conditions due to over-exposure and thermal gains/losses. This work is an exploration between the relationship of sustainability with Lean thinking in the backdrop of sustainable and Lean construction. Exploring the benefits of lean and sustainable construction is about exploring how one can bring about great environmental, economic and social gains with the minimization of energy use, natural waste, environmental impacts as along with the creation of a healthy and productive work environment are the focus of sustainability in the construction industry. In effect answering how Daylight and Lean Thinking Principles can lead to optimizing Industrial buildings in terms of design and execution.

DETERMINATION OF BASE PLATE STIFFNESS OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS

In recent trends the development of structural steel using cold formed steel section plays a vital role in main frame construction of portal frames. These frames find its use in the construction of economic industrial, agricultural and residential buildings due to its lightweight and robustness. With the major claims in comparison with hot rolled steel profiles, cold formed steel possesses low cost, highly versatile with standard design procedures. Among various structural designs, industrial storage racks are the most prominent structures constructed using cold formed steel. It has been widely incorporated with the rational space utilization in warehouses and factories for goods storage. These rack systems have been classified as static and dynamic types. The adjustable pallet rack was found to be the commonly used static system. It consists of transversal beams and column upright which is grounded with base plate connections. This system provides the stability in down aisle direction. The beams (stringers) have boxed cross-sections while columns (uprights) are open thin walled perforated to accept the tabs of beam end- connectors, which join beams and columns together without bolts or welds. This paper addresses the problem of determining the stiffness and strength of steel storage rack base plate assemblies. Base plate assemblies are usually bolted to an upright and to a concrete floor, and they are used to provide resistance against the flexural buckling of the upright and/or the overall down-aisle buckling of the frame. The semi-rigid stiffness is usually determined by means of a test of two pre-loaded uprights connected to a concrete block in a dual-actuator set-up. Guidance for conducting the test is provided in the European Standard EN 15512. However, several aspects of the test need clarification, notably the test set-up and the transducer arrangement for measuring the rotations of the base plate. Keywords: storage rack, base plate assembly, initial rotational stiffness.

Effect of Bracings on the Behaviour of Industrial Buildings with Different Framing Configuration Subjected to Wind Load

Abstract: Steel structures are the best and smartest choice for industrial building construction, mainly because of their capability of creating large spans at lower costs. Usually, a different frame configuration along with effect of bracings has an effect on the behaviour of industrial buildings under wind load, along with PEB, truss, inclined, flat, curved roof. The methodology followed in PEBs is purely composite not only because of quality in pre-fabrication and pre-designing but also because of light weight outcome and economic sounding factor. In present study, Staad Pro is used for designing different sections such as k bracing, X bracing, Diagonal bracing and V bracing. The most economic truss chord sections are used for the designing of industrial building. So, the industrial buildings are designed for wind analysis with various bracings such as V bracing, X- bracing, k- bracing and diagonal bracing. Therefore, the most optimized structure is further compared to the PEB structure with the same parameters

The effect of shear connectors on the strength, serviceability and dynamic response of composite floors using cold-formed steel beams and concrete in decking

In recent years, the use of cold-formed steel sections in low-rise industrial and commercial building construction has increased significantly. Recent work has shown that composite action in floor systems consisting of cold-formed steel (CFS) sections is possible and that it can lead to substantial improvements in structural performance. However, limited guidelines have yet been established for composite systems comprising of CFS sections in order to allow the beneficial effect of composite action to be exploited. The aim of this study is to (a) investigate the effect of different shear connectors on the static and dynamic behaviour of composite action in floors comprising of CFS beams and (b) to investigate if conventional guidelines (such as SANS 10162-1/CSA S16) for hot-rolled composite beams can be applied to composite systems comprising of CFS sections. This paper presents an experimental study of five identical full-scale composite floors, but with different shear connectors, under four-point loading. Additionally, vibration tests were conducted for each floor, and natural frequencies were obtained. The proportion of shear connectivity was varied between 0 and 100 % in the experiments, in addition to considering a plate to link connectors into the concrete flange. It was found that if adequate shear connection is provided, composite action can reliably be achieved in composite systems comprising of CFS sections. Furthermore, all floors had a first natural frequency larger than 10.2 Hz, which was assumed to be the lower limit for a system to not be susceptible to resonance. The results indicated that the shear connectors have a substantial effect on the ultimate limit state behaviour and that it may improve vibration response, although further work is needed.