Construction Of Tall Buildings Research Articles

DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM LOCATION OF TWO-FLEXIBLE OUTRIGGER SYSTEMS IN TALL BUILDINGS USING ENERGY METHOD

Construction of tall buildings has been rapidly increasing worldwide, introducing new challenges that demand rigorous engineering. Structural and nonstructural damage to tall buildings can be minimized by implementing appropriate lateral resisting systems, such as the outrigger and belt-truss system. The location of outrigger and belt-truss systems plays a critical role in the behavior, structural integrity, safety, and overall construction cost of tall buildings subjected to lateral loads; thus, they should be selected carefully. This research develops a framework that can determine the optimum location of two flexible outrigger and belt-truss systems in skyscrapers subjected to uniform lateral loading. To achieve this goal, an energy method is applied to maximize the outrigger and belt-truss system’s strain energy. In this approach, the framed tube and effect of outrigger and belt-truss systems on shear core are modeled as a cantilevered hollow section beam with orthotropic plates and rotational springs placed at outrigger and belt-truss location respectively. The optimal location is determined where the rotational spring absorbs the most amount of energy; and this is accomplished by setting the first derivative of the energy equation with respect to the spring’s location, as measured from the structure’s base, to zero. The practical graph developed in this research can aid engineers during the preliminary design of tall buildings for quick calculation of the optimum locations of outrigger and belt-truss systems.

COMPARISON OF SKYSCRAPER BUILDING DESIGN: ISOLATED FOUNDATIONS VS. NON-ISOLATED FOUNDATIONS

As the population grows, the need for safe and comfortable places to live and work increases. Tall buildings are becoming a popular option as they enable efficient use of urban space and provide solutions to the challenges of urbanization. However, the safety of these buildings against natural hazards such as earthquakes is crucial. Engineers are putting a lot of effort into the construction and design of tall buildings, some of which have been successfully completed, while others have been halted due to design difficulties. High-rise buildings have challenged engineers' endurance due to their height and number of floors. Efforts have been made to increase the resistance of tall buildings to natural factors and the weight of the building. One of the most important factors is the building's vibration movement, which must be resistant to wind, loads on the building, and earthquakes. One way to increase the strength of the building is to use isolated foundations. This article investigates whether using an isolated foundation has an effect on the strength of tall buildings. Two 51-floor tall buildings were designed, one with an isolated foundation and one without. The differences between the buildings were evaluated in terms of earthquakes, the greatest risk for buildings. Using the ETABS program and following international standards, these two buildings were designed to withstand the forces of wind, earthquakes, and loads on the building. The loads and forces caused by earthquakes, the resistances and possible damages of both types of buildings were also evaluated

Modelling efficiency of fluid viscous dampers positioning for increasing tall buildings' Resilience to earthquakes induced structural vibrations

Due to limited space, it is now necessary to create higher structures in metropolitan areas. However, as a building's height increases, its natural frequency decreases, which in turn causes it to respond more quickly to dynamic loads like Earthquakes. The building's and its residents' safety are gravely jeopardised by this. Installing fluid viscous dampers in the structure is a popular solution to this issue since they are efficient at controlling vibration and stabilizing the structure under dynamic loads. The purpose of this research is to assess the efficiency of fluid viscous dampers at different placements in reducing earthquake-induced structural vibrations. The findings are compared for three distinct damper placement scenarios: alternately on all stories, on all stories, and on three levels (top, bottom, and center) for a G+20 story framed building. The best model has been compared by two conventional damper placements: first ten stories continuous and first ten stories alternate. The performance of the structure has been assessed in terms of displacement, drift, and shear values during the study. The findings prove that the displacement, drift, and shear values of the structure under Earthquake loads are decreased by the employment of fluid viscous dampers. The most efficient way to lessen the building's seismic reaction is to install dampers on every story. The results of this research may be used to improve the seismic performance of structures and provide useful insights into tall building design and construction in Earthquake-prone locations.

Investigation of intumescent coating on the fire endurance of concrete-filled steel columns with varied characteristics

Concrete-filled steel columns (CFSC) are becoming increasingly popular in contemporary construction, particularly for the construction of tall buildings and structures with large spans. These columns offer superior fire protection compared to concrete or steel-only columns. Furthermore, CFSCs offer significant structural benefits by enhancing properties such as high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, capacity for energy absorption, improved fire resistance, and thermal insulation. However, there remains a notable research gap pertaining to the comprehensive analysis of the temperature distribution in CFSC sections that are protected by intumescent fire coating (IFC). Particularly, there is a need to investigate the specific effects of various heating rates, intumescent coating thickness, and steel thickness on the temperature distribution within these sections. The current research involved the creation of a finite element model for analyzing heat transfer and fire resistance in columns. This model was used to examine how the columns would perform under different fire conditions, including Standard (ISO-834), Fast, Slow, and Smouldering fires. The model has been verified with the available literature. Core concrete, dry film thickness (DFT) of intumescent coating, and steel section thickness are the primary determinants of the temperature rise of the protected CFSC section under fire considered in the developed models. This study adds large-scale column specimens to the corresponding numerical database. The numerical results provide additional proof that a CFSCs coated with an intumescent fire coating can achieve high fire resistance. With efficient IFC insulation and core concrete heat absorption, the temperature increase of a CFSC can be greatly retarded.

Improving Multistory Building Stability: A Review on Effects of Varied Concrete Grade in Beams at Different Floor Levels

Abstract: In order to address the issue of decreasing living space and the increasing use of high-rise structures, many countries are pursuing sustainability goals. Multistory buildings, which require less land area, can help transform a city into a metropolitan hub and attract investments. The construction of tall buildings has the only viable option as it maximizes space efficiency. This study extensively reviews various papers related to this topic, with a significant body of work having already been conducted in this field. To ensure that these buildings are cost-effective, safe, and suitable, new ideas and expertise are essential. Stability enhancement techniques are particularly relevant in the field of structural engineering. This literature review provides valuable insights and findings to aid in this pursuit, we came to know the conclusive outcome that aim to provide technical insights and recommendations for future research in this area.

Seismic Assessment of Combined Effects of Knee Bracing and Dog-bone Connections in Dual Moment Frame Systems for Tall Steel Structures

The growing population and urbanization have led to an increasing interest in constructing tall buildings, particularly in large cities. However, the frequent occurrence of earthquakes worldwide has necessitated the development of systems with high ductility and sufficient lateral stiffness. The special dual system of moment frame with bone connections and knee bracing systems are two examples of such systems. In this study, the seismic behavior of these two systems in combination with tall structures was investigated. Ten, thirteen, and sixteen-story frames with four different combinations of bone joints and knee bracing were analyzed using ETABS software. Linear and nonlinear static (pushover) analyses, as well as linear and nonlinear dynamic (time history) analyses, were conducted. Seismic parameters were then calculated for each case and compared. The results emphasized the importance of considering multiple factors and coefficients when evaluating the seismic performance of structures.

How do tall buildings affect seismic earth pressures on their basement walls?

The construction of tall buildings has recently undergone exponential growth in major cities, creating new challenges in earthquake engineering and design. For instance, existing analytical procedures for evaluating seismic lateral earth pressures on basement walls connected to these buildings typically ignore the inertia and dynamic properties of the superstructure. The inertial forces from a tall superstructure may cause additional displacements and rotations in its basement, affecting the distribution and magnitude of seismic lateral earth pressures. These additional soil-basement-structure-interaction (SBSI) effects are currently not well understood. Hence, the applicability and reliability of existing procedures to the basements of tall buildings remain questionable. In this paper, we use an experimental-numerical approach to provide insight into how the lateral resisting system of tall superstructures may impact the magnitude and distribution of seismic earth pressures on basement walls buried in dry sand and gravel. Numerical simulations are first validated in 3D using a prior centrifuge experiment that included a simplified model of a 42-story, high-rise structure in medium-dense, dry sand. Then, the numerical tool is used to perform 156 2D, nonlinear simulations of more realistic buildings and basements, ground motion characteristics, and sandy and gravely soil profiles. Nonlinear numerical simulations successfully capture the building's inertial and kinematic seismic interactions with the basement and an adjacent underground structure. The subsequent numerical sensitivity study showed that inertial forces from the dynamic lateral movements of the tall superstructure increase the total lateral earth pressures on the basement walls. This increase is particularly notable in the top two-thirds of the basement wall, and it can be approximated by a trapezoidal distribution. These effects and reliability of existing analytical procedures are shown to be highly sensitive to the building's modal frequencies in relation to the frequency content of the input motion as well as the stiffness of the structure-basement system with regard to the underlying soil. The results highlight the importance of considering the building's dynamic properties and inertia in evaluating seismic earth pressures on basement walls to avoid unsafe estimations or the need for overdesign.

Smart elevator systems

Effective vertical mobility is a crucial element in the design and construction of tall buildings. This paper reviews recent “smart” developments in elevator technologies and analyzes how they affect the construction and operation of tall buildings. In an approachable and non-technical discourse, it maps out, arranges, and compiles complicated and dispersed information on various elements of elevator design. It discusses hardware-based machinery, such as AC and gearless motors, machine-room-less (MRL) elevators, regenerative drives, elevator ropes, and LED lighting, as well as software-based solutions, such as destination dispatching systems, people flow solutions, standby mode, and predictive maintenance applications. Future vertical transportation models are also discussed, including multi-directional elevators, and circulating multi-car elevators. Lastly, the paper suggests fruitful avenues for further studies on the subject, such as robotics, 3D printing, and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on elevator design.

A Novel Integrated Optimization-Driven Design Framework for Minimum-Weight Lateral-Load Resisting Systems in Wind-Sensitive Buildings Equipped with Dynamic Vibration Absorbers

The increasing rate of urbanization in recent decades has resulted in a global surge in the construction of slender high-rise buildings. These structures are prone to excessive wind-induced lateral vibrations in the crosswind direction owing to vortex shedding effects, causing occupant discomfort and, ultimately, dynamic serviceability failure. To reconcile the worldwide accelerated trend in constructing tall buildings with the sustainable building sector agenda, this paper proposes a novel bi-objective integrated design framework that leverages dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) to minimize the required material usage in the wind load-resisting structural systems (WLSSs) of occupant comfort-governed tall buildings. The framework couples structural sizing optimization for minimum-weight WLSS design (objective 1), with optimal DVA tuning for floor acceleration minimization to satisfy codified wind comfort design requirements by using the smallest DVA inertia (objective 2). Furthermore, a versatile numerical strategy is devised for the efficient solution of the proposed bi-objective optimization problem. For illustration, the framework is applied to a 15-storey steel building equipped with one of two different DVAs: a widely considered top-floor tuned mass damper (TMD) and an innovative ground-floor tuned inerter damper (TID). The derived Pareto optimal integrated (WLSS-plus-DVA) designs demonstrate that significant reduction in both structural steel usage and embodied carbon emissions can be achieved using either one of the two DVAs with moderate inertia. It is concluded that the proposed optimization-driven design framework and numerical solution strategy offer an alternative innovative approach to achieve material-efficient high-rise buildings under wind hazards.

Green Building Office Tower Design with Bioclimatic Architecture and Design Articulation

ABSTRACT
 The growth in the urbanization rate that occurs in big cities in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta, is offset by the growth of tall buildings. Office buildings are one of the most popular building constructions for investors and developers for economic and political progress in Jakarta. however, the construction of tall buildings in Jakarta can have a negative impact on the balance of the surrounding environment. This has become an impetus for the Jakarta government to move in saving the environment balanced by rapid infrastructure development with the Jakarta 30:30 as their commitment for sustainable city. The purpose of this paper is to provide design guidelines for the design of new buildings that embed a green building approach for the safety and balance of the surrounding environment. the method used in this paper is a mix method which uses quantitative and qualitative by looking at the applicable local regulatory guidelines and researching case studies that have similarities to research on green building design with a bioclimatic architectural approach and design articulation

Analysis of progressive collapse of building using ETABS

Increasing seismicity and a proportionate rise in the construction of tall buildings have increased the relevance of progressive collapse analysis for building structures. This paper aims to compare the Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR) values of two buildings, which were modelled according to the guidelines of IS 1893 (part 1) - 2016 and Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA), using linear static analysis. The analysis was conducted using ETABS software, following the guidelines of IS:456–2000 and IS:1893 (part 1) - 2016, with DCR serving as an indicative parameter. The failure of the corner column and the peripheral column were examined. The DCR values of adjacent columns and beams were calculated to check their failure and analyse the collapse. Among the two models analysed, it was observed that the model designed according to the guidelines of IS 1893 (part 1) - 2016 exhibited a lower DCR value, suggesting a higher level of resistance to progressive collapse and a greater margin of safety. The insights gained from this study can contribute to the development of more resilient and robust design practices, ultimately ensuring the safety and structural integrity of buildings during extreme events.

Investigation of wind effects on star shape building model

Building construction in India has been on rise since last two decades. More recently construction of tall buildings ranging from 10 to 50 stories have been proposed in many cities. For these buildings, wind analysis is as important as earthquake analysis, since in taller buildings, wind loads are dominant than earthquake loads at greater heights. There is a rising demand for tall structures to fulfil the occupancy requirements in congested metropolitan areas. In India, wind analysis is done according to IS 875(Part III):2015. generally engineers rely on wind tunnel experiments to understand the behaviour of winds on structures. However, for arriving at the best orientation several tests have to be conducted which is a tedious job. In this project, a necessity to adopt a different approach such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is proposed. The objective of this project is to study the effect of wind on a statement design model which is computed using AutoCAD 3D and ANSYS CFX (using CFD methodology). The modelling of building is done on AutoCAD (3D Modelling) software. The building is consisting of two cross – sections – square (at the lower portion) and plus (in the upper portion) of the building. Various contours and streamlines and their interpretation are discussed in detail.

Analysis of Tall Building by Various Types of Structural Forms under Earthquake Analysis

Abstract: In the current world scenario, high-rise buildings are favoured due to the rapid rise in land values, land shortages, and to conserve land in rural areas for agricultural use. The construction of high-rise buildings primarily depends on wind and seismic loads. The performance of buildings depends on the structural configuration. The structural system of a high-rise building is designed to work with vertical gravity loads and mainly with lateral loads caused by wind and seismic activity. The structural system consists only of elements designed to transfer loads, all other elements that are not involved in the transfer of loads are called non-structural element. The research assist the analysis of G+16 Storey level with various mode of structural form used in tall building construction. The G+16 Tall building is modelled on CSI ETBAS for Zone 4 under seismic analysis by Response spectrum analysis. The various types of struural form used in the model 1 to model 6. The structural form consists of 1) Moment resisting frame 2) Building with Braced Frame Structure 3) Building with Hull-Core (Tube-in-Tube Structure) 4) Building with Shear Wall 5) Building with Composite 6) Building with Outrigger Structure. The research concluded that the model cases no 3 is optimised under the G+16 Storey building. Other than model 2, 4, 1 & 6 recommended for optimised case in descending order

The Assessment of material resource and cycle (MRC) of architectural finishing works for tall building construction

This study is conducted to identify the application of GREENSHIP-based material resources and cycle (MRC) as part of green campus development in Universitas Negeri Malang (UM). The study focuses on the new two integrated classroom buildings in UM, which has nine floors with 44,917 m2 of total floor area. The parameters used in this study covers purchasing policy, waste management policy, the use of non-ODP refrigerant, existing conservation materials, and low environmental impact materials. The results of the study has shown that: (1) the prerequisite criteria for materials purchasing policies were fulfilled based on the use of environmentally friendly material categories in the building procurement process; (2) as for the waste treatment policy, there is the existence of a policy statement letter from the top management for waste processing and product saving campaigns; (3) the use of refrigerant without ODP are declared to be in compliance with the use of refrigerant type R410a with ODP value = 0; (4) since the building construction project use entirely new materials, the GREENSHIP requirement for used materials are not fulfilled; (5) 82.5% of materials for architectural finishing works are environmental-friendly as assessed from the materials specification; (6) regarding waste treatment practices, there is a separate waste processing facility for organic, inorganic and B3 type of waste as required by GREENSHIP.

Cities Without Skylines: Worldwide Building-Height Gaps and their Possible Determinants and Implications

There is a large literature on U.S. cities measuring the extent and stringency of land-use regulations and how regulatory and geographical constraints affect important outcomes such as housing prices and economic growth. This paper is the first to study the global extent and impact of regulatory and other constraints by estimating what we call building-height gaps. Using a novel data set on the year of construction and heights of tall buildings around the world, we compare the total height of a country’s stock of tall buildings to what the total height would have been if supply was more elastic, based on parameters from a benchmark set of countries. These gaps are larger for richer countries and for residential buildings than for commercial buildings in such countries. The gaps are driven by under-building in central areas of larger cities. These gaps are not compensated by tall building construction in peripheral areas of cities or less stringent limits on outward expansion beyond the existing boundaries of the cities. Countries with older, historic structures have larger gaps, likely due to more stringent height regulations and dispersed ownership that inhibits land assembly. Lastly, the gaps correlate strongly with international measures of housing prices, sprawl, congestion, and pollution.

Economically Prudent Design (EPC) of Outrigger-Based Structural Systems

As the construction of mega-tall buildings in all major cities around the world accelerates, the seismic risk associated with them also rises. Hence study on the response of tall buildings to earthquake loads is gaining significant importance. Outrigger tall buildings are one of the most common structural structures because they are simple to construct, cost-effective, and have significant lateral stiffness. Therefore, this research explores a structural outrigger system for high-rise buildings to analyze the output of a system by changing the place of outrigger positions. Dynamic research was performed in accordance with IS 1893, the response spectrum and time of California’s most recent earthquakes. The parameters discussed are lateral displacements, inter-storey drifts for static analysis, and base force, displacement, and spectral acceleration for dynamic analysis. From the analyzed results, it was found that an outrigger when located at H0/H=0.6 causes a maximum reduction in the lateral displacement. Hence outrigger located at H0/H=0.6 is the desired location to provide an outrigger in a structural system and could act as an initial economical prudent design solution in the construction of tall buildings with outriggers. Time history analysis shows that the reduction is maximum when the outrigger is located at H0/H=0.9 for LA03, H0/H=0.85 for LA06 H0/H=1.0 for LA14.

An Assessment of the Relation between Architectural and Structural Systems in the Design of Tall Buildings in Turkey

Many professionals from several disciplines need to cooperate in designing and constructing tall buildings since their design and construction require more complex systems and technologies in terms of structure, installation, facade, vertical circulation and fire systems compared to low-rise buildings. The architects who design tall buildings have to know the architectural and structural design considerations of tall buildings and their interrelations well. This study is expected to reveal the status of tall buildings completed in Turkey and help designers understand architectural forms, floor plans, core planning and structural systems of tall buildings. For this purpose, the factors affecting architectural and structural design were examined, and the relation between the architectural–structural system was revealed for tall buildings completed in Turkey. In order to study architectural and structural considerations, 230 constructed tall buildings in Turkey were selected and analyzed in detail. According to the results of the study, it is seen that the prismatic form is widely used as the building tower form in Turkey, the shear-frame system as the structural system, the residential function as the building function, the single symmetrical central core as the building core, and the rectangular plan as the building floor plan alike.

Do high-rise buildings influence melanoma? Tall buildings as positive externalities

Population growth, urban densification and shortage of available land make the construction of tall buildings increasingly prevalent. Given the world population growth, the volume of high-rise construction is steadily rising. Previous literature identifies skyscrapers as a potential source of negative externalities due to their high carbon footprints, and negative environmental features (reduction of sun light and wind-tunnel effects). The current study is the first to provide evidence supporting the notion that skyscrapers may also be considered a source of a positive externality. Based on data from 50 US states over a 19-year period (1999–2017), we demonstrate projected connection between the prevalence of melanoma and high-rise construction per state. This result might be attributed to the shadier environment created by these structures. Findings suggest that the annual projected increase in melanoma cases may be offset by approximately 53 additional high-rise buildings per state. Research findings may be of assistance to city planner. Potential saving associated with reduction of melanoma prevalence in terms of lost productivity and life lost should be considered. In addition, Caucasians with above 50 nevi as well as those with a personal or family history of melanoma should be encouraged to live in urban environments with tall buildings.

Vibration Analysis and Human Comfort Assessment of Building Subjected to Wind Dynamic Loads

AbstractIn the last few decades, Brazilian cities have presented a substantial increasing associated to the design and construction of tall and slender buildings. However, this architectural trend has produced flexible structural systems, with low natural frequency values and, therefore, more susceptible to excessive vibrations problems, when subjected to the nondeterministic wind loadings. Having these ideas in mind, this research work aims to study the dynamic structural response and evaluate the human comfort of a 40‐storey reinforced concrete building with 150 m high and floor dimensions of 30 m by 60 m. In this research work the Spectral Representation Method (SRM) was adopted to generate the wind nondeterministic dynamic loadings, based on the use of pressure coefficients calculated through the use of different strategies such as the HFPI‐TPU and DEDM‐HRP databases, CFD modelling and the Brazilian design standard NBR 6123. The numerical model developed for the reinforced concrete building dynamic analysis, adopted the usual mesh refinement techniques present in finite element method simulations and implemented in the ANSYS program. The main conclusions obtained in this work aim to alert the civil engineers to the relevant modifications associated with the dynamic response, when different strategies are used to calculate the wind pressure coefficients on the building's facade.

Effect of Axial Shortening of Column in Building with and without Soft Storey

The construction of tall concrete building became popular. As a result, we can see the problem of shortening of column due to huge loads carry by column .During construction of a tall building, the vertical elements would be subjected to a number of load increments. Each load increment would cause elastic shortening of columns. It will lead to long term creep and shrinkage shortening of such elements. Shortening of column cause effect on horizontal elements such as beams and slabs seriously. The slabs may not be truly horizontal after some time. Beams could be subjected to higher bending moments when connected to outer columns and inner shear walls. These could have certain structural effects and also could affect the nonstructural elements like damage to floor finishes, services etc.so it became important to study column shortening. In this paper we are going to study the influence of column shortening in case of building with and without soft storey once without considering construction stage analysis and once with considering it and also creep and shrinkage effect include in construction stage by using ETABS Software and comparing the effect.