Herbal Constituents Research Articles

Therapeutic landscape of natural products and emulgel in psoriasis

Psoriasis, characterized by immune-mediated inflammation triggered by dysfunctions in the immune system, manifests in various skin areas with elevated plaques presenting as common symptoms. Traditional psoriasis treatments often incorporate plant-based remedies, which, although safer, are predominantly hydrophobic, limiting their permeation and absorption into the skin. To address these challenges, researchers have turned to emulgels as drug delivery systems. Emulgels, combining the properties of both emulsions and gels, effectively solubilize hydrophobic drug molecules, enhancing their absorption through the skin. Emulgels shows several advantages including easy application and removal, emollient properties, non-greasiness, cosmetic appeal, and excellent penetration capabilities.This review emphasizes the significance of herbal drugs in psoriasis therapeutics and explores the utilization of emulgels as a delivery system for herbal extracts and constituents in psoriasis treatment. By highlighting the potential of emulgels in enhancing the delivery of herbal remedies for psoriasis management, this review offers insights into novel approaches to address the challenges associated with traditional psoriasis treatments.

Protective role of hydroxy citric acid (HCA) against lead induced toxicity in albino wistar rats

The present study was designed to evaluate the role of herbal active constituent hydroxycitric acid obtained from Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus subdariffa in heavy metal especially lead poisoning. The Lead acetate at 500ppm was used as an inducing agent in the present study. Sodium acetate (500ppm) used as control group is used as a baseline measure. The HCA at 100 mg/kg and 200mg/kg were used in the treatment of lead induced toxicity in rats. At the end of 28 days study period the blood levels of alpha ALAD activity was estimated in all the treatment groups. Lead inhibits the ALAD is more profound and its inhibition has been used clinically to gauge the degree of lead poisoning. Inhibition of ALAD results in the accumulation of aminolaevulinic acid, detectable in the plasma and urine even at blood lead levels of less than 10 µg/dl. It results that HCA showed significant elevated levels of ALAD activity, which was reduced by the lead intoxication. HCA showed significant reduction of liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP). The markers like protein, bilirubin and creatinine were also found to be elevated in lead intoxicated rats and was found to be decreased significantly in a concentration dependent manner.

Visualizing research trends and identifying hotspots of herbal components for treating cardiovascular diseases: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2023.

The objective of this study was to investigate the global research trends in herbal medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) from 2000 to 2023. A bibliometric approach was employed to analyze international collaborations, knowledge structures, emerging trends, and research frontiers. The Web of Science (WOS) core collection was utilized as the database, employing the search formula (((TS = (traditional Chinese medicine)) OR TS = (Chinese herbal medicinal ingredient)) OR TS = (Chinese herbal medicinal constituent)) AND TS = (cardiovascular disease) to conduct the search. The search period spanned from January 1, 2000, to February 14, 2023, and the literature type included articles and reviews. A total of 1478 papers were included in the analysis after searching the WOS database and excluding conference proceedings, news articles, retractions, editorials, and letters. China demonstrated the highest number of publications, followed by the United States and Taiwan (China). The institution with the highest publications was the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. China, the United States, and India were the main countries involved in research in this field, and there was significant collaboration among them. The hotspots related to herbal components for treating cardiovascular diseases from 2000 to 2023 included systematic reviews, ischemic reperfusion injury, global burden, type 2 diabetes, and protection. This paper provides a reference for the future development of herbal research in cardiovascular aspects by revealing the current status, hotspots, and trends of global herbal research in cardiovascular factors over more than 20 years. Identification of potential collaborators and institutions can assist researchers in exploring new directions for future research and discovering new perspectives for potential collaborations in this field.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL SHAMPOO FROM GREWIA SERRULATA DC. STEM BARK

Shampooing is one of the most common forms of hair treatment, primarily cleansing the hair and scalp. Herbal shampoo is a natural haircare product used to remove grease, dirt and dandruff, promote growth, and strengthen the hair. This study aims to formulate a shampoo containing herbal extract that can be an alternative to chemical-based shampoo and may also show better safety. Aqueous extract of stem bark of Grewia serrulata DC. belonging to the family Tiliaceae which is highly mucilaginous in nature was used as the main ingredient in the formulated herbal shampoo. The main objective of the study was to prepare herbal shampoo incorporating the herbal constituent base and evaluate the herbal shampoo for cosmetic purposes.

Quantitative Estimation of Secondary Metabolites of Shadanga Paniya Classical Ayurvedic Formulation and Constituent Herbs

Abstract Background: In the present scenario, ayurvedic drugs and their formulations need standardization to understand their pharmacokinetics and to prevent any safety issues. Shadanga Paniya (SP) is a classical ayurvedic formulation composed of six herbs and most of the constituent herbs have been shown the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and total phenolic contents (TPC). Materials and Methods: Preliminary qualitative estimations of alkaloids, flavonoids, and TPC in SP formulation and its constituent herbs were done using Dragendroff’s method, sodium hydroxide solution, and ferric chloride solution. The quantitative estimations were done using bromocresol green, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent method. Statistical Analysis Used: All the qualitative and quantitative analyses were replicated in three independent assays, and the results were reported as a mean ± standard deviation. Results and Conclusion: The results revealed that constituent herbs of SP formulation have the presence of flavonoids and total phenolic acid, whereas alkaloid was only found in Vetiveria zizanioides herb. The quantitative estimation of alkaloids, total flavonoids, and total phenolic acid contents of SP formulation was found as 86.105 ± 6.4 mgAE/g, 87.8 ± 4.0 mgRE/g, and 105.8 ± 3.8 mgGAE/g, respectively. This is the first report on the phytochemical estimation of SP formulation.

Understanding the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Overview of Ayurvedic and Traditional Formulations used for COVID-19

COVID-19, a severe global catastrophe spread by the corona-virus which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as one of the most dangerous transmitted diseases. Natural products and their use in respiratory infections with low toxicity is seen. In the present scenario health care system is turning to medicinal plant products. Herbal medicine includes multiple active constituents for a variety of diseases, but proper information is needed for the preparation of herbal regimens; otherwise, active constituents would be negatively affected. So this keep in mind, Standardization parameter like ash value, acid insoluble value, acid value saponification value is discussed here. Ayurvedic Formulation like Aswagandha, Giloy, Tulsi, Neem, clove, pepper, Licorice is standardized for their quality, purity, inorganic content and lack of chemical constituents which causes severe problem after administration. Many preclinical and clinical trials conducted to evaluate the effect of herbal drugs which can cure and prevent the COVID-19. The herbal constituent extracted from different plant part is standardized like stem, root, leaves for their qualitative analysis which is effective against COVID-19. This review article discussing about the quality and purity and tell about the pros and cons of the herbal drug and its effect. The use of herbal drug for Ayurvedic formulation show potent effect for mild, moderate and severe effect of COVID-19 , inflammation ,respiratory distress , cough , cold and loss of senses . Some Ayurvedic formulation which is present in market is guduchi, giloy ghanvati, tulsi ghanvati, neem ghanvati, aswagandha ghanvati, yasthimadhu, laxmivilas rasa, sudarshan ghanvati etc . Which is having great effect in these type of COVID-19 symptoms.

Synergy in Ayurveda: The Role of Anupana in Maximizing Therapeutic Effects

Anupana, a fundamental concept in Ayurvedic medicine, enhances the efficacy of herbal treatments through strategic combinations with specific substances. Derived from the Sanskrit “anu” (following) and “pana” (drink), anupana refers to the medium consumed alongside or after medicinal substances to optimize absorption, potency, and therapeutic effects. This article explores anupana’s significance in Ayurvedic healing, including its historical evolution, scientific principles, and contemporary applications. Anupana enhances the bioavailability of active compounds, mitigates potential side effects, and fosters synergistic therapeutic effects with primary medicines. For instance, milk facilitates the absorption of fat-soluble constituents in herbs like Ashwagandha, while honey aids in delivering certain herbs’ benefits through its unique properties. In modern practice, anupana integrates into personalized health regimens, aligning with trends towards integrative and personalized medicine. By elucidating anupana’s principles and applications, this article aims to empower practitioners and enthusiasts to harness its potential for holistic well-being through the timeless wisdom of Ayurveda.

Herbal Nano Formulations for Topical Drug Delivery: Prospective for Multiple Skin Disorders

Dermatological conditions exert their influence across the globe, encompassing a broad spectrum of maladies ranging from commonplace afflictions such as acne and eczema to more formidable challenges like psoriasis and cutaneous malignancies. The realm of topical drug delivery stands as a pivotal modality in the domain of dermatology, proffering precise and minimally invasive therapeutic avenues. In recent times, the fusion of herbal curatives with the marvels of nanotechnology has surfaced as a pioneering strategy. This comprehensive review undertakes an exploration of the amalgamation of herbal constituents within nano-sized drug carriers, catering to the domain of topical applications, with a particular emphasis on their potential to address a myriad of dermatological conditions. The outset of this review is dedicated to the elucidation of the meticulous criteria governing the selection of herbal components and the underpinning rationale behind their integration into nanoscale formulations, thereby spotlighting the rich heritage of botanical remedies intrinsic to traditional medical practices. Subsequently, meticulous scrutiny of nanotechnology’s role in the domain of cutaneous drug conveyance ensues, elucidating diverse nanoparticle typologies and their respective mechanisms of therapeutic action. The crux of this review centers upon the manifold approaches of herbal nanoformulations, encompassing lipid-based matrices, polymer-driven carriers, liposomal constructs, micellar entities, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendritic platforms, and nanogels. For each of these approaches, illustrative case studies are presented, thereby affording perspicacity to their bespoke utility in the management of diverse dermatological conditions. In the ensuing discourse, the potential of herbal nanoformulations in the amelioration of acne, mitigation of psoriatic manifestations, alleviation of eczematous distress, acceleration of wound healing, attenuation of scar formation, and prophylaxis against cutaneous neoplasia is subjected to meticulous examination. The purview extends to the discerning analysis of clinical trials and the practice informed by empirical evidence, thereby shedding illuminative insight into the safety and efficacy profiles of these innovative formulations. Concomitantly, the challenges entailing regulatory adherence, standardization, and the enforcement of rigorous quality control are thoughtfully addressed, with a subsequent contemplation of the trajectories shaping the future of this burgeoning discipline. In summation, this review underscores the intrinsic value of interdisciplinary synergism and underscores the compelling imperative for relentless research efforts that propel herbal nanoformulations to the vanguard of mainstream dermatological therapeutics. In doing so, a new epoch in the management of cutaneous disorders is heralded, one that promises safe, efficacious, and patient-centric interventions, thus ushering in a transformative era in the domain of dermatological care.

In vitro evaluation of nanocomposites of linseed mucilage and k-carrageenan loaded with Achyrocline satureioides nanoemulsion: a gradual-release candidate of antimicrobials for the treatment of bovine mastitis.

This research paper presents the development and evaluation of pioneering nanocomposites (NCs) based on the combination of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage. When loaded with macela extract nanoemulsion they present an innovative approach for the sustained release of antimicrobial herbal constituents, specifically tailored for bovine mastitis treatment. The NCs, encompassing various ratios of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage polymers (8:2, 7:3, and 5:5 w/w) with 1.25 mg of macela extract/g of gel, underwent in vitro assessment, emphasizing viscosity, degradation speed, release of herbal actives from macela nanoemulsion and antimicrobial activity. The NCs exhibited thermoreversible characteristics, transitioning from liquid at 60°C to a gel at 25°C. NCs allowed a gradual release of phenolic compounds, reaching approximately 80% of total phenolics release (w/v) within 72 h. NCs inhibited the growth of MRSA (ATCC 33592) until 8 h of incubation. No toxic effect in vitro of NCs was found on MAC-T cells. Thus, the developed materials are relevant for the treatment of bovine mastitis, especially in the dry period, and the data support future evaluations in vivo.

Assessment of Antihepatotoxic potential of Sesbania grandiflora fruits extract against Organosulfur compound- thioacetamide induced hepatopathy in experimental rodents

While dealing with the herbal drugs for various chaoses, flavonoids and saponin established their position and hepatoprotection is fine example among all health related issues. So, the study was executed taking into considerations of edible herbal constituents to check the potency of fruits extract of Sesbania grandiflora (FESG) on thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. In experimentation, the petroleum ether (PE) extracts at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg/p.o was fed to rats before intoxicated with thioacetamide (100 mg/kg). To check the efficacy of plant material, the diverse factors were assessed like SGOT, SGPT, SALP, bilirubin, protein, cholesterol, albumin and triglyceride and to confirm the study, liver histopathology was also determined. The obtained result parameters authenticated the strength of plant material via assessed factors with endorsement by histopathological study. The shielding outcome of this extract was due to the occurrence of phenol, flavonoids, and various antioxidants and due to existence of quercetin in it.

Chemical profiling of principle active and toxic constituents in herbs containing aristolochic acids

ObjectiveTo clear the amounts of the principal active/toxic components in herbs containing aristolochic acids (HCAAs), which are still used as medicine and/or seasoning in many ethnic minority areas of China. MethodsIn this study, six major active and toxic components in HCAAs were extracted with ultrasonic extraction. With 6-O-methyl guanosine as internal standard, the target compounds were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring-information dependent acquisition-enhanced production ion scanning mode (MRM-IDA-EPI) combined with dynamic background subtraction (DBS) function. ResultsThe method showed good linearity in the linear range of the six analytes. The limit range of detection was from 0.01 ng/mL to 0.27 ng/mL. All of the detection repeatability, extraction repeatability and accuracy of the method were good. After extraction, the samples remained stable at 15 °C within 24 h. Six analytes were all found in samples except aristolactam (AL) in sample 2, and the contents varied greatly. The contents of these compounds decreased in fruits, leaves and stems of Aristolochia delavayi successively. ConclusionThis method has the advantages of less sample dosage, simple operation, short analysis cycle, high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. It laid a good foundation for guiding the safety of HCAAs, the in-depth study of pharmacological and toxicological effects and the scientific and standardized processing and compatibility of HCAAs.

Uncovering the anti-obesity constituents in Ginkgo biloba extract and deciphering their synergistic effects

Obesity has been recognized as a key risk factor for multiple metabolic disorders, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and many types of cancer. Herbal medicines have been frequently used for preventing and treating obesity in many countries, but in most cases, the key anti-obesity constituents in herbs and their anti-obesity mechanisms are poorly understood. This study demonstrated a case study for uncovering the anti-obesity constituents in an anti-obesity herbal medicine (Ginkgo biloba extract) and deciphering their synergistic effects via targeting human pancreatic lipase (hPL). Following screening the anti-hPL effects of eighty herbal medicines, Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE50) was found with the most potent anti-hPL activity. Global chemical profiling of herbal constituents coupling with hPL inhibition assay revealed that the bioflavonoids and several flavonoids in GBE50 were key anti-hPL constituents. Among all tested thirty-eight constituents, sciadopitysin, bilobetin, quercetin, isoginkgetin, and ginkgetin showed potent anti-hPL effects (IC50 values <2.5 μM). Inhibition kinetic analyses suggested that sciadopitysin, bilobetin, quercetin, isoginkgetin, and ginkgetin acted as non-competitive inhibitors of hPL, with the Ki values were <2 μM. Docking simulations revealed that four bioflavonoids (sciadopitysin, bilobetin, isoginkgetin, and ginkgetin) could tightly bind on hPL at cavity 2, which it is different from the binding cavity of quercetin on hPL. Further investigations demonstrated that the combinations of quercetin and one bioflavonoid-type hPL inhibitor (sciadopitysin or bilobetin) showed synergistic anti-hPL effects, suggesting that the multi-components in GBE50 may generate more potent anti-hPL effect. Collectively, our findings uncovered the anti-obesity constituents in GBE50, and explored their anti-hPL mechanisms as well as synergistic effects at molecular levels, which will be very helpful for further understanding the anti-obesity mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba.

Herbal bioactive encapsulated nano-formulations for the treatment of gastric cancer: a concise review

Gastric cancer is a prominent cause of death globally. The major risk factors responsible for its development include age, H. pylori infection, excessive salt intake, and lack of fruits and vegetables in the diet. It is diagnosed using ultrasound, CT scan, endoscopic biopsy, and by detection of certain biomarkers. The conventional therapies for treatment of gastric cancer include the use of radiations, surgical resection, and chemotherapy. However, there are certain major issues associated with these treatments, like high risk of tumour reoccurrence, drug resistance development, less bioavailability of the drug at target site, rapid drug metabolism and high systemic toxicity due to drug doses. All such limitations of conventional treatments can be overcome with the use of herbal bio-actives as they exhibit less toxicity to normal healthy cells and reduce the risk of tumour recurrence and resistance development. Nano-formulations are developed to aid in targeted drug delivery, and to enhance the solubility, stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of phytoconstituents. With the emergence of nanomaterials, different imaging modalities have been integrated into one single platform, and combined therapies with synergetic effects against gastric cancer were established. Moreover, the development of theragnostic strategies with simultaneous diagnostic and therapeutic ability was boosted by multifunctional nanoparticles. The present review discusses about the gastric cancer including its mortality rate, secular trends, pathophysiology, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and different treatment approaches with major emphasis on herbal bioactives (quercetin, paclitaxel, resveratrol, curcumin and ginsenosides) and different herbal constituent encapsulated nano-formulations (such as nanoparticles, niosomes, liposomes, nano-emulsion, and micelles). Challenges and future prospects of herbal bioactive encapsulated nano-formulations for the treatment/management of gastric cancers has been included in the later part of the manuscript.

Multi-target regulatory mechanism of Yang Xin Tang − a traditional Chinese medicine against dementia

BackgroundYang Xin Tang (YXT) is a traditional Chinese herbal preparation which has been reported to improve cognitive function and memory in patients with dementia. As the underlying mechanism of action of YXT has not been elucidated, we examined the effects of YXT and its major herbal components in regulating gene transcription and molecular targets related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD).MethodsAqueous and ethanol extracts of YXT and selected herbal components were prepared and validated by standard methods. A series of biochemical and cellular assays were employed to assess the ability of the herbal extracts to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, reduce β-amyloid aggregation, stimulate the differentiation of neural progenitor cells, suppress cyclooxygenase, and protect neurons against β-amyloid or N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced cytotoxicity. The effects of YXT on multiple molecular targets were further corroborated by a panel of nine reporter gene assays.ResultsExtracts of YXT and two of its constituent herbs, Poria cocos and Poria Sclerotium pararadicis, significantly inhibited β-amyloid aggregation and β-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity. A protective effect of the YXT extract was similarly observed against N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced cytotoxicity in primary neurons, and this activity was shared by extracts of Radix Astragali and Rhizoma Chuanxiong. Although the YXT extract was ineffective, extracts of Poria cocos, Poria Sclerotium pararadicis and Radix Polygalae inhibited acetylcholine esterase, with the latter also capable of upregulating choline acetyltransferase. YXT and its components significantly inhibited the activities of the pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenases. Additionally, extracts of YXT and several of its constituent herbs significantly stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and cAMP-responsive element binding protein, two molecular targets involved in learning and memory, as well as in the regulation of neurogenesis.ConclusionsSeveral constituents of YXT possess multiple regulatory effects on known therapeutic targets of AD that range from β-amyloid to acetylcholinesterase. The demonstrated neuroprotective and neurogenic actions of YXT lend credence to its use as an alternative medicine for treating AD.

Uses of Twak (Cinnamon) In Ayurveda with pharmacological evidence - A Review

In Ayurveda Cinamon has been used for the treatment of various illness like trusna (thirst), Kantha roga (diseases of throat), mukha roga (diseases of mouth), Pinasa (nasaroga), Krumiroga (healmenth) Vastiroga (disease of bladder), Arsa (piles) and Hrudroga (Heart disease). Cinnamon is a common spice used by different societies around the world for several centuries. It is obtained from the inner bark of trees from the genus Cinnamomum, a tropical evergreen plant. The medicinal uses of spices were often indistinguishable from their culinary uses. The value of phytochemicals in relation to human health has been recognized for centuries. The constituents of herbs and spices can have overlapping actions, including reduction of inflammation, antioxidant effects, modulation of detoxification enzymes, modulation of the immune system, and antibacterial and antiviral effects. Therapeutically cinnamon has anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-clotting, anti-inflammatory, carminative, and rubefacient properties. The most important constituents of cinnamon are cinnamaldehyde and trans-cinnamaldehyde (Cin), present in the essential oil. It is an ingredient of Trijataka and Chaturjataka and Sitopaladi Churna and Talisadi Churna mentioned in different classical text of Ayurveda.

Protective effect of Lizhong Pill on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats: Possible involvement of TNF and IL-17 signaling pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe traditional Chinese medicine formula Lizhong Pill (LZP) and its herbal constituents are frequently utilized in Asian (China, Saudi Arabia, India, Japan, etc.) and some European (Russia, Sweden, UK, etc.) nations to treat various gastrointestinal ailments. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the protective impact and potential mechanism of LZP against indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Material and methodsUsing a biochemical kit, we investigated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in rat serum, as well as pepsin in rat stomach tissue, using an IND-induced rat model of gastric mucosal injury. Various imaging tools, including HE staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were used to examine the gastric mucosa’s surface morphology and ultrastructure. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed to predict the binding capacity of the primary bioactive components of LZP to the critical molecular protein targets in the IL-17 and TNF signaling pathways. At the same time, immunofluorescence was used to determine the protein expressions of CASP3, VCAM1, MAPK15, MMP3, IL-17RA, and TNFR1. ResultsThe present study demonstrates that LZP (3.75 and 7.50 g/kg) significantly reduces the gastric mucosal injury index induced by IND. This effect is evidenced by the improved morphology, surface, and structure of the gastric mucosa, as determined by HE, SEM, and TEM findings. Additionally, 3.75 and 7.50 g/kg LZP intervention significantly increased SOD and CAT contents and inhibited pepsin and GST activities. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the small molecular components of LZP can bind spontaneously to crucial proteins involved in the IL-17 and TNF signaling pathways, including MAPK15, MMP3, VCAM1, and CASP3. The immunofluorescence findings proved that LZP (3.75 and 7.50 g/kg) can inhibit the protein expressions of MAPK15, MMP3, VCAM1, CASP3, IL-17RA, and TNFR1. ConclusionsOur investigation findings demonstrate that LZP can potentially ameliorate IND-induced damage to the gastric mucosa by inhibiting IL-17 and TNF signaling pathways. These results offer encouraging support for using alternative medicine to manage drug-induced gastric mucosal injury.

Structure-based Virtual Screening and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Satureja hortensis L. Phytonutrientson various PCOS Targets

In drug discovery and development, computational and experimental methods complement each other. Molecular docking is one such method of the computational method. Various phytonutrients which act as ligands can be used to dock against the specific targets.Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal, metabolic, and reproductive disorder seen most often in women of reproductive age, whose exact etiology is unknown.Multiple hormonal disturbances, including insulin resistance (IR), hyperinsulinemia, and hyperandrogenism.Many biomolecules play an essential role during PCOS, such as CYP19, CYP17-α, leptin receptors, insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2, etc. Satureja hortensis L. (Summer Savory) is a rich source of vitamins, essential minerals, and phenolic compounds. The major phytonutrients of summer savory were allowed to dock against the various PCOS targets. The study is primarily focused on targeting all the mediators and comparing the binding affinity of the phytochemicals. Herbal constituents are also subjected to pharmacokinetic studies to analyze their therapeutic efficacy.

Virtual Screening and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Phytonutrients in Ulcer Induced Proinflammatory Mediated Targets

Molecular docking is a computational online software tool for analyzing ligand-protein interactions. Phytoconstituents have rich antioxidant properties that play a leading role in treating various diseases. Generally, the incidence of peptic ulcers increases day by day due to the concomitant use of NSAIDs. Medicament that induces ulcers can suppress the release of all pro-inflammatory targets such as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-1(COX 1), prostaglandin- endoperoxide-2 (COX 2), Prostin E-2 (EP2), Prostaglandin E-3 (EP3), Prostin E-4 (EP4), and stimulate histamine-2 (the H2 receptor). Herbal medicaments are generally used for treatment because they have decreased adverse effects. Docking studies on Phytonutrients are helpful for the investigation of complementarity of the ligand with the receptor at the molecular level. The main aim of this docking study is to target all mediators and compare the affinity of Phytomedicines. Chem Draw Pro 8.0, RCSB protein data bank, is the software used for docking. Additionally, pharmacokinetic studies are conducted on the herbal constituents to analyze the therapeutic efficacy.

Chemical profiling of Sanjin tablets and exploration of their effective substances and mechanism in the treatment of urinary tract infections.

Introduction: Sanjin tablets (SJT) are a well-known Chinese patent drug that have been used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) for the last 40years. The drug consists of five herbs, but only 32 compounds have been identified, which hinders the clarification of its effective substances and mechanism. Methods: The chemical constituents of SJT and their effective substances and functional mechanism involved in the treatment of UTIs were investigated by using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn), network pharmacology, and molecular docking. Results: A total of 196 compounds of SJT (SJT-MS) were identified, and 44 of them were unequivocally identified by comparison with the reference compounds. Among 196 compounds, 13 were potential new compounds and 183 were known compounds. Among the 183 known compounds, 169 were newly discovered constituents of SJT, and 93 compounds were not reported in the five constituent herbs. Through the network pharmacology method, 119 targets related to UTIs of 183 known compounds were predicted, and 20 core targets were screened out. Based on the "compound-target" relationship analysis, 94 compounds were found to act on the 20 core targets and were therefore regarded as potential effective compounds. According to the literature, 27 of the 183 known compounds were found to possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities and were verified as effective substances, of which 20 were first discovered in SJT. Twelve of the 27 effective substances overlapped with the 94 potential effective compounds and were determined as key effective substances of SJT. The molecular docking results showed that the 12 key effective substances and 10 selected targets of the core targets have good affinity for each other. Discussion: These results provide a solid foundation for understanding the effective substances and mechanism of SJT.

Yueju volatile oil plays an integral role in the antidepressant effect by up-regulating ERK/AKT-mediated GLT-1 expression to clear glutamate

Phytochemical investigation of the volatile oil of Yueju (YJVO) and its constituent herbs induced the detection of 52 compounds in YJVO, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as well as a small amount of aromatic and aliphatic compounds. 5 of these compounds were found only in the YJVO instead of the volatile oil of its constituent herbs. The anti-depressant effect of YJVO was proved by behavioral tests in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. An acute oral toxicity evaluation determined the LD50 of YJVO was 5.780 mL/kg. Doppler ultrasound and laser speckle imaging have detected that the YJVO could improve depression-related cerebral blood flow. In addition, related neurotransmitters and proteins were analyzed through targeted metabolomics and immunofluorescence. The potential antidepressant mechanisms of YJVO related to significantly decreasing Glu in CUMS mice by up-regulating the ERK/AKT-mediated expression of GLT-1.