Constituent Entities Research Articles

Influence of Socio-Economic Indicators on the Volume of Foreign Trade in the Regions

The presented paper addresses the principles of forming foreign trade volume in the regions of Russia. During the study, based on open statistical data from reports of the Federal State Statistics Service and using a data analysis tool embedded in the Excel spreadsheet program, the authors developed a regression model that includes seven factor indicators describing socio-economic criteria that are presumed to significantly influence the foreign trade volume in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In building and evaluating the regression model, standard econometric analysis procedures were applied, including the stage of model quality assessment, during which insignificant variables were excluded based on criteria such as P-value and standard error. After performing all necessary adjustments to the obtained model, the authors conclude that the foreign trade volume of a region directly depends on its attractiveness to international migrants, the level of education development, and the volume of natural resources. The paper also highlights the limitations of the proposed model, which lie in the limited consideration of the education factor, represented only in quantitative terms and through accessibility, without accounting for the quality of education. Thus, the proposed model identifies key drivers of regional foreign trade potential growth, perceived as foreign trade volume, but requires further refinement, especially in terms of incorporating the quality of education, which will allow for more accurate determination of priority areas in regional economic policy.

О государственном регулировании развития инклюзивного образования и создания специальных условий для обучения детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья в Российской Федерации

<p>The article summarizes the results of the implementation of measures to ensure the educational rights of students with disabilities and special educational needs. We present the results of the implementation of interdepartmental comprehensive plans (for 2015, 2016-2017, 2018-2020) approved by the Government of the Russian Federation . It was revealed that over 10 years, more than 8 thousand kindergartens and more than 10 thousand schools participated in the special events to create accessibility in educational organizations. It was a part of the state program “Accessible Environment.” In accordance with the federal statistical observation form OO-1, in the 2023/24 academic year, psychological and pedagogical support for students with disabilities in general educational organizations was provided by 32466 educational psychologists, 21703 speech therapists, 9530 special education teachers, and 8888 tutors. show that there were 3123 educational psychologist vacancies, 2378 speech therapist vacancies, 1740 special education teacher vacancies, and 1389 tutor vacancies in 2023 in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The article highlights th importance of the Complex of measures for the modernization of defectological education in the Russian Federation through 2030 (dated February 7, 2024, No. SK-1/07vn), and the all-Russian competition <em>The Best Inclusive School in Russia</em>. This article reflects the results of scientific research conducted by the Institute of Correctional Pedagogics, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen. Based on the provisions of the Plan of the Main Events held within the framework of the Decade of Childhood for the period up to 2027, the main tool is a study of the subjective well-being of adolescents, including those with disabilities and special needs. We emphasize the high importance of the Interdepartmental Comprehensive Action Plan for the Development of Inclusive General and Additional Education, Children's Recreation, and the Creation of Special Conditions for Students with Disabilities and Limited Health Opportunities up to 2030. In this article we define the directions of the Russian methodology of inclusive education as the main basis for ensuring the rights and opportunities of any child.</p>

Estimation of the girls cost vaccination against human papillomavirus in the Siberian Federal District

Background. The non-declining cervical cancer incidence in the Siberian Federal District 16.30/0000 (in Russia - 13.80 /0000) necessitate preventive vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV).Aim. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination in girls aged 9-14 years in the Siberian Federal District as a whole and in the context of subjects with a 60, 80, 90 percent target cohort.Materials and methods. We studied the size of the female population aged 9-14 years in the constituent entities of the Siberian Federal District for 2022, the average total cost of the vaccine, information on the gross regional product per capita, form C51 “Distribution of deaths by gender, age groups and causes of death” of Tomsk region, 2022. Age-standardized rate per 100,000 population of morbidity and detection (in percentages) of pre-invasive cervix cancer (carcinoma in situ) in the Siberian Federal District were calculated per 100 newly diagnosed malignant cervix neoplasms in 2022.Results. In the Irkutsk, Tomsk regions, Altai and Krasnoyarsk territories age-standardized rate (16.6; 17.8; 16.3; 18.90 /0000, respectively), the detection rate of pre-invasive cancer was 48.0-82.4 %, which indicates on the effectiveness of measures for early cervical cancer diagnosis. In the Republics of Tyva, Altai, Khakassia, age-standardized rate (26.4; 20.1; 19.30 /0000, respectively), cancer in situ was diagnosed in 8.2-23.6 % of cases, which indicates an insufficient level and defects in the organization preventive examinations in medical institutions. In the first year of vaccination against HPV with 60 % coverage of a girls cohort 9-14 years old (n = 404,943), 9.3 billion rubles will be required, with 80 % coverage (539,924 girls) - more than 12.4 billion rubles, with 90 % coverage (607,415 girls) - more than 13.9 billion rubles for primary vaccination against HPV. In subsequent years, more than 2.5-2.8 billion rubles will be required annually. Over 5 years, with 90 % coverage of the population, the financial costs of vaccination will be (817.8 million rubles), and the subsequent 4 annual investments (163.6 million rubles per year). The economic damage caused by mortality from cervical cancer in the Tomsk region over five years (2018-2022) amounted to 3,166.4 million rubles.Conclusion. Using the example of the Tomsk region, it was noted that when comparing financial resources, the costs of vaccinating girls against HPV are 2.2 times less than the economic damage from cervical cancer mortality. Regional budget funding for girls vaccination in administrative territories is relevant before its integration into the national calendar of preventive vaccinations.

The Prenuptial Agreement of Business Spouses: Guarantees of Respect for Mutual Interests and Protection of the Rights of the Parties

Introduction: in the light of modern socio-economic realities, an urgent problem is the effective protection of the property interests and rights of spouses who own a family business. The conclusion of a prenuptial agreement provides spouses who have a family business and are parties to the prenuptial agreement with the opportunity to reduce financial risks and provide themselves with additional legal protection in the event of termination of the marital relationship. The inclusion of legally verified contractual structures in a prenuptial agreement is very effective in preventing future conflicts between spouses who own a joint business. Purpose: to reveal the legal content of the prenuptial agreement concluded between spouses who own a joint business in the system of contractual structures and to develop recommendations for improving the contractual regulation. Objectives: to identify conflicts related to the legal guarantees of respect for mutual interests of spouses who have a family business and are parties to a prenuptial agreement; to identify contractual structures used to minimize conflicts between the subjects of a prenuptial agreement; and to develop a conceptual model for concluding a prenuptial agreement between spouses who own a joint business remotely via the Internet. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is based on the general scientific methods: systematic analysis, abstraction, and the dialectical method, as well as a set of specific scientific methods: structural and functional, formal legal, comparative law, forecasting, and modeling. Results: it is proposed to amend Art. 11 of Federal Law No. 193-FZ dated July 27, 2010, “On an Alternative Dispute Settlement Procedure with the Participation of an Intermediary (Mediation Procedure),” supplementing its paragraph 8; in the context of the effective implementation of the concept of “Electronic State,” the Federal Notary Chamber it is proposed to develop, test, and implement a virtual assistant based on artificial intelligence technologies, which will function not only on the Federal Notary Chamber website but also on the online resources of the notary chambers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Conclusions: it is recommended to normalize the mediation procedure for spouses who have a family business and are parties to a prenuptial agreement through information and communication technologies; as part of the implementation of the concept of “Electronic State,” the Federal Notary Chamber should develop, test, and implement a virtual assistant (“chatbot”) based on artificial intelligence, which will be available not only on the Federal Notary Chamber website but also on the websites of notary chambers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and at the request of users, including spouses who have a joint family business, it will perform an advisory function when drafting a prenuptial agreement.

Standardization of studies on physical development of children in the Russian Federation

BACKGROUND:The importance of studying the growth and development processes of the child population is due to the significance of the pre-clinical approach aimed at primary disease prevention. AIM:To provide the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with standards for the physical development of children and adolescents aged 7–17years. MATERIAL AND METHODS:An analytical study was conducted, big data from the database “Physical Development of Children, Adolescents, and Youth of the Russian Federation in 2000–2021” were analyzed, containing 395,956observations of physical development (length and body weight indicators) of children, adolescents, and young people living in 49constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Priority was given to research in the constituent entities for which regional standards had never been developed or for which they were developed 15–20years or more ago. As a result, at least 2constituent entities were analyzed in each federal district. Big data processing using machine learning was carried out on the basis of the PostgreSQL database. A web application was created that implemented the functions of tabular display of data, construction of histograms with the ability to select parameters and subsequent data publication on the map of the Russian Federation. RESULTS:In Russia at the beginning of the 21st century, the characteristics of physical development of students living in diffe­rent constituent entities of the Russian Federation were established, which allowed us to talk about the presence of “regional scenarios” that must be taken into account when developing standards. At the age of 15, the range of average values of growth indicators for boys in the constituent entities ranged from 161.70±0.20cm in the Kursk Region to 174.55±0.40cm in the Krasnodar Territory (the difference was 12.85cm, p=0.001), for girls— from 154.60±0.50cm in the Republic of Tyva to 165.69±0.55cm in St.Petersburg (the difference was 11.09cm, p=0.001). The range of body weight of 15-year-old boys in the regions was from 50.17±0.70kg in the Kursk region to 66.00±0.80kg in the Khabarovsk region (difference 15.83kg, p=0.001), girls— from 46.90±0.60kg in the Chelyabinsk region to 58.40±0.70kg in the Khabarovsk region (difference 8.50kg, p=0.001). CONCLUSION:40regional standards for the physical development of the child population have been developed in a standar­dized manner, which allows taking into account regional characteristics and makes it possible to use them in practical healthcare in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Results of a survey of anesthesiologists and resuscitation specialists: possible prediction and diagnosis of cardiac complications after non-cardiac surgery

Relevance. A critical task of modern anesthesiology and resuscitation is the prediction and diagnosis of cardiac complications after non-cardiac surgeries. There are clinical guidelines for reducing the incidence of such complications; however, in practice, routine implementation of the full-risk stratification algorithm is not always performed. Objective. To assess the possibility of predicting and diagnosing cardiac complications after non-cardiac surgeries in medical organizations of constituent entities of the Russian Federation with a population of less than 1 million people. Materials and methods. An anonymous online survey of anesthesiologists and resuscitators of one of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation was developed using Yandex Forms.Results. We processed 62 completed questionnaires. Cardiac complications during the postoperative period are registered by 33 (53.2 %) respondents. Cardiac risk indices were used by 10 (16.1 %) physicians and load tests (treadmill, bicycle ergometry) by 9 (14.5 %). Routine ECG monitoring after surgery was performed by 27 (43.5 %) respondents. Cardiac-specific troponin determination is available to 60 (96.8 %) physicians; however, only 6 (9.7 %) respondents measured it routinely before surgery and 4 (6.5 %) respondents measured it after surgery. Natriuretic peptide or its prohormone determination is available to 19 (30.6 %) physicians; however, only 3 (4.8 %) prescribe it before surgery and 0 after surgery. The possibility of performing echocardiography before and after surgery was noted by 54 (87.1 %) respondents. Only 9 (14.5 %) respondents reported that their hospital could perform coronary angiography.Conclusions. The results of this survey revealed that many cardiac complications could have been missed because of insufficient preoperative prognosis and postoperative diagnostic data.

Targeted investment programmes of the RF constituent entities: Budget allocations execution challenges and solutions

Targeted investment programmes of the RF constituent entities: Budget allocations execution challenges and solutions

Integration of AI-based software as a medical device into Russian healthcare system: results of 2023

Introduction. Healthcare is one of the priority sectors for the deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies worldwide, including Russia. A key area of AI deployment is the integration of AI-base software as a medical device (AI SaMD) into the Unified digital systems of the healthcare sector of the Russian Federation.Aim. Research of the results of the deployment of AI SaMD in healthcare of the Russian Federation in 2023.Materials and methods. The State Register of Medical Devices and Organizations (individual entrepreneurs) engaged in the production and manufacture of medical devices was used as information about AI SaMD registered in Russia. As information on the deployment of AI SaMD, data from monitoring to the federal project “Creating a single digital system in healthcare” was used, including reports from constituent entities of the Russian Federation upon these activities. The results of the implementation of AI SaMD in Moscow were obtained according to data from the Moscow Department of Health as part of an experiment on the use of innovative technologies in the field of computer vision for the analysis of medical images.Results. As of January 1, 2024, Roszdravnadzor registered 26 AI SaMD, 77 % of them were developed by 13 Russian companies. At the end of 2023, 84 (94 %) constituent entities of the Russian Federation met the minimum established target for the purchase of AI SaMD. Within the framework of public procurement procedures provided by law, 106 government contracts were signed for the purchase and deployment of AI SaMD for a total amount of 448 million 430 thousand rubles.Conclusion. In 2023, the Russian healthcare system made a significant breakthrough in terms of the practical deployment of AI SaMD. Completed procurement and deployment projects are the basis for subsequent industry development.

Promising Directions of Economic Development of Rural Areas: The Case of the Republic of Crimea

Introduction. Rural areas represent significant strategic potential for the socio-economic development of the country. In recent years, the role of the state in planning territorial development has increased significantly. This is due to successful experience in designing territorial and sectoral development in difficult periods of macroeconomic and geopolitical crises, financing and monitoring infrastructure projects that are important for the economy and society. The subject of the study are rural areas localized in the space of one of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which recently became part of the state – the Republic of Crimea. The purpose of the article is to substantiate promising directions for the economic development of rural areas of the Republic of Crimea based on the construction of a structural and sectoral profile. Materials and Methods. The research materials were the scientific results of leading scientists studying the problems of the economy of rural areas, structural and sectoral transformations on a regional and municipal levels. The information base of the study was made up of official statistical data of Rosstat and Crimea, official websites of governmental bodies of the Russian Federation, and archival materials. The research was conducted using content analysis of scientific literature, retrospective and structural analysis. Results. Structural and sectoral profiles of the economy of rural areas of the Republic of Crimea for 2017 and 2022 were developed, which allowed to prove the presence of processes of structural and sectoral changes, identify key factors and justify promising directions for further development. The authors prove that against the background of ongoing changes in the economic space of rural areas of Crimea, the dominance of agricultural production based on the use of unique natural factors, resources and conditions (climate, soil fertility, availability of centuries-old technologies for growing agricultural products, etc) remains. Discussion and Conclusion. The decrease in the share of agricultural production in the sectoral structure of the economy of rural territories (municipalities) of the Republic of Crimea is the most significant for the period 2017–2022, which is primarily due to the following factors: strengthening of transport, logistics and recreational and resort functions of the region, development of other types of material production. Analysis of the structural and sectoral profile proves the sustainability of the development of rural municipalities of the Republic of Crimea, due to the focus on the needs of both visitors and local population. It is advisable to use the research results in the development of strategies, plans, projects for the socio-economic development of rural territories, municipalities and regions.

Институт уполномоченных по правам человека в России: концептуальные основы и эволюция

The article examines the development of the institution of human rights commissioners in Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that Russian practice demonstrates the evolutionary development of the institution of human rights commissioners. This institution is a reflection of the federal structure of the state. The Human Rights Commissioner in the Russian Federation and the Human Rights Commissioners in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are competently independent constitutional figures. Their interaction is carried out on the basis of coordination through various forms, which largely developed on the basis of practical activities and were subsequently enshrined in federal legislation. There is a clear tendency to expand the powers of Russian human rights defenders in all areas of their activities, and the «legal tools» of the commissioners are being strengthened. All this allows us to conclude that the institution of human rights commissioners has high authority and is in demand both at the state level and in the environment of civil relations.

Рискогенные факторы избирательного процесса в современной России

Relevance of the research topic is based on the change of the focus of development of electoral law and procedure towards creation of reliable guarantees of security of electoral rights of citizens in the conditions of the special military operation, informational and ideological war and sanctions pressure of the West on the Russian Federation. The article reviews risk-posing factors of the electoral procedure, suggests ways to minimize them, to create a legal mechanism to regulate them and to manage such risks with the help of cutting-edge scientific research results. Realities of the elections of the President of the Russian Federation in March 2024 gave birth to new legal regimes for holding thereof: regime of high alert to a situation of emergency and even the state of martial law. However, the applicable laws fail to transform in due time to keep pace with the rapidly changing circumstances, so legal gaps are filled in by election commissions. Arising problems in the border territories were solved quickly thanks in large part to the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, election commissions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, supreme officials of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The regional features of digitalization in public administration: experience of the Orel region

Relevance. Russian regions are characterized by varying degrees of readiness for the introduction of digital technologies into the management system, this process often takes place formally and does not imply a significant change in the format of interaction between the population and business, on the one hand, and regional executive authorities, on the other. The study of the specifics of digitalization of public administration will allow to identify "bottlenecks" for improving measures to support digital transformation at the level of the subject of the Russian Federation, to identify and replicate successful experience.The purpose of the article is predetermined by its topic and is to determine the regional features of the digitalization of public administration in the Orel region.Objectives. To achieve this goal, the theoretical, methodological, organizational and regulatory foundations of digitalization of public administration are considered, a comparative analysis of key indicators of digitalization in this area is carried out, the opportunities and threats of digitalization are determined, taking into account the specifics of the socio-economic development of the region under study.Methodology. The materials for the study were official statistics presented on the official websites of the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, compiled by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the “Information Society” section. The main research methods are statistical analysis of data series, comparative analysis, SWOT analysis.Results. Based on the results of the study, it was revealed that the basic conditions for the digital transformation of management in the Oryol region have been formed: relevant regional strategies and programs have been developed and are being implemented, benchmarks for their implementation have been established, the system of authorities is functioning and the infrastructure necessary for successful digitalization is being developed. At the same time, there is no list of specific measures necessary for the integration of state regional information systems into federal super services, measures for personnel and financial support for digitalization processes, increasing the level of digital literacy of the population, and intensifying outreach work among the population. Solving these problems will improve the efficiency of the digital transformation of public administration in the Orel region.Conclusions. Regional specifics determine the effectiveness of the digital transformation of public administration in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and therefore regional programs should not only repeat federal initiatives, but also adapt them taking into account the territorial characteristics of socio-economic development.

Sustainable development of the Republic of Bashkortostan of the Russian Federation: current state and prospects

The issues and prospects of sustainable development of the Republic of Bashkortostan with a focus on innovation aspects have been considered in order to develop recommendations to ensure the long-term progress of the region. The research methodology is based on the analysis and comparison of economic, social, and environmental factors of sustainable development, assessment of the role of innovation in each sphere, study of successes and experience of other constituent entities of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, as well as on the proposals for creating regional centers for assessing and monitoring sustainable development that in their activities will be focused on comprehensive research in regional socio-economic systems, considering the innovation component. The main spheres and components of ensuring sustainable development of the region have been defined and presented. The main study results are: identification of key aspects of sustainable development of the Republic of Bashkortostan; identification of issues and prospects in developing the economy and social and environmental spheres; analysis of the role of innovation in ensuring sustainable development; recommendations development for creating regional centers for assessing and monitoring sustainable development. Sustainable development of the territory is one of the main strategic objectives of the constituent entity. In order to achieve it, it is necessary to continue the work, as well as to increase attention to innovations, education and management systems. The centers creation can contribute to the system analysis and assessment of sustainable development processes, as well as the development of recommendations and strategies to improve the economic, social, and environmental condition of the territory.

Maps of agrolandscape and ecological zoning of natural and natural-agricultural ecosystems of the Russian Federation

Agriculture has a large area of coverage and places the greatest burden on land, soil, water and biological resources in many countries of the world. Agricultural lands occupy huge areas in the world (4.8 billion hectares, or 37% of the land) and in Russia (221.9 million hectares, or 13% of the Russian Federation area). The agriculture best adapted to local conditions is the most beneficial one for people and nature. The main direction of agricultural adaptation is agrolandscape-ecological zoning. In order to provide information support for regionally, landscapeand ecologically differentiated agriculture and rational environmental management, an agrolandscape– ecological zoning of natural and natural-agricultural ecosystems was developed for the first time for all 11 natural-economic regions of Russia, namely, Northern, North-Western, Volga–Vyatka, Central, Central Black Earth, Volga, North Caucasus, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, and Far Eastern. The zoning was carried out using comparative geographical and agrolandscape-ecological methods, ecological-landscape and agroecological approaches. The contour and information basis for zoning is the map of Soil–Ecological zoning of the Russian Federation from the Faculty of Soil Science of Lomonosov Moscow State University. Maps of other types of zoning, numerous maps and atlases, statistical data, available literary and stock sources, ground-based and remote data were also used. Our sets of zoning materials included: a map, a map legend, 3 databases (land, forage lands, and negative processes), 2 classifications (forage lands, reindeer pastures, if any), articles, monographs, recommendations, and proposals for production. The maps have been compiled on a 1:2,500,000 scale on a modern, highly informative topographic cartographic basis for the map of Russian Federation. The maps show 6 types of boundaries, including 4 types of agrolandscape-ecological ones (taken from the Soil–Ecological Zoning map): 1) zones, 2) mountainous territories, 3) provinces, 4) districts and 2 types of administrative ones (available on the cartographic basis) of: 1) constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and 2) natural-economic regions.

Educational services sphere as a tool for improving the quality of human resources in the region

The educational services sphere of Stavropol Krai occupies a significant place in the Russian economic sector development, as its main task is to meet the needs of the region, which is currently receiving special attention from the state, in qualified personnel. It is the end result of the functioning of the sphere that is a reliable foundation for human resources formation in this constituent entity. The role of education and human resources in the development of the regional economy of Stavropol Krai has been considered. The influence of the educational system on qualified specialists training necessary for sustainable development of the regional economy has been analyzed. The main trends and challenges related to education development in the region have been studied, and practical recommendations for optimizing educational programs and improving the quality of training offered. Particular attention has been paid to the issues of training highly qualified personnel and creating favorable conditions for their retention in the region. The influence of the human factor on educational services development in the region by means of SWOT-analysis has been considered. The purpose of the study is to develop institutional tools for the human factor development in the educational services sphere. The objective of the study is the identification of forms and issues of human factor development in the sphere. The research methodology is represented by institutional analysis and statistical method, SWOTanalysis is also applied. The results obtained can be used for forming and implementing a strategy for improving the education system in order to increase the region’s competitiveness.

Функциональная модель психологической службы в системе образования: направления деятельности и ее организационно-правовое регулирование

<p>The article presents the results of a monitoring study of the functional model of psychological service in the system of general education and secondary vocational education. The purpose of the monitoring is to study variable approaches to the implementation of psychological and pedagogical support in various regions of the Russian Federation. The study was conducted from March to April 2024 in 8 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and involved educational psychologists (educational psychologists) from preschool, general education and professional educational organizations. The total sample size was 2288 people. The article discusses the analysis of the results obtained in accordance with the identified functional blocks: organizational and legal regulation of psychological and pedagogical support activities and areas of activity of psychological services in the system of general education and secondary vocational education. The study made it possible to comprehensively present the current state of the psychological service, its development resources and areas of improvement. This study will become the basis for further development of a draft functional model of psychological service in the system of general education and secondary vocational education, as well as variable models of its organization.</p>

Envisaging a European Digital Building Renovation Logbook: Proposal of a Data Model

Europe has set a target to become a decarbonised continent by 2050. To achieve this, intervention in buildings is crucial, as they serve as significant energy consumers and greenhouse gas emitters. This intervention encompasses two essential pathways: renovation and digitalisation. The combination of these two aspects gives rise to elements such as the Digital Building Logbook (DBL), a digital data repository expected to enhance the pace and quality of renovation efforts. This paper introduces, for the first time, a European DBL data model with a specific focus on building renovation purposes—the DBrL. It outlines its initial requirements, constituent entities, relationships, and attributes. While acknowledging the need to address issues related to data protection, integration with existing data sources, and connections with Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in subsequent design phases, the study’s outcome represents a significant stride in defining this tool.

Финансовые аспекты поддержки развития субъектов малого бизнеса в целях инновационного развития экономики

The development of the business sector is a significant factor in a stable and developing economy. This statement is based on the opportunity for small and medium-sized businesses to create new jobs, optimal management of financial resources in the current macroeconomic circumstances. In turn, a stable source of budget revenues is formed for the state through taxes and fees. The conducted studies of statistical data on the financial and economic activities of small businesses for the period from 2017 to 2013 revealed an increase in the total turnover (revenue) by 28.57 %. The study of the financial and economic activities of this sector of the economy in the regional aspect by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation revealed a significant increase in entrepreneurial activity, primarily in the Volga Federal District. The turnover (revenue) indicator increased by 2.29 billion rubles, reaching a significant volume of 6.0 billion rubles as of January 1, 2024. The main sources of financing for small businesses are their own funds, as well as borrowed (credit) resources. An important aspect of the state policy to support the financing of small businesses is the development of alternative instruments: crowdfunding platforms, venture investment, regional events to evaluate start-ups, etc. This approach is largely aimed at expanding financing, through which it is possible to more actively develop the activities of small businesses for the purpose of innovative development of the economy

Распределение федеральных выравнивающих дотаций: оценка последствий основных изменений

The purpose of the work is to establish how the main changes in the methodology of distribution of grants from the federal budget for fiscal capacity equalization affected the budget revenues of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the way of distribution of non-earmarked interbudget transfers affects the effectiveness of the model of interbudget relations. The modeling of the values of the transfers allocated annually to each constituent entity of the Russian Federation has been performed, demonstrating the adequacy of the developed methodology. The consequences of all major changes in the methodology of allocation of subsidies, such as introduction of restrictions on the reduction and increase of transfers, launching the mechanism of the model budget, reducing the equalization criterion and adding the coefficient of the level of social burden to the index of budget expenditures, have been calculated. It was found that the changes in the distribution methodology were progressive, that is, the higher was the fiscal capacity before the distribution, the smaller was the annual increase in equalization grants as a result of the changes. In other words, over time, more and more funds were allocated to the least prosperous regions. The regions of the North Caucasus Federal District benefited the most from the changes, and in general, all the innovations, except for restrictions on the reduction and increase in subsidies, had approximately the same spatial effect in terms of the composition of the “winning” regions. At the same time, it is more difficult to draw conclusions about the “losing” regions, since they have different levels of fiscal capacity.

Assessing the financial independence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

Subject. The article discusses the financial independence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The aim is to improve the methodology for assessing financial independence of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and its testing on the example of constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in the Volga Federal District. Methods. The study employs analytical, statistical, and comparative methods to analyze data on budget execution of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Results. Based on the developed methodology, I assessed financial independence of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It enabled to determine the dynamics and degree of differentiation of the level of financial independence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2020–2022. Conclusions. The offered methodology can be used to assess the financial condition of public legal entities to make informed management decisions.