Constituents Of Leaf Essential Oil Research Articles

Exploring the Composition and Bioactivity of Hedychium flavum Leaf and Stem Essential Oil: In Vitro Assessment of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities

Hedychium flavum is an edible, medicinal, and aromatic plant widely cultivated for its essential oil. So far, little studies have been done on its phytoconstituents and bioactivities. Hence, the research aimed to determine the chemical constituents of leaf essential oil (L-EO) and stem essential oil (S-EO) of H. flavum and first estimate their antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities. According to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector/mass spectrometer (GC-FID/MS) assay, L-EO was mainly composed of β-pinene (33.4%), α-pinene (10.4%), humulene (6.8%), β-caryophyllene (6.0%), eucalyptol (6.0%), caryophyllene oxide (5.5%), endo-borneol (3.8%), humulene epoxide II (3.7%), and D-limonene (3.2%). The predominant components of S-EO were β-pinene (17.2%), eucalyptol (9.7%), nerolidol (7.8%), α-phellandrene (6.7%), α-pinene (5.8%), β-caryophyllene (5.4%), terpinen-4-ol (4.5%), D-limonene (4.4%), p-cymene (3.7%), endo-borneol (3.5%), and α-terpineol (3.5%). For the bioactivities, L-EO and S-EO showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9.77–625.00 µg/mL and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 9.77–1250.00 µg/mL. Both L-EO and S-EO exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH (14.52 ± 0.93 mg/mL and 4.73 ± 0.15 mg/mL, respectively) and ABTS (4.05 ± 0.75 mg/mL and 2.38 ± 0.14 mg/mL, respectively) free radical scavenging capacity. S-EO showed selective cytotoxicity on human leukemic K562 cell line (IC50 = 93.94 ± 0.91 µg/mL), which was nearly three times that of noncancer L929 cell line (IC50 = 294.49 ± 9.40 µg/mL). In enzyme inhibitory properties, L-EO exerted a potent inhibition on α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.03 ± 0.02 mg/mL), and both essential oils had weak inhibition against cholinesterase and tyrosinase. Thus, H. flavum L-EO and S-EO possess antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities with potential for exploitation in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

In Vitro and In Vivo Antimelanogenesis Effects of Leaf Essential Oil from Agathis dammara.

Agathis species are widely distributed around Southeast Asia, Australasia, South Pacific islands, and etc. Traditionally, Agathis species have been used as the folk medicines, the common ethnopharmacological uses of Agathis genus are the treatments of headache and myalgia. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition of Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rich. leaf essential oil and to explore its antimelanogenesis effect. The chemical constituents of leaf essential oil are analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the major constituents of leaf essential oil are sesquiterpenoids. The major constituents are δ-cadinene (16.12%), followed by γ-gurjunene (15.57%), 16-kaurene (12.43%), β-caryophyllene (8.58%), germacrene D (8.53%), and γ-cadinene (5.33%). As for the in vitro antityrosinase activity, leaf essential oil inhibit the tyrosinase activity of mushroom when the substrate is 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Leaf essential oil prevents tyrosinase from acting as diphenolase and catalyzing L-DOPA to dopaquinone, and converting into dark melanin pigments. A. dammara leaf essential oil also exhibits the in vivo antimelanogenesis effect, leaf essential oil reduces 43.48% of melanin formation in zebrafish embryos at the concentration of 50 μg/mL. Results reveal A. dammara leaf essential oil has the potential for developing the skin whitening drug and depigmentation ingredient for hyperpigmentary disorders.

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Chemical Composition of Pistacia chinensis Leaf Essential Oil.

Gout is a common metabolic disease caused by abnormal purine metabolism that promotes the formation and deposition of monosodium urate crystals within joints that causes acute arthritis and can seriously affect the daily life of patients. Pistacia chinensis is one of the traditional medicinal plants of the Anacardiaceae family, and there have been many studies on its biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antibacterial, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigout effect of P. chinensis leaf essential oil and its constituents through xanthine oxidase inhibition. Leaf essential oil showed good xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity for both substrates, hypoxanthine and xanthine. Six fractions were obtained from open column chromatography, and fraction E1 exhibited the best activity. The constituents of leaf essential oil and fraction E1 were analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of both leaf essential oil and fraction E1 were limonene and 3-carene; limonene showed a higher inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase. Based on the enzyme kinetic investigation, limonene was the mixed-type inhibitor against xanthine oxidase. The results revealed that Pistacia chinensis leaf essential oil and limonene have the potential to act as natural remedies for the treatment of gout.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thomson Leaves and Its Biological Activities

In the current study, the chemical constituents of leaf essential oil from Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thomson were identified by GC/MS analysis. A total of 25 components (91.1 %) in the essential oil were identified. The major compounds present in the oil were trans-caryophyllene (19.7 %), ocimene (13.2 %), E, E-α-farnesene (10.3 %), phenylmethyl ester (5.6 %), farnesyl acetone (5.1 %), t-muurolol (4.2 %), farnesol (3.7 %), β-elemene (3.1 %), α-cadinol (3.0 %), copaene (2.9 %), benzyl benzoate (2.3 %), trans-farnesol (2.1 %). The essential oil is rich in sesquiterpenoids including sesquiterpenes hydrocarbon (42.3 %), monoterpene hydrocarbons (18.1 %), and in addition to that oxygenated compound representing (30.7 %). The Antioxidant efficiency of essential oil of C. odorata leaves was performed by DPPH radical method together with BHA as standard. The essential oil showed concentration-dependent antiradical activity with EC50 value of 19.5±1.25 μg/mL, when compared with standard BHA which showed EC50 value of 1.10±0.55 μg/mL. The in vitro anticancer potential of essential oil was evaluated by using MOLT-3 cell line by MTT assay. The C. odorata essential oil exhibited significant anticancer activity with IC50 value of 44.22 μg/mL. From the results, C. odorata essential oil has significant antioxidant and anticancer properties which can be utilised as a natural supplement as antioxidant and anticancer agents in pharmaceutical and food industries since it is available throughout the year.

Morphological, Cytological, and Chemotypic Variation of Essential Oils in Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Syzygium cumini, is a medicinally important plant and exhibits a wide range of cytomorphological diversity. The present attempt was made to study the detailed meiotic course in five different populations from North India. The meiotic analysis depicts the presence of three cytotypes with 2n = 22, 44, and 66. These cytotypes were further subjected to the chemical analysis of the content and composition of leaf essential oil by GC-MS. All three-leaf samples (SLS-1, SLS-2, and SLS-3) collected from the same study area (Patiala, Punjab) were reported to be different in the content and composition of their essential oil components. The extraction yields of oils from leaves were 0.37 % (SLS-1), 0.42 % (SLS-2), and 0.39 % (SLS-3), respectively. The essential oil constituents identified were 38, 39, and 39 out of total 40 constituents for each oil sample representing 99.08 %, 99.52 %, and 99.39 % of the compositions, respectively. The major constituents of leaf essential oil of sample SLS-1 were: Iso-dihydrocarveol (14.61 %); (Z)-β-ocimene (12.02 %). From sample SLS-2 were (Z)-β-ocimene (19.45 %); α-pinene (14.80 %). From the sample, SLS-3 was: (Z)-β-ocimene (13.75 %); α-pinene (9.08 %), respectively. The present study identifies the best cytotype which can be preferably cultivated commercially for their use in the preparation of medicines and other formulations.

A new chemotype of Lantana rhodesiensis Moldenke essential oil from Côte d’Ivoire: Chemical composition and biological activities

Lantana rhodesiensis Moldenke is a plant native to subtropical and tropical regions, which is widely used in traditional medicine. The composition of essential oils hydrodistillated from leaves, fruits and stems of plants growing in two different localities of Côte d’Ivoire, Kapélé and Nyanbélégé, were analysed over four months. Essential oil composition was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the main constituents of leaf essential oils were β-caryophyllene (20.3–27.1%), α-copaene (9.5–11.9%), δ-cadinene (7.3–9.9%) and α-humulene (7.5–9.6%). Thymol was also found in two samples from Kapélé (7.7 and 13.4%) and in one sample from Nyanbélégé (17.4%). Fruit essential oil was characterised by a predominance of β-caryophyllene (22.8–25.2%), α-copaene (8.7–11.7%), α-humulene (8.0–9.9%) and δ-cadinene (7.3–10.6%). In addition, stem oil was dominated by β-caryophyllene (14.3–22.4%), followed by α-copaene (7.4–14.7%), δ-cadinene (10.6–12.6%), α-humulene (5.0–8.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (5.2–8.0%). Statistical analysis showed that leaf and fruit essential oils exhibited very similar compositions, but differed from those of the stem. Essential oils of the leaves showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Samples with a high thymol concentration exhibited high antioxidant activities, while those containing low quantities of thymol displayed elevated anti-inflammatory properties.

Benzoic Acid Induced Variations in Essential Oil of Valencia Orange Trees Grown in Reclaimed Land of Egypt

Benzoic acid (BA) plays an important role in physiological processes of Valencia orange essential oil. The essential oil of Valencia orange has different medicinal and biological properties. Influences of benzoic acid on essential oil isolated from leaves and peels of these trees were investigated in a new reclaimed region of Egypt. The trees treated with BA at 20 and 40 mg/L compared with an untreated control. Benzoic acid at 20 mg/L resulted in the greatest amounts (0.3 and 0.7%) of essential oil extracted from leaves and peels. The components of sabinene (35.6-37.9%), Δ-3-carene (13.2-14.5%) and limonene (11.1-12.6%) were detected as the major constituents of leaf essential oil; while limonene (70.3-71.5%), myrcene (5.2-7.1%) and γ-terpinene (4.2-5.2%) were detected as main components of peels essential oil. The dose of 20 mg/L BA produced the highest values of all major components. The detected components in essential oil produced from leaves and peels belonged to 4 chemical groups i.e. monoterpene hydrocarbons (MCH), oxygenated monoterpenes (MCHO), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SCH) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (SCHO). The greatest amounts of MCH (79%), SCH (7.5%) and SCHO (1.7%) were recorded with the BA at 20 mg/L, while the highest value of MCHO (18.4%) was recorded with the treatment of 40 mg/L. The results of chemical groups of peels essential oil indicated that control treatments resulted in the highest values of MCHO (10.6%), SCH (3.7%) and SCHO (0.8%) but the greatest value of MCH (88.7%) was recorded with BA at 20 mg/L.

Identification of Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Properties Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus Leaf Essential Oil

The constituents of leaf essential oil of Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus (JOO) from wild flora of Gevas-Van in Turkey (Mount Artos) were studied using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and their antibacterial activities were assessed. A total of 18 compounds representing 99.98% of leaves oil were identified. The oils of the plant are all dominated by monoterpenes. The main compounds of essential oil in leaves were Limonene (45.77%), α-Pinene (23.94%), β-Phellandrene (10.83%), β-Pinene (5.68%), o-Cymene (3.30%), respectively. The essential oils were tested against Staphylacoccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomanas aeruginosa, Enterecoccus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli strains using the disc diffusion method. The diameter of the inhibition zones formed for bacteria were measured. The essential oils of JOO found to be active against all of the tested microorganisms and showed the susceptible inhibition zones. However, they were not as much as effective against bacterial strains when compared to ampicillin and ofloxacin. The extracts of JOO showed most significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with inhibition zone diameter of 15 mm. The lowest inhibition zone diameter was Staphylococcus aureus with 11 mm.

Chemical Constituents of Leaf Essential Oil of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Growing in Eastern India

Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Family: Zingiberaceae) is an important rhizomatous medicinal herb, grows wild in India. The leaf essential oil of C. angustifolia was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by using Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty six compounds comprising 91.17 % of the total peak area were identified. The major components of the leaf essential oil were 8,9-dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (33.48 %) followed by curzerenone (11.81 %), xanthorrhizol isomer (7.59 %), eucalyptol (6.62 %), camphor (3.27 %), germacrone (3.21 %), xanthorrhizol (2.98 %), ar-turmerone (1.62 %), curdione (1.60 %) and camphene (1.43 %) respectively. The leaf essential oil was found to be predominant with oxygenated sesquiterpenes (68.20 %). Because of the presence of remarkable phytoconstituents, the leaf essential oil of C. angustifolia would have enough significance in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Chemical composition, mechanism of antibacterial action and antioxidant activity of leaf essential oil of Forsythia koreana deciduous shrub.

To identify the chemical constituents of leaf essential oil of Forsythia koreana (F.koreana) and evaluate its effects on bacterial strains. The essential oil of leaf of F.koreana was extracted by using hydrodistillation process and the volatile components investigated with the help of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The antibacterial study was carried out with the help of agar disc diffusion method, MIC, MBC and viable count. The mode of action was determined with help of potassium ion flux, cellular material release and scanning electron microscopy. The antioxidant activity was determined with the help of 2, 3-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method, nitric oxide scavenging activity and superoxide anion radical scavenging assay. Total ten compounds were identified as trans-phytol (42.73%), cis-3-hexenol (12.95%), β-linalool (10.68%), trans-2-hexenal (8.86%), trans-2-hexenol (8.86%), myrcenol (3.86%), 4-vinylphenyl acetate (3.86%), (4Z)-4,6-heptadien-1-ol (3.18%), lemonol (2.73%) and benzeneacetaldehyde (2.27%) by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The antibacterial study was demonstrated that leaf essential oil of F.koreana act against foodborne and other pathogenic bacteria. The mode of action revealed that this essential oil acted on the cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in loss of integrity and increased permeability. In addition, leaf essential oil of F.koreana was shown to be rich in linalool, which contributes to improved antioxidant activity. These results show that leaf essential oil of F.koreana has great potential as a natural food preservative, antibacterial and antioxidant agent.

Chemical constituents of leaf essential oils of four Scrophulariaceae species grown in Vietnam

In the present investigation, the essential oil compositions of four individual plants from Scrophulariaceae family cultivated in Vietnam were reported. The air-dried plants were hydrodistilled (Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia) and the oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The essential oils content varied between 0.15% and 0.40% (v/w) on a dry weight basis. Monoterpenes (74.0%–85.1) represent the main class of compound in the oils. Adenosma bracteosa Bon., afforded oil whose major compounds were carvacrol (37.2%), carvarol methyl ether (23.2%), α-bisabolene (15.9%) and γ-terpinene (9.2%). The oil of Adenosma indiana (Lour.) Merr., comprised mainly of limonene (25.1%), 1,8-cineole (20.1%) and α-pinene (17.2%). However, methyl benzoate (27.7%), pulegone (23.4%) and limonene (20.2%) were the significant compounds of Limnophila aromatica (Lour.) Merr., while Limnophila micrantha (Benth.) Benth., gave oil whose main compounds are mentha-1,5,8-triene (38.5%) and β-myrcene (24.4%).

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils isolated from leaves and fruits of Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) W.D.J. Koch

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils isolated from fruits and leaves of Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) W.D.J. Koch were determined in order to define their medical potential. An analysis of leaf and fruit essential oils by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) resulted in identification of 141 different components, representing 93.6% and 96.1% of the total oils. The most abundant class of compounds in fruit essential oil was monoterpenoids (64.0%) and in the leaf essential oil sesquiterpenoids (82.0%). The major contributors of fruit essential oil were β-phellandrene (45.2%) and α-pinene (10.1%). The major constituents of leaf essential oil were caryophyllene oxide (23.1%), germacrene D (12.2%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.2%). Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined by performing broth microdilution assay. In the antibacterial activity assay, both samples showed moderate activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with inhibitory effect at 0.625 and 1.25 mg/mL, weak activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inhibitory effect at 5.00 mg/mL and no effect on the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The results showed that essential oils composition of P. austriacum leaves and fruits differed considerably. Tested oils were proved selective antibacterial agents.

Volatile terpenoid compositions of leaf and rhizome of Curcuma amada Roxb. from Northern India

The volatile constituents of leaves and rhizomes of Curcuma amada grown in the foothills of Uttarakhand, India, were studied by using capillary gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The analysis revealed fifty-seven constituents comprising 92.69% and 98.56% of the leaf and rhizome oil compositions. The leaf essential oil of C. amada was mainly composed of furanosesquiterpenoids, namely epi-curzerenone (10.76%), curzerenone (9.53%), curzerene (3.95%) and furanogermenone (1.77%). Camphor (17.90%), isoborneol (7.30%), camphene (3.57%), borneol (1.87%) and camphene hydrate (1.25%) were the major constituents of 36.79% of the monoterpenoids fraction of leaf essential oil composition. Conversely, the rhizome essential oil of C. amada was mainly dominated by monoterpenoids (97.72%), with myrcene (88.84%) a single major constituent along with β-pinene (3.74%), (E)-β-ocimene (2.61%) and other minor constituents. Comparison of the volatile constituents of leaves and rhizome essential oil of C. amada revealed sharp qualitative and quantitative variations. Furanosesquiterpenoids, isoborneol and borneol were the exclusive constituents of leaf essential oil, and were not noticed in rhizome oil of C. amada. Myrcene, the single major constituent of rhizome oil, along with β-pinene and (E)-β-ocimene, seem to be responsible for the characteristic mango aroma of C. amada.

Constituents of Leaf Essential Oil of Mentha longifolia from India

1) Centre for Environment and Vocational Studies, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014,India; 2) Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India, e-mail: daizybatish@yahoo.com. Publishedin Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 426-427, July-August, 2008. Original article submitted February 5, 2007. 528 0009-3130/08/4404-0528

Study on the Antiinflammatory Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum

The leaf essential oil from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh.) was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 21 compounds were identified. The major constituents of leaf essential oil were the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (17.0%) and santolina triene (14.2%) and the sesquiterpenes spathulenol (15.7%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.2%). In the antiinflammatory activity assay, we demonstrated that the essential oil has a higher capacity to inhibit proIL-1beta protein expression induced by LPS-treated J774A.1 murine macrophage. At dosages of 60 microg/mL, essential oil clearly inhibited proIL-1beta protein expression. Furthermore, a dose of 60 microg/mL of essential oil was effectively inhibitory for IL-1beta and IL-6 production but not for TNF-alpha, suggesting that essential oil was bioactive in antiinflammation in vitro. This study is the first to report antiinflammatory activity of extracts obtained from the leaf essential oil of C. osmophloeum.

Antifungal property of the essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf against tree pathogenic fungi

AbstractThis study compares the chemical constituents of leaf essential oils from various geographical provenances of Cinnamomum osmophloeum and investigates their antifungal activities against six tree pathogenic fungi. According to GC‐MS and cluster analyses, the leaf essential oils obtained from different geographical provenances and their relative contents were classified into six chemotypes: cinnamaldehyde type, cinnamaldehyde–cinnamyl acetate type, cinnamyl acetate type, linalool type, camphor type, and mixed type. Results from the antifungal tests show that the leaf essential oils of cinnamaldehyde type and cinnamaldehyde–cinnamyl acetate type have excellent inhibitory effect against Rhizoctonia solani, Collectotrichum gloeosporioides, Ganoderma australe and Fusarium solani. Furthermore, among the fourteen constituents of C osmophloeum leaf essential oils, Z‐cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, geraniol and citral display the best antifungal properties. Comparisons of the antifungal properties of Z‐cinnamaldehyde congeners reveal that Z‐cinnamaldehyde exhibits the best antifungal property of this group. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry