Analogous Construction Research Articles

Applications of Clauson-Kaas Reaction in Organic Synthesis.

Pyrrole-embedded organic molecules received a considerable importance due to their numerous biological and material applications. Hence, several synthetic strategies have been devised for the construction of diverse pyrrole analogues over the years. Among these, the Clauson-Kaas reaction is one of the most widely used protocols for the synthesis of various N-substituted pyrroles. This review briefly describes the Clauson-Kaas reaction along with modifications and a detailed account on its applications in the various sectors of organic synthesis.

Purely spatial frame-dragging and oblate spherodial refractive index as an optical analog to Kerr spacetime

Abstract This paper presents an optical analogy to the lightlike geodesics in spacetime with frame-dragging effects, particularly in Kerr spacetime. This was done by correspondingly equating parts of the deflection angle expression of the lightlike geodesics to that of the optical analog with gradient refractive index (GRIN). The resulting conditions of analogy separates the GRIN from the frame-dragging effects, yielding an oblate spheroidally symmetric GRIN expression and a new optical Lagrangian which situates such medium in a non-Euclidean background space. Such space is demostrated to possess a purely spatial frame-dragging effect. This analogy might suggest a generalized notion of analog magnetism or provide additional insights to studies on gravitational lensing and construction of optical analogs in the laboratory setting.

Development and characterization of fibrous high moisture extrudates based on pea protein isolate and whey protein.

Construction of meat analogs based on pea protein isolate (PPI) alone by high moisture extrusion (HME) is diffocult as a result of the lack of anisotropic structures. In the present study, 0%-15% of whey protein (WP) was introduced to PPI to make hybrid blends, which were used to construct HME extrudates. WP enhanced the hardness, adhesive, cohesiveness and gumminess of the extrudates and facilitated the formation of a distinct anisotropic structure of PPI. The fibrous degrees of the extrudates containing 10% and 15% WP were around 1.50. The addition of WP, which has more -SH groups, increased the disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonding in the extrudates, leading to a denser cross-linked structure. Particle size distribution and Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that WP induced more compact structured aggregates and more β-sheet structures in the extrudates. Furthermore, the higher hydration capacity of WP may also help form a dilute melt and generate a more pronounced plug flow, assisting the formation of fiber structures of PPI. The present study demonstrates that WP is a potential modifier, which could be used to improve the structure of PPI-based meat analogs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Supramolecular Channels Assembled within Intercellular Gaps.

Tubular structures exist broadly in biological systems and exhibit important functions including mediating cellular communications. The construction of artificial analogues in living cells would provide a new strategy for chemotherapy. In this report, a kind of supramolecular channel has been constructed within intercellular gaps by mimicking the assembly process and structure of natural gap junctional channels, which consist of hydrophobic tubular modules located in the adjacent cell membranes and hydrophilic modules within the extracellular space. The assembly of the channels was driven by electrostatic interactions. The channels could inhibit tumor cell invasion by preventing cell migration.

Building the blocks of Schwarzschild

We demonstrate that the Schwarzschild black hole can be “resolved” into bound states of Reissner-Nordström black holes in four dimensions. These bound states closely resemble the Schwarzschild geometry from the asymptotic region up to an infinitesimal distance away from the Schwarzschild horizon. Below this scale, the horizon is replaced by novel spacetime structures supported by intense and entrapped electromagnetic flux. The flux originates from collinear black holes that can be brought arbitrarily close to extremality. We find that the charge distribution follows a universal pattern, with magnitudes scaling proportionally to the total mass and alternating in sign. Moreover, the bound states always have an entropy that constitutes a fraction of the Schwarzschild entropy. Constructed in four dimensions, the black holes are kept apart by struts, for which we analyze tensions and energies. These solutions pave the way for analogous constructions in supergravity and for a brane/anti-brane description of the Schwarzschild black hole in string theory.

An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between Emotion Regulation and Emotional Labor

The expression of contextually appropriate emotions in the workplace is critical to fostering effective interpersonal interactions. What constitutes an appropriate emotional expression is determined by the display rules an employee perceives. Within the emotional labor framework, the management of emotional expression at work (i.e., ensuring alignment with display rules) occurs through the engagement in two primary strategies by employees. These are known as surface acting and deep acting. Despite theoretical efforts to synthesize these strategies with the broader emotion regulation framework and its strategies of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, no empirical examination of their relationship exists. The present study aimed to investigate this empirical relationship to provide clarity on the extent to which these constructs (i.e., strategies) are unique across frameworks. A second aim was to assess whether method bias could explain any overlap between these constructs. A total of 800 participants (Mage = 22.4 years, 78.8% female) who worked across a range of service industries completed measures of emotion regulation and emotional labor under two conditions designed to manipulate the presence of method bias (i.e., varying the order of item administration). Participants also completed the DASS-21, a measure of affective symptom severity. Using multigroup analysis, the results indicated that analogous latent constructs (cognitive reappraisal and deep acting; expressive suppression and surface acting) yielded significant, small-to-moderate correlations, and that correlation coefficients were invariant regardless of how items were administered. The pattern of correlations with affective symptoms also differed across constructs. Together, the limited correlations between the analogous strategies, and the differential associations with affective symptoms, suggest a relative independence between these constructs. Findings carry theoretical and practical implications across research and clinical settings.

DNA Anchoring Strength Directly Correlates with Spherical Nucleic Acid-Based HPV E7 Cancer Vaccine Potency.

Vaccination for cancers arising from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection holds immense potential, yet clinical success has been elusive. Herein, we describe vaccination studies involving spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) incorporating a CpG adjuvant and a peptide antigen (E711-19) from the HPV-E7 oncoprotein. Administering the vaccine to humanized mice induced immunity-dependent on the oligonucleotide anchor chemistry (cholesterol vs (C12)9). SNAs containing a (C12)9-anchor enhanced IFN-γ production >200-fold, doubled memory CD8+ T-cell formation, and delivered more than twice the amount of oligonucleotide to lymph nodes in vivo compared to a simple admixture. Importantly, the analogous construct with a weaker cholesterol anchor performed similar to admix. Moreover, (C12)9-SNAs activated 50% more dendritic cells and generated T-cells cytotoxic toward an HPV+ cancer cell line, UM-SCC-104, with near 2-fold greater efficiency. These observations highlight the pivotal role of structural design, and specifically oligonucleotide anchoring strength (which correlates with overall construct stability), in developing efficacious therapeutic vaccines.

Moving interfaces and two-dimensional black holes

Conformal field theories can exchange energy through a boundary interface. Imposing conformal boundary conditions for static interfaces implies energy conservation at the interface. Recently, the reflective and transmittive properties of such static conformal interfaces have been studied in two dimensions by scattering matter at the interface impurity. In this note, we generalize this to the case of dynamic interfaces. Motivated by the connections between the moving mirror and the black hole, we choose a particular profile for the dynamical interface. We show that a part of the total energy of each side will be lost in the interface. In other words, a time-dependent interface can accumulate or absorb energy. While, in general, the interface follows a time-like trajectory, one can take a particular limit of a profile parameter(β), such that the interface approaches a null line asymptotically(β → 0). In this limit, we show that for a class of boundary conditions, the interface behaves like a semipermeable membrane - it behaves like a (partially) reflecting mirror from one side and is (partially) transparent from the other side. We also consider another set of conformal boundary conditions for which, in the null line limit, the interface mimics the properties expected of a horizon. In this case, we devise a scattering experiment, where (zero-point subtracted) energy from one CFT is fully transmitted to the other CFT, while from the other CFT, energy can neither be transmitted nor reflected, i.e., it gets lost in the interface. This boundary condition is also responsible for the thermal energy spectrum which mimics Hawking radiation. This is analogous to the black hole where the horizon plays the role of a one-sided ‘membrane’, which accumulates all the interior degrees of freedom and radiates thermally in the presence of quantum fluctuation. Stimulated by this observation, we comment on some plausible construction of wormhole analogues.

Development of natural perfume as potential fungicide candidates: construction and biological evaluation of vanillin analogs bearing the 1,3,4-oxadiazole/1,3-thiazolidin-4-one fragments

Two series of vanillin derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one scaffolds were prepared and evaluated for their antifungal activity. The results revealed that compounds 6j (29.73 μg/ml) and 7a (38.15 μg/ml) displayed excellent inhibitory activity against the spore of Fusarium solani. The inhibitory activity of compound 7d (10.53 μg/ml) against the spore of Alternaria solani was more than 42-fold that of vanillin. Compound 7a (37.54 μg/ml) showed better antifungal activity against the spore of B. cinerea than positive controls. The cytotoxicity assay confirmed that compounds 6k, 7a, and 7d showed good selectivity and less toxicity to normal mammalian cells.

A new canonical affine bracket formulation of Hamiltonian classical field theories of first order

It has been a long standing question how to extend, in the finite-dimensional setting, the canonical Poisson bracket formulation from classical mechanics to classical field theories, in a completely general, intrinsic, and canonical way. In this paper, we provide an answer to this question by presenting a new completely canonical bracket formulation of Hamiltonian Classical Field Theories of first order on an arbitrary configuration bundle. It is obtained via the construction of the appropriate field-theoretic analogues of the Hamiltonian vector field and of the space of observables, via the introduction of a suitable canonical Lie algebra structure on the space of currents (the observables in field theories). This Lie algebra structure is shown to have a representation on the affine space of Hamiltonian sections, which yields an affine analogue to the Jacobi identity for our bracket. The construction is analogous to the canonical Poisson formulation of Hamiltonian systems although the nature of our formulation is linear-affine and not bilinear as the standard Poisson bracket. This is consistent with the fact that the space of currents and Hamiltonian sections are respectively, linear and affine. Our setting is illustrated with some examples including Continuum Mechanics and Yang–Mills theory.

A Complexity Ladder for Big History

Complexity is a central problem for big history because big history has made complexity a central theme, constructing a cosmological periodization based on the sequential emergence of qualitatively distinct forms of complexity. How can the big historian differentiate distinct thresholds of emergent complexity while subordinating the entire sequence of thresholds to a single metric of complexity that demonstrates the increase of complexity over multiple scales of magnitude and across qualitatively distinct forms of complexity? The cosmologists’ use of a cosmic distance ladder suggests an analogous construction for complexity: a complexity ladder for big history. While no complexity ladder is formulated in this paper, the program required for a complexity ladder is sketched.

Moduli spaces of sheaves via affine Grassmannians

Abstract We develop a new method for analyzing moduli problems related to the stack of pure coherent sheaves on a polarized family of projective schemes. It is an infinite-dimensional analogue of Geometric Invariant Theory. We apply this to two familiar moduli problems: the stack of Λ-modules and the stack of pairs. In both examples, we construct a Θ-stratification of the stack, defined in terms of a polynomial numerical invariant, and we construct good moduli spaces for the open substacks of semistable points. One of the essential ingredients is the construction of higher-dimensional analogues of the affine Grassmannian for the moduli problems considered.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PENERIMA WARALABA TERHADAP PERUBAHAN PRODUK SECARA SEPIHAK.


 
 
 
 The development of the business world penetrates the boundaries of space, time and territory of a country. One of the breakthroughs made by business people is business development through a franchise system, which in Indonesia is termed a franchise. Republic of Indonesia government regulation no. 42 of 2007 concerning franchising provides a definition of a franchise as a special right owned by an individual or business entity to a business system with business characteristics in order to market goods and/or services that have been proven successful and can be utilized or used by other parties based on a franchise agreement. In Indonesia, the legal regulations regarding franchising are not yet complete, considering that regulation through law has not been touched by the government. This is necessary to prevent franchise business actors from unwanted losses due to the incomplete legal instruments that protect them. This research raises the issue of what are the legal consequences of franchise agreements in the event of unilateral changes to franchise products by the franchisor and what is the legal protection for franchisees? for unilateral changes to franchise products by the franchisor. By using two legal theories as analysis tools, namely the legal protection theory from Satjipto Rahardjo and the legal consequences theory from Soeroso. The method used in this research is a normative juridical research method, namely legal research carried out by examining library materials or secondary data only. The research approaches used are a statutory approach, a case approach, a conceptual approach, an analytical approach and techniques for collecting legal materials by identifying and inventorying positive legal materials, literature. books, journals and other source materials, the technique for analyzing legal materials is carried out using legal interpretation (interpretation), systematic interpretation and methods of analogous legal construction, legal refinement construction (rechtsverfijning) and a contrary argument. The legal consequences of a franchise agreement in the event of a unilateral change to the franchise product by the franchisor, is the disappearance of the legal situation and relationship between the franchiser and the franchisee due to the franchiser's default which has implications for the franchisee experiencing losses due to not providing products, tools and materials for the franchise object. as is the classification that has been agreed. Legal protection for franchisees for unilateral changes to franchise products by the franchisor will be better protected if the Franchise Agreement regulates specific protection of the suitability of the franchise object, and the franchise agreement is not made standardly by the franchisor but is formulated together with the franchisee. . Because standard agreements are more susceptible to taking sides for the unilateral benefit of the agreement maker.
 
 
 

Tensor ideals for quantum groups via minimal tilting complexes

We use minimal tilting complexes to construct an explicit bijection between the set of thick tensor ideals with the two-out-of-three property in the category of finite-dimensional modules over a quantum group at a root of unity and the set of thick tensor ideals in the subcategory of tilting modules. We also explain why the analogous construction for rational representations of a reductive algebraic group over a field of positive characteristic does not give rise to a bijection.

Construction of MOF-74 analogues through pre-installation of functional ligands: efficient directional functionalization and properties

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant interest owing to their tunable structures and versatile properties.

An efficient approach to AviCys analogues via regio- and stereoselective hydrosulfuration of ynamides

A novel synthetic strategy for the construction of AviCys analogues via a highly efficient regio- and stereoselective hydrosulfuration of ynamides was reported.

Филиокве как проблема онтологии, гносеологии, теологии и общего языкознания (Использование графических моделей для визуализации непротиворечивого решения этой проблемы)

The subject-matter of the study was ontological and epistemological aspects of the theological problem of the filioque, and the research methods were logical-linguistic analysis and graphic modelling of these aspects of this problem, in particular the construction of theological analogues of logical squares and hexagons. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the mentioned non-trivial analogues are constructed for the first time; they have not been published anywhere before. The results of the study are important in the formation of the theoretical philosophical and linguistic foundations for overcoming the doctrinal split of the Universal Church into the Western and Eastern ones.

Asymmetric catalytic concise synthesis of 3-(3-indolomethyl)-oxindoles for the construction of trigolute analogs.

Asymmetric synthesis of 3-(3-indolomethyl)oxindoles through the addition of indole-substituted enolized ketoesters to 3-bromo-3-substituted oxindoles has been achieved using a N,N'-dioxide/Ho(III) complex. A number of 3-(3-indolomethyl)oxindoles, which may possess biological activity, were obtained in good yields with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 97% yield, >19 : 1 dr, 98% ee). Furthermore, time-dependent reversal of diastereoselectivity enabled access to optically active diastereomers. The product followed by facile transformations gave a new route into trigolute analogs.

A Chemo-Enzymatic Cascade Strategy for the Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine Incorporated with Structurally Diverse FAHFAs.

Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), a newly discovered class of human endogenous complex lipids showing great promise for treating diabetes and inflammatory diseases, exist naturally in extremely low concentrations. This work reports a chemo-enzymatic approach for the comprehensive synthesis of phospholipids containing FAHFAs via sequential steps: hydratase-catalyzed hydration of unsaturated fatty acids to generate structurally diverse hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), followed by the selective esterification of these HFAs with fatty acids mediated by secondary alcohol-specific Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA), resulting in the formation of a series of diverse FAHFA analogs. The final synthesis is completed through carbodiimide-based coupling of FAHFAs with glycerophosphatidylcholine. Optimal reaction conditions are identified for each step, and the substrate affinity of CALA, responsible for the catalytic mechanisms during FAHFA production, is evaluated through molecular docking. Compared to multistep lab-tedious chemical synthesis, this route, relying on natural building blocks and natural biocatalysts, is significantly facile, scalable, and highly selective, affording high yields (74-98 mol %) in each step for the construction of higher FAHFA-PC series (10/12/13-FAHFAs). The developed strategy aims to increase the availability of naturally occurring FAHFA species and provide the tools for the construction of versatile and novel analogs of FAHFA conjugates.

13th century leather footwear from Vilnius Lower Castle

During the archaeological excavations in the territory of the Palace of the Grand Dukes in Vilnius, the remains of leather footwear dating back to the late 13th century was discovered. These were only the cut-off lower parts of the footwear, a pair inserted one into the other and stored in a box together with other exceptional artefacts of that time. The footwear was made of expensive dyed goat leather. The luxurious leather items of footwear were reconstructed on the basis of various conducted artefact tests and studies. Based on the construction properties, it can be assumed that they were intended for indoor wear. Artefacts of analogous construction are only rarely discovered. Known examples were discovered during the excavations in Velikii Novgorod, Tver, Hrodna and several other locations to the east of the Baltic Sea. The artefacts from these territories date back to the late 11th to early 14th centuries.