Translational Constraints Research Articles

A Comparative Study of English-Arabic-English Translation Constraints among EFL Students

Because most of the previous research on translation constraints in English-Arabic-English translation has separately investigated English-Arabic and Arabic-English translation problems, the current study is meant to compare the constraints that EFL students face across the two translation types. To attain this objective, English-Arabic and Arabic-English tests were administered to forty-seven (N= 47) EFL students in two Moroccan university educational settings to measure their abilities in the two translation domains. The results reveal that the participants' scores in both versions are not at the expected ability level due to the obstacles they encounter in the translation process. The study also shows that having a good ability in the English-Arabic version cannot strongly predict a similar good ability in Arabic-English translation because of the different natures of the two languages, which suggests taking more care of the student’s proficiency in English and Arabic languages and exposing students to their distinctive aspects for the sake of coming up with accurate and appropriate translations. The study ends with implications for pedagogy and recommendations for future researchers.

Effect of elastic support on the linear buckling response of quasi-isotropic cylindrical shells under axial compression

Cylindrical shells under compressive loading are highly sensitive to boundary conditions. Considering that these structures are connected by surrounding structural components with finite stiffness, an accurate evaluation of the effects of their boundary stiffness is crucial in their design. As such, this work investigates the effect of elastic boundary conditions on the linear buckling behaviour of cylindrical shells under compressive loading. To achieve this goal, a virtual testing investigation on the effect of translational and rotational constraints to the linear buckling response of a quasi-isotropic cylinder subjected to axial compression is performed. Subsequently, the effect of many kinds of constraints on linear buckling behaviour is discussed and interesting insights regarding a significant coupling effect between the radial and tangential translational constraints are given. Results obtained from virtual testing show that seven recurrent buckling mode shapes occur with seven corresponding similar linear buckling loads. Therefore, based on these similarities, seven groups of classical boundary conditions are introduced to classify all possible linear buckling behaviours exhibited by the cylinder under consideration. Finally, these findings can support the development of theoretical models for cascade, or flange, designs of multiple connecting cylinders.

A homotopy-based wavelet approach for large deflection of a circular plate on nonlinear foundations with parameterized boundaries

A Coiflet-type wavelet-homotopy approach is implemented to investigate the large deformation of a circular plate resting on different nonlinear foundations with various boundary parameters. A parameterized and continuous boundary model for circular plate with various constraints of rotation and translation has been proposed overlooked in previous studies. Parameterized wavelet approximation of arbitrary Robin-type boundary is reconstituted without variable substitution. Comprehensive analysis on the parameterized Robin-type boundaries is conducted by Linear Programming Approach, indicating the boundary singularities are actually false corresponding to the degenerated cases of Dirichlet-type and Neumann-type ones. Highly accurate Coiflet-type solutions of the coupled governing nonlinear differential equations with integration involving in extreme bending of circular plate have been obtained performing good computational efficiency in excellent agreement with other numerical results, which implies the wavelet scheme is a high precision computation method with great potential in giving highly accurate solutions of strongly nonlinear problems.

Towards “Autonomous”: A review of the “stereotypical” behaviors in Robotic construction

With the development of digitalization in the architecture industry, robotic construction is now attracting attention as a new technology in the architecture industry. As the number of research cases increases, some people question whether robotic construction is really an efficient and autonomous construction process. The purpose of this paper is to point out the “stereotypical” behavior of robots in autonomous construction in the architecture industry and to question the repetition of a single action by robots in terms of architectural theory and its history. It attempts to outline an objective relationship between robotic construction and architecture and to give architects a warning and advice. It is hoped that in the future, architects will be able to realize autonomous from the perspective of architectural theory and history, rather than simply being limited by the technical constraints of computer language translation and programming.

Shadow Orfs Illuminated: Long Overlapping Genes in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa are Translated and Under Purifying Selection

The existence of overlapping genes (OLGs) with significant coding overlaps revolutionises our understanding of genomic complexity. We report two exceptionally long (957 nt and 1536 nt), evolutionarily novel, translated antisense open reading frames (ORFs) embedded within annotated genes in the medically important Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Both OLG pairs show sequence features consistent with being genes and transcriptional signals in RNA sequencing data. Translation of both OLGs was confirmed by ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry. Quantitative proteomics of samples taken during different phases of growth revealed regulation of protein abundances, implying biological functionality. Both OLGs are taxonomically highly restricted, and likely arose by overprinting within the genus. Evidence for purifying selection further supports functionality. The OLGs reported here are the longest yet proposed in prokaryotes and are among the best attested in terms of translation and evolutionary constraint. These results highlight a potentially large unexplored dimension of prokaryotic genomes.

Translation constraints of eastern loans in russian film subtitles in French

The active development of intercultural communication in the cinematic arts sets new challenges for translation theorists and practitioners. The article presents concepts that are widely used in film translation, provides a classification of audiovisual translation types, and for the first time establishes a distinction between such concepts of translation studies as: “langue relais” (translator language), ”langue pont” (transition language),”langue véhiculaire” (Transporter language) and “langue interface” (interface language). Using the example of subtitles for the film “Turkish gambit”, the authors identified ways to translate them from Russian to French and conducted a detailed statistical analysis of the frequency of using methods of translating subtitles. According to the results of experimental data, borrowing was the leading technique in translating subtitles of Boris Akunin’s script “Turkish gambit”, which necessitated a comparative study of borrowings of Eastern languages, their assimilation in Russian and French, and translation features. The use of etymological, component and morphological analysis methods allowed us to identify the specifics of translation of orientalisms in Russian and French.

Speech Act (Im)Politeness and Audiovisual Constraints in Translation for Dubbing

The present article sets out to explore the under-researched relationship between linguistic (im)politeness and audiovisual translation, by taking the speech act of requests as object of analysis in English films and in their dubbed Italian versions. As dubbing constraints often lead translators to depart substantially from the original utterance, the study shows how linguistic changes can result in alterations of the (im)polite load inherent in the requests from original film versions. The study focuses on pragmatic strategies for realizing requests in English film dialogues and shows that dubbing constraints may underlie the adoption of different pragmatic strategies for the requests of target-language dialogues. The (im)politeness shifts that this linguistic modification process entails may make the same character come across as more or less (im)polite in the target-language version and are, for this reason, worth investigating.

Translating Euphemisms in an Audio-Visual Medium. The Case of Stand-Up Comedy

Abstract The present paper investigates the difficulties in preserving humour in translating euphemisms in a specific, popular comedy genre: stand-up comedy. The investigation goes beyond the lexical level and focuses on the constraints of the audio-visual translation as well.

Erratum: Translation constraints on quantum phases with twisted boundary conditions [Phys. Rev. B 100 , 174435 (2019)

Received 12 July 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.019902©2020 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasFrustrated magnetismPhase transitionsQuantum phase transitionsTopological field theoriesPhysical SystemsAntiferromagnetsTechniquesHeisenberg modelCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied PhysicsStatistical Physics

Lost in translation? theorizing public influence on policymaking via the 2018 net neutrality repeal

ABSTRACT This article examines the role of the public in media policymaking through the lens of the 2018 U.S. net neutrality repeal. I begin by outlining a framework for conceptualizing public influence on policymaking. First, I identify constraints on the potential public impact on the policymaking process. Second, I theorize opportunities for policy reform. Third, I invoke the concept of “translation,” a discursive practice by policy actors that amplifies public opinion in the policy arena, as the mechanism by which the public can influence policy outcomes. Finally, drawing on news accounts, government documents related to the repeal, and participant observation, I apply this framework to the case study of the repeal proceedings to explore the interaction between the translation processes and constraints on public participation. The case demonstrates that translation is a fragile process, subject to co-optation, and reliant on the very structures that constrain it. By revealing how power operates through the policymaking process, the study traces the limits of public influence on communications policymaking against the oppositional public-making work of translation.

Numerical investigation of the sternoclavicular joint modeling technique for improving the surgical treatment of pectus excavatum

It is now common to perform the Nuss procedure as a surgical treatment for pectus excavatum. As several types of detailed surgical methods exist as part of the Nuss procedure, studies are currently being conducted to verify their relative superiority via computerized biomechanical methods. However, no studies have considered the influence of sternoclavicular joints on the simulations of the Nuss procedure. Accordingly, this study aims to demonstrate the influence of these joints by comparing the clinical data with the finite element analysis data. Scenarios were set by classifying the movement of the joints based on the constraints of translation and rotation in the coordinate plane. The analyses were performed by applying the set scenarios to the constructed finite element model of a chest wall. The sternal displacement, Haller index, and equivalent stress were obtained from the analysis, and the data were compared with the data of the postoperative patient. When the translation of the anterior direction on the chest wall was constrained, the result obtained thereof was found to be similar to those obtained in the actual surgery. It is suggested that more accurate results can be obtained if the influence of the sternoclavicular joints is considered.

Overcoming Cultural Constraints in Translating English Series: A Case Study of Subtitling Family Guy into Arabic

Subtitling and dubbing foreign animation in Arabic have been growing since TV screens reached Arab homes. This imposes stricter control and ethical supervision of the used language. This study examines the cultural constraints in subtitling the American animated sitcom Family Guy into Arabic. Family Guy addresses sensitive matters, such as sex, alcohol, religion, and politics, and so it is viewed with concern and caution in the Arab world. The researchers classified the cultural constraints in translation into three main categories: religious remarks, jokes & humour that revolve around proper nouns, and taboos. The analysis shows that the strategies used in translating religious remarks were scene deletion, words omission, and words omission with justifications. For jokes and humour, the translator opted for three strategies, namely, retain unchanged, retain unchanged with added guidance and retain unchanged with detailed explanation. Euphemistic expressions and word omission were the two strategies followed in translating taboos. The study concludes that the target audience has a vital role in determining the appropriate constraints on translation that go in line with their ideology and culture. Keywords: Audio-visual Translation; English-Arabic; Ideology; Subtitling; Family Guy

Problems and Constraints in Translation: A Semiotic Perspective

Constraints are an integral part of translation: in addition to purely linguistic, social and cultural aspects, professionals often have to deal with ideological, technical and ethical problems, which unlocks the potential of semiotics for translation studies. The article presents a working typology of potential constraints operating in translation. It highlights the distinction between translation problems and constraints, with the latter understood as any potential and objective factor which limits the performance of translators, forcing them to apply problem-solving tactics to produce a relevant target text. It is argued that even though the terms “constraint” and “problem” have negative connotations, the knowledge of potential impediments can often prove helpful, since it can facilitate translation by restricting possibilities or justify chosen techniques. The argumentation is supported by examples of constraints, their sources, and accepted practice.

Kinematic Analysis of Combined Suture-Button and Suture Anchor Augment Constructs for Ankle Syndesmosis Injuries.

Syndesmosis injuries are common, with up to 25% of all ankle injuries being reported to involve an associated syndesmosis injury. These injuries are typically treated with cortical screw fixation or suture-button implants when indicated, but the addition of a suture anchor augment implant has yet to be evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a suture anchor augment to add sagittal plane translational and transverse plane rotational constraint to suture-button constructs with syndesmosis injuries. We hypothesized that the suture anchor augment oriented in parallel with the fibers of an injured anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) in addition to a suture-button construct would achieve physiological motion and stability at the syndesmosis through increased rotational and translational constraint of the fibula. Eleven fresh-frozen cadaver ankles were stressed in external rotation using a custom-made ankle rig. Each ankle had simultaneous recording of ultrasound video, 6 degrees-of-freedom kinematics of the fibula and tibia, and torque as the ankle was stressed by an examiner. The ankles were tested in 6 different states: native uninjured; injured with interosseous ligament and AITFL sectioned; 1× suture button; 2× suture buttons, divergent; 1× suture anchor augment with 2× suture buttons, divergent; and 1× suture anchor augment with 1× suture buttons. Only the suture anchor augment + 2× suture buttons and suture anchor augment + 1× suture-button constructs were found to be significantly different from the injured state (P = .0003, P = .002) with mean external rotation of the fibula. Overall, the most important finding of this study was that the addition of a suture anchor augment to suture-button constructs provided a mechanism to increase external rotational constraint of the fibula. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of how the combined suture-button and suture anchor augment construct provides an anatomically similar reconstruction of constraints found in the native ankle. However, none of the constructs examined in this study were able to fully restore physiologic motion.

Translation constraints on quantum phases with twisted boundary conditions

Bulk properties of quantum phases should be independent of a specific choice of boundary conditions as long as the boundary respects the symmetries. Based on this physically reasonable requirement, we discuss the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis-type ingappability in two-dimensional quantum magnets under a boundary condition that makes evident a quantum anomaly underlying the lattice system. In particular, we direct our attention to those on the checkerboard lattice, which are closely related to frustrated quantum magnets on the square lattice and on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice. Our discussion is focused on the adiabatic U(1) flux insertion through a closed path in a boundary condition twisted by a spatial rotation and a reflection. Two-dimensional systems in this boundary condition are effectively put on a nonorientable space, namely the Klein bottle. We show that the translation symmetry on the Klein-bottle space excludes the possibility of the unique and gapped ground state. Taking advantage of the flux insertion argument, we also discuss the ground-state degeneracy on magnetization plateaus of the Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the checkerboard lattice.

Covariance-Based Multiple-Impulse Rendezvous Design

A novel trajectory design methodology is proposed in the current work to minimize the state uncertainty in the crucial mission of spacecraft rendezvous. The trajectory is shaped under constraints utilizing a multiple-impulse approach. State uncertainty is characterized in terms of covariance, and the impulse time as the only affective parameter in uncertainty propagation is selected to minimize the trace of the covariance matrix. Further, the impulse location is also adopted as the other design parameter to satisfy various translational constraints of the space mission. Efficiency and viability of the proposed idea have been investigated through some scenarios that include constraints on final time, control effort, and maximum thruster limit addition to considering safe corridors. The obtained results show that proper selection of the impulse time and impulse position fulfils a successful feasible rendezvous mission with minimum uncertainty.

Knowledge Translation Practices, Enablers, and Constraints: Bridging the Research–Practice Divide in Sport Management

Funding bodies seek to promote scientific research that has a social or economic impact beyond academia, including in sport management. Knowledge translation in sport management remains largely implicit and is yet to be fully understood. This study examines how knowledge translation in sport management can be conceptualized and fostered. The authors draw on a comparative analysis of coproduced research projects in Belgium and Australia to identify the strategic, cognitive, and logistic translation practices that researchers adopt, as well as enablers and constraints that affect knowledge translation. The findings show ways in which knowledge translation may be facilitated and supported, such as codesign, boundary spanning, adaptation of research products, and linkage and exchange activities. The findings reveal individual, organizational, and external constraints that need to be recognized and, where possible, managed.

Um tipo de mágica: Aspectos da rima em poemas originais e traduzidos

Rimas em poemas originais e traduzidos são o tema deste artigo, seu objetivo sendo analisá-las como cerceamentos potencialmente criativos na escrita original e na tradução. Com esse objetivo, o artigo analisa ideias comumente aceitas sobre rimas, como a suposição de que rimas limitam a expressão, para refutá-las por meio de argumentos girando em torno ao potencial criativo das rimas em poemas originais e em poemas traduzidos, rimas sendo consideradas como convenções ou cerceamentos que, uma vez usadas com propriedade pelo poeta e pelo poeta-tradutor, são um componente da sua originalidade. Desse ângulo, o uso apropriado da rima estaria ligado à criação de contextos logicamente convincentes para as rimas. No caso de traduções poéticas, em que o tradutor não pode senão usar um contexto estrangeiro como ponto de partida para a experiência literária a ser desenvolvida em sua tradução, o contexto estrangeiro é já um cerceamento a mais no caso de rimas, o que prova que os cerceamentos na tradução são maiores do que na escrita original. Essas ideias sobre rima também são apresentadas no artigo como relacionadas a visões pessoais do autor sobre tradução poética, inspiradas por escritos críticos de Jean Boasse-Beier e Michael Hamburger. Segundo os pontos de vista do autor, seguindo os passos de Jean Boasse-Beier, a tradução é uma arte cerceada, e “paráfrases poéticas”, que ele define idiossincraticamente a partir de suas elaborações das idéias seminais de Dryden sobre o assunto, é o expediente que ele escolhe para lidar com cerceamentos na tradução poética. Por fim, o artigo analisa trechos da tradução de O flautista em Hamelin à luz dessas idéias, e inclui uma versão atualizada do poema publicado em décadas anteriores.

Jointly Extracting Multiple Triplets with Multilayer Translation Constraints

Triplets extraction is an essential and pivotal step in automatic knowledge base construction, which captures structural information from unstructured text corpus. Conventional extraction models use a pipeline of named entity recognition and relation classification to extract entities and relations, respectively, which ignore the connection between the two tasks. Recently, several neural network-based models were proposed to tackle the problem, and achieved state-of-the-art performance. However, most of them are unable to extract multiple triplets from a single sentence, which are yet commonly seen in real-life scenarios. To close the gap, we propose in this paper a joint neural extraction model for multitriplets, namely, TME, which is capable of adaptively discovering multiple triplets simultaneously in a sentence via ranking with translation mechanism. In experiment, TME exhibits superior performance and achieves an improvement of 37.6% on F1 score over state-of-the-art competitors.

Design of a Flexibly-Constrained Revolute Pair with Non-Linear Stiffness for Safe Robot Mechanisms

A revolute pair with a flexible translational constraint on a plane is proposed as simple mechanism for safe robots. The mechanism is composed of two pairing elements, one with a circular and one with a cam profile that are connected by a linear spring. Flexible translational constraint is generated by spring forces and the reaction force between the two pairing elements. Two methods for designing the cam profile are proposed in order to implement the specified non-linear stiffness in the flexible constraint. Design examples with various stiffness characteristics are shown. Some prototypes are fabricated, and it is confirmed that they perform as designed. As an application, a flexible, underactuated link mechanism with the proposed pairs is synthesized, and its flexibility and kinematic performance are investigated.