Construction Of Chamber Research Articles

Design and Construction of Analog Water Heater Chamber (AWHC) for Sma Rod and Spring Tensile Testing

This study details the design and construction of an Analog Water Heater Chamber (AWHC) specifically tailored for tensile testing of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) rods and springs. The AWHC is designed to simulate various temperature conditions, enabling precise control over the thermo-mechanical behavior of SMA specimens. Energy conversion from the electrical to heat form is achieved using an electrical heating element of 1000 watts. This heat is transferred to the SMA spring/wire using convection using a water medium, and phase transformation occurs. The chamber's unique design allows for real-time monitoring of deformation and recovery processes under controlled temperature and loading conditions. Different test results for both the SMA rod and SMA spring at various loading rates and constant temperature, and continuous loading rate and different temperatures showed a good thermo-mechanical coupling result The AWHC's performance was validated through tensile testing of SMA rods and springs, demonstrating its efficacy in evaluating the mechanical properties and phase transformation temperatures of these materials. The results show excellent correlation with theoretical predictions, confirming the AWHC's suitability for characterizing SMA behavior under diverse thermal and mechanical conditions. This research contributes to the development of efficient testing protocols for SMA components, paving the way for their enhanced integration into various engineering applications, thus the aim of which AWHC is designed for is achieved.

Mechanical design of a quartz oxy-combustion chamber: chemical-physical analysis of the combustion phenomenon

Abstract Climate change and environmental degradation are huge threats to Europe and to the world. To overcome these problems, there are a series of government proposals with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality, or, at least, reducing net greenhouse gas emissions up to 55% by 2030. The greenhouse effect is caused by a high concentration of harmful emissions, especially CO2, in the atmosphere; hence, it is imperative to minimize their amount. Because of this, there is a strong effort to research suitable operational methods and secure useful technological advancements. A valid solution to actively contribute to the global objectives for achieving carbon neutrality is the oxy-combustion process, i.e., combustion in an oxygen atmosphere. This process can be considered as “clean” combustion because it does not produce pollutants such as NOx and SOx but only CO2 and steam. In addition, the production of essentially pure CO2 makes possible subsequent operations of carbon sequestration. The proposed paper describes the mechanical design and construction of a lab-scale oxy-fuel chamber, entirely made of quartz. The chosen material makes it possible to visualize, analyze and study the combustion process inside the chamber through imaging techniques by investigating its chemical and physical characteristics.

Design and construction of the cylindrical drift chamber for the COMET Phase-I experiment

COMET is an experiment at J-PARC that searches for the charged lepton flavor violating process of neutrino-less muon-to-electron conversion (μ→e conversion) in a muonic atom. The COMET Phase-I experiment, which represents the first stage of its staged approach, utilizes the cylindrical drift chamber (CDC) as the main detector to measure the momentum of electrons emitted from μ→e conversion in a 1 T magnetic field. The CDC is designed for optimal performance to achieve the best momentum resolution and effectively separate the μ→e conversion electron signal from background signals. This design entails adapting He:i-C4H10 (90:10) as its chamber gas and employing an all-stereo wire configuration. This document provides a comprehensive overview of the CDC detector, encompassing design considerations, mechanical structure, construction methodologies, and results of performance evaluations conducted using cosmic-rays.

Construction and performance of the precision tracking chambers for the ATLAS muon spectrometer upgrade for high-luminosity LHC

For the operation at the High-Luminosity (HL) LHC, the Monitored Drift Tube (MDT) chambers of the inner barrel layer (BIS) of the ATLAS muon spectrometer will be replaced by small-diameter Muon Drift Tube (sMDT) chambers which will be integrated with triplets of thin-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) in order to improve the acceptance and robustness of the barrel muon trigger system. The sMDT chambers have half the drift tube diameter of the MDT chambers and about one order of magnitude higher background rate capability. The construction of the 96 new sMDT chambers was performed between January 2021 and September 2023 at two production sites at a continuous rate of one chamber every two weeks. The sense wire positioning accuracy guaranteed by precision assembly jigs was measured to be around 5μm over the whole construction period. Stringent performance tests had to be passed during the production which have been successfully repeated after delivery of the chambers to CERN. The chambers have been tested with the new MDT front-end ASICs developed for operation at HL-LHC which improve the spatial resolution of the drift tubes by 10% compared to readout with the legacy electronics.

Tropical Shrimp Biofloc Aquaculture within Greenhouses in the Mediterranean: Preconditions, Perspectives, and a Prototype Description

Biofloc technology (BFT) offers an innovative eco-friendly approach that is particularly applicable in shrimp farming. Penaeus vannamei is the most important seafood species in terms of global economic value. Nevertheless, its increasing global demand highlights the necessity for sustainable production of P. vannamei shrimps outside their native range, assuring the avoidance of genetic pollution risk. Towards this direction, the present study focuses on the feasibility of tropical shrimp species aquaculture in indoor systems evaluating BFT application in temperate zones. The achievability of P. vannamei cultivation inside greenhouses in temperate latitudes is thoroughly examined and a representative experimental biofloc setup for P. vannamei within a greenhouse in Northern Greece is demonstrated. Nevertheless, there are two major limitations, related to economy and ecology, namely the energy demand for high seawater temperature and the fact that most reared shrimps are non-indigenous species setting risk for genetic pollution, respectively. To overcome the former, energy-saving measures such as tank and greenhouse insulation in combination with a microclimate chamber construction were implemented to optimize water temperature at minimal cost. Concerning the latter, there is clear evidence that P. vannamei populations cannot be established in the Mediterranean, setting aside any environmental risk. Overall, based on the developed and tested pilot prototype, employment of optimal management practices, innovative manufacturing and clean energy alternatives, and the utilization of ecosystem services could reduce the environmental impact and maximize the profitability of biofloc operations. These actions could probably permit sustainable and economically viable farming of P. vannamei employing BFT within greenhouses in the Mediterranean.

Disinformation Dynamics Unveiling the Impact of Echo Chambers in Shaping Online Public Opinion

The proliferation of misinformation and the emergence of echo chambers in the online environment pose significant challenges to modern democracies, directly impacting public opinion and social behaviors. This study focuses on the analysis of a Facebook group centered around a prominent Romanian political figure, boasting 93,800 members and averaging ten daily posts. Using advanced machine learning and AI-based hate speech detection, the study uncovers systematic echo chamber construction and the amplification of misinformation. The findings emphasize the influence of online echo chambers on public opinion and underscore the need to maintain information integrity in the media landscape and communication. This research has important implications for scholars, policymakers, and media practitioners, indicating the critical need to address the challenges posed by misinformation and echo chambers in the online environment

Integrating chemistry, fluid flow, and mechanics to drive spontaneous formation of three-dimensional (3D) patterns in anchored microstructures

Enzymatic reactions in solution drive the convection of confined fluids throughout the enclosing chambers and thereby couple the processes of reaction and convection. In these systems, the energy released from the chemical reactions generates a force, which propels the fluids' spontaneous motion. Here, we use theoretical and computational modeling to determine how reaction-convection can be harnessed to tailor and control the dynamic behavior of soft matter immersed in solution. Our model system encompasses an array of surface-anchored, flexible posts in a millimeter-sized, fluid-filled chamber. Selected posts are coated with enzymes, which react with dissolved chemicals to produce buoyancy-driven fluid flows. We show that these chemically generated flows exert a force on both the coated (active) and passive posts and thus produce regular, self-organized patterns. Due to the specificity of enzymatic reactions, the posts display controllable kaleidoscopic behavior where one regular pattern is smoothly morphed into another with the addition of certain reactants. These spatiotemporal patterns also form "fingerprints" that distinctly characterize the system, reflecting the type of enzymes used, placement of the enzyme-coated posts, height of the chamber, and bending modulus of the elastic posts. The results reveal how reaction-convection provides concepts for designing soft matter that readily switches among multiple morphologies. This behavior enables microfluidic devices to be spontaneously reconfigured for specific applications without construction of new chambers and the fabrication of standalone sensors that operate without extraneous power sources.

Structure Optimization and Data Processing Method of Electronic Nose Bionic Chamber for Detecting Ammonia Emissions from Livestock Excrement Fermentation.

In areas where livestock are bred, there is a demand for accurate, real-time, and stable monitoring of ammonia concentration in the breeding environment. However, existing electronic nose systems have slow response times and limited detection accuracy. In this study, we introduce a novel solution: the bionic chamber construction of the electronic nose is optimized, and the sensor response data in the chamber are analyzed using an intelligent algorithm. We analyze the structure of the biomimetic chamber and the surface airflow of the sensor array to determine the sensing units of the system. The system employs an electronic nose to detect ammonia and ethanol gases in a circulating airflow within a closed box. The captured signals are processed, followed by the application of classification and regression models for data prediction. Our results suggest that the system, leveraging the biomimetic chamber, offers rapid gas detection response times. A high classification prediction accuracy, with a determination coefficient R2 value of 0.99 for single-output regression and over 0.98 for multi-output regression predictions, is achieved by incorporating a backpropagation (BP) neural network algorithm. These outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the electronic nose, based on an optimized bionic chamber combined with a BP neural network algorithm, in accurately detecting ammonia emitted during livestock excreta fermentation, satisfying the ammonia detection requirements of breeding farms.

A Study on the Transient Response of Compressed Air Energy Storage in the Interaction between Gas Storage Chambers and Horseshoe-Shaped Tunnels in an Abandoned Coal Mine

This study focuses on the renovation and construction of compressed air energy storage chambers within abandoned coal mine roadways. The transient mechanical responses of underground gas storage chambers under a cycle are analyzed through thermal-solid coupling simulations. These simulations highlight changes in key parameters such as displacement, stress, and temperature within the chamber group during the loading and unloading processes of compressed air energy storage. It is found that within a cycle, the small circular chamber experiences the most significant deformation, with an average peak displacement of 0.24 mm, followed by the large circular chamber and horseshoe-shaped tunnels. The small circular chamber exhibits maximum tensile and compressive stresses. Therefore, special attention in engineering practice should be paid to the long-term safety and stability of small circular tunnels, and the stability of horseshoe-shaped tunnels should be also carefully considered. The findings from this study offer some insights for theoretical support and practical implementation in the planning, design, construction, and operation of high-pressure underground gas storage chambers for compressed air energy storage.

Development of a Cell Culture Chamber for Investigating the Therapeutic Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Neural Growth.

Natural electric fields exist throughout the body during development and following injury, and, as such, EFs have the potential to be utilized to guide cell growth and regeneration. Electrical stimulation (ES) can also affect gene expression and other cellular behaviors, including cell migration and proliferation. To investigate the effects of electric fields on cells in vitro, a sterile chamber that delivers electrical stimuli is required. Here, we describe the construction of an ES chamber through the modification of an existing lid of a 6-well cell culture plate. Using human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, we tested the biocompatibility of materials, such as Araldite®, Tefgel™ and superglue, that were used to secure and maintain platinum electrodes to the cell culture plate lid, and we validated the electrical properties of the constructed ES chamber by calculating the comparable electrical conductivities of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and cell culture media from voltage and current measurements obtained from the ES chamber. Various electrical signals and durations of stimulation were tested on SH-SY5Y cells. Although none of the signals caused significant cell death, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays revealed that shorter stimulation times and lower currents minimized negative effects. This design can be easily replicated and can be used to further investigate the therapeutic effects of electrical stimulation on neural cells.

Upravljanje ne standardnom poljoprivrednom opremom koja se koristi u lečenju pacijenata na osnovu vrednovanja vlasnika poljoprivrednih gazdinstava i rukovodstva zdravstvenih organizacija

In this study, the authors showed the existence of a strong influence between the possible use of non-standard agricultural equipment on the example of the construction of Api chambers on agricultural farms, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of its use by forming cooperative relations between farms and health institutions that also have an economic interest in using such equipment, in treatment patients. In addition, we found that based on total income and expenses, the formation of total profit can be predicted because the application of such a business model is statistically significant (F=183.600, p<0.0005), that is, income and expenses have a significant impact on the prediction of profit in this type of business agricultural farms. The same applies to such business operations of health institutions, because the obtained model was evaluated with because the obtained model is statistically significant (F=327.121, p<0.0005) in the way of cooperative business with non-standard agricultural equipment (Api chambers) that can be use in the treatment of patients.

Compact VOC emission test chamber

The publication presents the test method and construction of a compact VOC emission test chamber. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are mainly occur in paint and construction materials containing chemical resins, bitumen, binders, adhesives, etc., as well as residues of unreacted monomers. VOC emission testing is carried out on product samples in environmental chambers in accordance with PN-EN ISO 16000-9. The developed chamber, together with a proprietary control and test parameter acquisition system, allows testing at a stabilized temperature and humidity of air washing over the sample at a specified rate. Qualitative identification and quantitative testing of compounds present in the air inside chambers is carried out using a chromatograph, and the test results are compared with regulations on permissible chemical pollutants in the air of buildings and in atmospheric air. The developed chamber with horizontal sample loading is another version of VOC chambers, developed in response to market demands, offered and implemented in research laboratories by the Łukasiewicz Institute for Sustainable Technologies in Radom.

Разработка мощного пологого пласта с выпуском угля подкровельной толщи роботизированным комплексом

Introduction. When developing coal deposits using underground method, the greatest success was achieved for the seams with the thickness of up to 7 m by means of complex mechanization in one layer. The productivity of a cleared face reaches 6–8 thousand tons per day. A method of coal extraction from the top coal layer is used to mine seams of greater thickness. The limiting factor is the inability to control of the extraction process and, as a result, significant operational losses. Objective. The research aims to develop promising technologies for efficient and safe mining of thick flat coal seams using a robotic complex with controlled extraction from the top coal layer. Methods. The research is based on the analogy method. Results. By closing the gates installed on the extended sides of the line conveyor sections during the operation of the coal cutterloader and opening them during the release of coal, penetration of the loosened coal into the “pockets” of the support sections is eliminated. This reduces the operational loss of coal, the likelihood of “floating” sections of the support, as well as risks of emergencies. Due to the presence of an additional bunker on the side of the mined-out space, the coal from the top layer is collected, temporarily withheld, and then gravity fed into the outlet opening. Elimination of the advance preparation of the top coal layer in the area above the planned break-down chamber prevents man-induced discontinuities inside the rock mass above the breakdown chamber, which increases its stability. Construction of the break-down chamber with an inclination against the working face provides a sequential introduction of the support sections into the break-down chamber, one at a time, which allows timely preparation and release of coal.

Retracted: Construction of Holographic Immersion Chamber Based on Multisource Information Fusion and Interactive Virtual Reality Technology

Retracted: Construction of Holographic Immersion Chamber Based on Multisource Information Fusion and Interactive Virtual Reality Technology

Establishment of a Smoke Chamber for Exposure to Second-hand Smoke

Background: With an ever-growing trend along with cheap and easy access to cigarettes, cigarette smoking has increased among people of all age groups from children to adults. Additionally, the number of people exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) has also increased. Researchers are keenly studying the effects of smoking on the body of nonsmokers exposed to SHS. Even though various smoke chambers have been constructed to date for this purpose, still the available literature does not suffice to describe in detail the development of such chambers. The present study aimed to construct a low-priced and simple smoke chamber that ensures effective SHS studies and enhances reproducibility. Material and methods: The paper briefly described all the key steps and materials involved in the construction of the smoke chamber. The chamber was constructed using things commonly found in households and laboratories. To check the efficacy of this chamber, an experiment was conducted on mice to study the effect of SHS on their kidneys by exposing them to cigarette smoke for 7 consecutive days. After the designated time, all the mice were dissected, and pieces/parts of the kidney were collected, excised, and further processed for histological sectioning and staining. In the end, the histological results of the experimental mice group were compared with those of the control group. Results: The histological results showed visible alteration in the microarchitecture of mice kidneys on chronic exposure to SHS. Conclusion: In light of the experimental results obtained, it can be concluded well that the smoke chamber is highly effective in carrying out SHS-based experiments on mice. Furthermore, a detailed description of all steps may further help in the reconstruction of the smoke chamber in a short time thus allowing the successful replication of similar types of work.

경주 탑동 유적의 적석목곽묘와 조영 집단

경주 탑동 유적의 적석목곽묘와 조영 집단

Design and Construction of Heating-Cooling Chamber Using Waste Energy of Vehicles

Design and Construction of Heating-Cooling Chamber Using Waste Energy of Vehicles

Construction of a new LED chamber to measure net ecosystem exchange in low vegetation and validation study in grain crops

A vegetation canopy chamber system measures gas exchanges in the field between plants and the environment. Transparent closed chambers have generally been used to measure canopy fluxes in the field, depending on solar radiation as the light source for photosynthesis. However, measuring canopy fluxes in nature can be challenging due to fluctuations in solar radiation. Therefore, we constructed a novel transient-state closed-chamber system using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source to measure canopy-scale fluxes. The water-cooled chamber system used a 1600 Watt LED module to produce constant photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and a CO2 gas analyzer for concentration measurements. We used the LED chamber system to measure barley and wheat gas exchanges in the field to quantify CO2 fluxes along a PAR gradient. This novel technology enables the determination of photosynthesis rates for various crops under diverse environmental conditions, in diverse ecosystems, and across long-term interannual changes, including those due to climate change.

Innovations in Passive Downdraft Cooling Performance Evaluation Methods: Design and Construction of a Novel Environmental Test Chamber

Energy demand for active mechanical space cooling is projected to double by 2050. Wider adoption of passive cooling systems can help reduce demand. However, familiarity with these systems remains low, and innovation in the field is constrained due to a lack of cost-effective, accessible performance evaluation methods. This paper reports the design, construction, and commissioning of an affordable, self-contained environmental test chamber. The novel chamber replicates a range of outdoor conditions common in hot, dry regions, making possible year-round testing of reduced-scale prototypes. Data from calibration testing are reported, showing no significant difference in evaporative efficiency when a reduced-scale prototype tested in the chamber is compared with datasets from prior full-scale testing. Analyzing the results using an independent sample two-tailed t-test with a 95% confidence interval found a p-value of 0.75. While measured outlet air velocities for reduced-scale and full-scale prototypes differed to some extent (root mean square error of 0.45 m/s), results were nevertheless deemed comparable due to errors introduced by the rapid change in wind speeds and directions at full scale. Future chamber modifications will correct misalignments between data collected from the two scales and prevent observed increases in the chamber’s relative humidity levels during testing.

Innovative Environmental Chamber Construction for Accurate Thermal Performance Evaluation of Building Envelopes in Varied Climates

The testing of multi-layer building envelopes was performed using an environmental chamber following the ASTM C1363 and ISO 8990 standards. However, performing such tests in accordance with the standards by an accredited laboratory can be extremely costly, and many laboratories have waiting lists of several months. This is a significant cost for researchers and building material testing companies in the construction industry. Therefore, the goal of this study was to design, construct, and test a portable environmental chamber for building envelopes to validate the accuracy and the efficiency of the built environmental chamber to measure the thermal performance (i.e., R-value) of wall panels at extreme climate conditions (i.e., −20 °C and 80 °C). The results indicated that the built environmental chamber is capable of maintaining the steady state temperature inside the chamber during the hot climate condition test of 65 °C (150 °F) within ±0.5 °C and during the cold climate condition test of −16 °C (3 °F) within ±1 °C, meeting the requirement of the ASTM C1363-19 standard. The results also indicated that the built environmental chamber is capable of measuring the R-value of building envelopes under hot climate conditions with an accuracy of ±0.73 ft2·°F h/BTU (±0.129 m2 °C/W) and under cold climate conditions with an accuracy of ±1.02 ft2 °C·h/BTU (±0.180 m2 °C/W). This university-based testing program allows companies to test several building envelopes at a relatively low cost and minimum wait duration. Additionally, such an environmental chamber can be used for the accurate evaluation of innovative designs to determine promising designs and to refine wall specimen prototypes for manufactured materials.