Construction In Russia Research Articles

Materials for 3D Concrete Printing: Approach to Standardization in Russia

3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) technology, compared to traditional monolithic construction, gives a possibility to increase the workspeed and reduce the manual laborproportion, reduce material consumption and also improve the architectural appearance of buildings being erected. At the same time, more stringent requirements are imposed on the material for 3D printing in terms of rheological characteristicscontrol, strength developmentkinetics, interplay adhesion and some other parameters than for conventional ready-mixed concrete. Therefore, to ensure the mass application of technologies for additive construction production using concrete as printing ink, it is necessary to develop a regulatory and technical base, including the development of standard test methods to determine the operational properties of this typeofmaterials. The article examines the main trends in the management of the materials’properties for construction 3D printing based on cement binders and describes the principles of building a system for standardizing materials for 3D printing construction in Russia, which was developed with the participation of the authors of this article.

Constitutional evolution of Russia (review of the collection of scientific articles: 25 years of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: constitutional dialogue / ed. by V.T. Kabyshev. Saratov : Publishing house of the Saratov State Law Academy, 2019. 380 p.)

The review notes the intellectual richness of the national science of constitutional law, the creators of which, on the eve of the anniversary of the Constitution of Russia, entered into a dialogue: a dialogue of generations; a dialogue of scientific schools; a dialogue of worldviews; a dialogue of individuals gifted with talent, an inquisitive mind, the ability to set nontrivial scientific problems and brilliantly solve them, involving statesmen, public leaders, politicians, practicing lawyers in the co-creation of the legal space of Russia. The constitutional dialogue initiated by the Saratov School of Constitutional Law has become an evidence that Russian state scholars are ready for the challenges of our time. They understand the full measure of responsibility that is assigned to the rulers of scientific minds in the era of large-scale changes, the era of choosing the path of further development of civilization. Reflecting the identity of representatives of various scientific schools, the continuity in the assessment of science as a path of service to the high truth, the novelty of ways to find answers to the burning questions of the modern constitutional construction of Russia, the reviewer draws attention to the fact that it brings together different positions, makes us look for a common denominator. This is the philosophy of the constitutional worldview, constitutional ethics, which has become the basis for the existence of public.

Improvement of organizational and technological design of low-rise residential buildings with consumption of fuel and energy resources

In recent years, there has been an active growth in low-rise housing construction in Russia. This trend is explained by the state policy, which is aimed at developing this sector in order to increase accessibility for the population and provide comfortable housing. In addition, the relevance of low-rise housing construction is evidenced by the need of the population in the natural environment, as well as the possibility of living in separate houses. Along with individual construction, the most popular is low-rise housing development in the form of organized residential settlements (“cottage village”) with a developed communal, transport and social infrastructure. The regulations define the requirements to ensure the efficient and rational use of fuel and energy resources. This confirms the need to increase energy savings also in the sector of low-rise housing construction.
 The article presents the classification of energy consumption by functional purpose in the construction of low-rise residential buildings, identifies the main groups of energy consumers “machines and mechanisms”, “temporary infrastructure of the construction site” for complex low-rise residential buildings and considers an algorithm for calculating the costs of fuel and energy resources for these groups. It is proposed to include forms of documents for calculation, accounting and control of fuel and energy resources in organizational and technological documentation. This approach will allow you to choose energy-efficient construction technologies at the design stage and keep track of energy consumption during the construction of buildings.

ИПОТЕЧНОЕ КРЕДИТОВАНИЕ В РОССИИ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ РЕАЛИИ

Mortgage is an important and complex category of economic science, which is characterized by a certain type of social and economic relations associated with the movement of loan capital and the guarantee of repayment of credit funds. In addition, the mortgage is a kind of tool that directly connects with the specific rules and regulations of civil, land, family and housing law, in particular, on the issues of collateral as a method of securing credit obligations. The modern idea of lending secured by real estate did not appear immediately. The emergence and further development of mortgage lending is associated with the economic needs of citizens and the development of commodity-money relations. Today, mortgages are a key driver of growth, both in retail lending and in the development of housing and construction in Russia. Much attention and support for mortgage lending is provided by the state.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СНИЖЕНИЯ ЭНЕРГОЕМКОСТИ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ОБЪЕКТОВ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ

The article discusses some actual issues of reducing the energy intensity of the transport infrastructure construction. The relationship between road transport construction in Russia with the capabilities of the production sector of reinforced concrete products is shown. The ways of increasing the precast concrete factories efficiency by optimizing the technological processes of production are considered.
 The relevance of the information modeling technologies implementation in the construction of roads and the construction of transport infrastructure in the framework of the implementation of the concept of life cycle management of capital construction objects is noted.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЦЕНООБРАЗОВАНИЯ В СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ РОССИИ И ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ СТРАНАХ

The features of pricing in construction in Russia and foreign countries are considered.

Green Building in Russia as well as its problems and solutions

The article deals with the issues of environmental (“green”) construction in Russia in relation to the tasks of low-rise and individual development. The article describes the history of the formation of the ecological construction market in Russia and abroad, gives a general classification and the main directions of its development. The ad-vantages of green construction, the problems that hinder the rapid development of ecological construction and the stimulating factors of such development are described. The applicable standards of green construction are indicated, both established by the state in the form of normative legal acts, and voluntary, and the advantages of following environmental standards are shown. Practical examples of ecological construction and problems faced by developers in practice are given. The concepts of Passive House, energy-efficient house and non-volatile house are considered in detail, indicating the ways to use the elements of such concepts in the implementation of real construction at the moment, including some practical examples of technical and technological solutions, as well as ways to further improve them. Examples of low-rise buildings currently under construction using standards and principles of ecological construction are given. The Russian standards of green construction are considered in de-tail, with references to specific regulations and other sources regulating the issues of ecological construction, and the ways of their further development and improvement are indicated. A mathematical model of the order of construction of eco-mobility facilities is proposed, where the capital return indicator is selected as an important criterion, which is determined taking into account the different times of costs for the objects being introduced. Its maximization leads to the choice of such an option, which will be characterized by the largest intermediate volume of input objects, as well as the smallest amount of reduced capital investments, i.e. their more rational dynamics. Thus, this indicator characterizes the efficiency of using capital investments, as well as their return as a result of reducing construction in progress.

Interstate green standards of formation sustainable built environment vital activity

Introduction. Due to the negative environmental situation on Earth, the necessity to use “green” standards in construction, regulated by environmental standards, to reduce the negative impact on nature and create favorable living environment for humans was determined. It was revealed that eleven of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals approved at the United Nations General Assembly are interrelated with construction. At the same time, “green” design standards are a mechanism for achieving Sustainable Development Goals as well as regulatory tool for creating an environmentally friendly environment for living and working.
 Materials and methods. The stages of the formation of environmental legislation in construction are studied. Specific features of the formation of regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection and environmental design (mid 20th – early 21st centuries), as well as the transition to the creation of National Russian “green” standards are reviewed. The mechanism of development of interstate standards on the basis of the Technical Committee is being studied.
 Results. National environmental legislation and Russian national “green” standards regulatory requirements are studied. The advantages and disadvantages of current environmental certification systems and core aspects of buildings environmental assessment are highlighted. The necessity for the use of interstate environmental standards in design and construction is determined along with the allocation of strategy for further development in the urban planning field. Specific features of the formation of “green” construction in Russia, as a driver for the Eurasian Customs Union are revealed.
 Conclusions. The priority of formating “green” living environment on the basis of the introduction of new regulatory framework on environmentally sustainable design to promote the National “green” standard in construction at the interstate level is outlined.

Formation of a highly efficient wooden housing construction sector in Russia

The Russian government sets global strategic goals for increasing the volume of housing construction-mass multi-storey, multi-apartment and residential housing, creating a comfortable urban environment, comprehensive development of rural areas, construction of social infrastructure facilities in small towns and villages of the country, designated in the national projects “Health”, “Culture” and “Education”. The state assigns a key role in their implementation to modern wooden construction. Recently, many interesting projects have appeared in the field of wooden housing construction. There is a noticeable interest of the state in the development of this area, which is primarily due to the focus on the efficient use of the country’s forest resources, as well as the fact that wooden housing construction, due to the high degree of factory readiness of building elements and structures, creates products with high added value and the most transparent from the point of view of taxation, when compared with other areas in construction. Despite this, the potential of wooden construction is not fully disclosed, which does not allow to ensure their environmental friendliness, comfort and energy efficiency. The purpose of the article is to achieve high rates of individual housing construction through a combination of measures aimed at increasing its liquidity. The article analyzes the market of wooden housing construction in Russia, which allowed us to determine the promising construction technologies of the housing construction sector under consideration. The main properties of wood, its advantages and disadvantages are considered. It is determined that the development of industrial housing construction of individual residential buildings will allow not only to implement the tasks of national projects in Russia, but also increase the flow of investment in the construction of individual residential buildings using the industrial method, which will support enterprises that produce factory-made house sets. Based on this, the article contains recommendations for improving the quality of wooden construction products at all stages of the construction life cycle, the implementation of which will generate demand for wooden housing construction, ensuring the rational use of wood and high quality for consumers of products.

Retrospective of the formation of the institution of shared construction in Russia: through the prism of economics

Retrospective of the formation of the institution of shared construction in Russia: through the prism of economics

ВОПРОСЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПРАВОВЫХ АСПЕКТОВ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА РЕЛИГИОЗНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ В РОССИИ

The article presents an analysis of research on the issues of studying the social and legal aspects of the construction of religious sites in Russia. The following groups of works on this issue have been identified: 1) historical and cultural, social and philosophical, and philosophical and cultural studies that focus on the connection of religious construction with the history of culture, social transformations, forms and strategies of management; 2) publications, the subject of which is the peculiarities of the formation of the legal basis for the construction of religious objects in Russia; 3) studies that examine the construction of religious buildings in the context of correlating the prospects for the development of Russian legislation and the tasks of improving the urban environment; 4) works that determine trends in the development of social concepts of urban planning, including the construction of religious buildings; 5) publications related to specific issues of legal regulation of the religious use of land and the construction of religious buildings. The article examines works, the subject of which is both the problem of finding the theoretical foundations for the development of this area of law, and the issues of the practice of law enforcement in solving the problems of the religious building’s construction in Russia. The right to the city concept (H. Lefebvre, D. Harvey) can serve as a theoretical basis for the formation of the urban environment, the development of social relations in the city, prevention and overcoming of urban conflicts. It can be implemented during reception in the legal sphere, what requires to determine the essence of the right to the city within the framework of jurisprudence, to specify the subjects of this law, to develop ways of legislative consolidation and enforcement mechanisms.

Improvement of organization of ecological housing construction in the Moscow region

The paper substantiates that the development of ecological construction in Russia is currently progressing at an insufficiently high rate, which is primarily due to the lack of effective systemic support from the state at the legislative and executive levels. The author emphasizes that without the formation of a proper legislative base and state programs that stimulate ecological construction, all attempts to build by introducing innovative ecological solutions will not give the expected effect. The need for state incentives for business entities in the residential real estate market, the creation of legal and economic mechanisms that will be the engine of ecological housing construction in modern Russia is argued as a development perspective for the segment of the national economy studied in the work.

Tradition and contemporary architecture of Orthodox churches: Image and meaning

The article is devoted to one of the most striking problems of contemporary church construction in Russia — the formation of artistic images of newly erected churches and determination of meaning in their architecture. Today, the mentality of architects, patrons and the parish is primarily determined by the traditional approaches to the creation of new churches. Simultaneously, many architects are longing to find innovative meaning and artistic structures, noting that only these attempts are able to express the present-day emotions of believers. It is also essential to define the features of the cultural code of modern architecture for the Russian Orthodox church. The church hierarchy, believers and scholars, including foreigners, proceed from the idea of Russian Orthodox architecture’s unique identity. The recognizable image of the churches is determined by the constant interest in late medieval decoration from the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich as the main artistic source and its interpretation by masters of the Neo-Russian style of the 19th — beginning of 20th centuries. The article emphasizes that national identity in Russian Orthodox church architecture is not a combination of immanent features, but a historical process of treasuring artistic character and the formation of meaning over several centuries. At the current time, it is vital to turn to all the creative and meaningful wealth in the development of Russian Orthodox churches, and it is better to seek innovation from within traditional images and meanings, based on the sacred experience of our church. This will support the creation of new churches, which are comparable to the standards of the Russian Orthodox architectural heritage in its artistic variety and semantic profoundness.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИНЦИПОВ КИБЕРНЕТИКИ ПРИ УПРАВЛЕНИИ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМОЙ ЖИЛИЩНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА ГОРОДА

The COVID 19 pandemic, which has been ongoing for the second year, and its dynamics have a direct impact on the livelihoods of people in general and requires an update of the trends of mass housing construction in Russia that have developed in recent decades. The dynamics of housing construction in 2020 was characterized by a decrease in the commissioning of new housing, up to May, and an increase, starting from June. The trends of recent decades have focused on the high-density construction of residential buildings with predominantly small-sized apartments in the sector of mass residential development. And, as a result, there is a high concentration of the population in these areas. A distinctive feature of modern housing construction is the focus on closed modu- lar quarter complexes with individual courtyard areas, limited solely in the interests of residents. Modern trends in the planning of public spaces of the living environment are mostly focused on the massive one-to-one stay of people, which also leads to their high concentration in a limited space. The need for distance and self-isolation requires the opposite, i.e. a specific distance and “discharging” the localization of people in a certain space, which to a certain extent contradicts the current trends of residential complexes in the city. In addition, in connection with the restrictions on transport and pedestrian movement in a pandemic, the functional load on the local level increases. The pandemic itself leads to the formation of a tendency to localize people. To ensure the functioning of enterprises and the life of people, the number of people wor- king at home is increasing, local groups of daytime stay of children are being formed, the conditions of leisure and rest are being revised and reformatted, and remote technologies of social and service services are being developed. Thus, a revision and optimal, fundamentally new solutions are required not only in the field of organizing mass residential development based on the principles of spatial and functional freedom, but also in the mobility and transformability of both objects and residential areas. The normal functio- ning of residential areas requires a correspon- ding transformation of the logistics network and optimization of the operational flows of providing residential complexes and the city as a whole with everything necessary. In a pande- mic, solving these issues can be considered a task of ensuring the economic security of municipalities and the country as a whole.

Перспективы развития высотного деревянного домостроения в России на примере зарубежного опыта

Wood-based building materials meet the basic requirements of environmentally friendly construction, which is becoming increasingly important in the modern world. However, until recently, they were rarely used in high-rise construction in Russia. CLT became a revolutionary technology, it has proven itself in countries such as Switzerland, Norway, the U.S. and others. In Russia, it has not yet found widespread use, and CLT-panels are in demand only at the market of individual housing construction. Nevertheless, taking into account the positive foreign experience can be an example and become an incentive for more active implementation of modern environmentally friendly materials and technologies in Russia. The aim of the article is to study the possibilities of high-rise wooden house building in Russia based on world practice.

Construction of the Irkutsk-Baikal section of the trans-Baikal railway: state of research

The article considers the problems of railway construction in Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries and finds out the available information on one of the fragments of this grandiose construction in the historical literature. Attention is focused on the construction history of one of the important sections of the Trans-Siberian railway – the Irkutsk-Baikal branch railway, which became the foundation of the Circumbaikal railway. This part of the Great Siberian Railway proved to be a very technically complex construction facility and required significant investments from the state. However, it was not easy to approach to its construction. Its creation was preceded by the work of numerous research teams, selfless labour of designers, engineers, technicians and workers. Thanks to their efforts, our country ultimately managed to establish a continuous rail transportation service and unite the western and eastern parts of Russia, which made it possible to maintain the country’s defense capability during the sudden outbreak of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905. The authors specify the main problems that arise when studying the history of the construction and operation of the Irkutsk-Baikal line. They define the range of sources put into circulation by researchers of the designing and construction processes of this road. It is emphasized that the largest number of sources relate to the creation of the line, while the sources which deeply reflect the line operation are few and fragmented.

N.M. Dobrynin. The Constitution of Russia: the present and the future. Modern version of the recent history of the state

The reviewed edition of Prof. N.M. Dobrynin "The Constitution of Russia: the present and the future. Modern version of the recent history of the state" attracts the attention of readers primarily by the original structure and sequence of the author’s presentation: in three chapters, the key points characterizing the essence of the latest constitutional amendments are presented in a concentrated form, based on the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The proposed structuring of the material is united by a common idea — to make the work as convenient as possible for readers in its study and further practical application. The book presents the original views of the scientist-researcher and the author's civic position on many topical problems of the theory and practice of social development and state construction in Russia.

Analysis of international experience in the field of building information modelling of transport infrastructure objects

In this paper, the authors consider the current state and level of implementation of building information modeling applied to transport infrastructure at the stages of their life cycle in Russia and abroad. Possible prerequisites for the transfer of knowledge and technologies of building information modeling from the civil and industrial facilities to the field of transport construction are highlighted according to the accumulated experience in the design, construction and operation of such facilities in various countries and Russia. Special emphasis is placed on examples of the world’s largest implemented or ongoing projects for the construction of transport infrastructure. The experience of implementing these projects was analyzed from the point of view of the software used in relation to all stages of the life cycle of transport infrastructure objects: design, construction and subsequent operation. The prospects for the development of data exchange formats in the context of the existing problem of mutual integration of BIM and GIS for transport infrastructure objects to ensure their complementarity and compatibility are also considered. The functional levels of the use of various software within the framework of companies implementing project activities using information modeling technologies are highlighted. A list of criteria characterizing the level of information modeling technologies integration to transport infrastructure objects into the activities of participants in the life cycle of these objects is highlighted. A review of the regulatory framework of information modeling in construction in Russia is carried out, and the main differences in this area with the regulatory regulation of this area in the European Union are noted. Conclusions are made about the key reference points for the development of information modeling of transport infrastructure facilities on a national scale, leading customer companies and contractors.

Green investment in construction sector in Russia: trends and analysis

The paper is devoted to the green construction development in Russia. The main objects of the research are investments in the green construction market, social and economic impacts on its development. The authors consider the Russian experience of green investment, analyzing the trends and reasons for the insufficient level of construction based on green technologies in the country. The article examines in detail the legal basis of green investment, analyzes the data of Russian and foreign practice of green investment and the functioning of the green construction market. In conclusion, the authors make discuss the prospects for the development of green construction in Russia, as well as offer recommendations for further improving the mechanisms and approaches used.

Heat and mass transfer in laminated glued timber bar

The main prerequisites for the development of wooden housing construction in Russia are given, which determined the goal of this study - to develop a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer (moisture transfer) in glued timber for rational design of enclosing structures. Lamellas can be classified as a capillary ‒ porous body. leaning on theory of academician A.V. Lykov, the formulation of the problem of heat and mass transfer in a multilayer glued laminated timber is presented a system of equations describing non-stationary heat, mass and pressure transfer under real possible operating conditions of enclosing structures is considered. An analytical method is proposed for calculating both individual lamellas and the entire multilayer glued beam. The proposed technique allows the method of solving the inverse problem to directly calculate the resistance value of the entire bar from the unsteady temperature field. The system of equations describing the process is nonlinear and analytically insoluble. To solve the problem, a combined method for solving boundary value problems of heat transfer was used, which is based on a combination of elements of analytical and numerical solutions. A feature of the problem under consideration is that the middle lamella has heat-conducting inclusions in the form of a bough. Method is that the entire heat transfer process is divided into a number of small time intervals. Within each interval, we assume that the temperature is constant at the interface between layers and a constant heat flux through the contacting surfaces, i.e. perfect thermal contact.