Constant Temperature Research Articles

Expression of Concern: Effect of the length and thickness of three constant temperature baffles on the natural convection heat transfer of nanofluid flow inside an enclosure affected by a magnetic field

Expression of Concern: Effect of the length and thickness of three constant temperature baffles on the natural convection heat transfer of nanofluid flow inside an enclosure affected by a magnetic field

Axial compressive behavior of partially encased composite reactive powder concrete columns after high-temperature exposure

Replacing ordinary concrete in partially encased concrete (PEC) columns with high-strength and durability reactive powder concrete (RPC) significantly improves their axial capacity and suppresses local buckling of the steel section. To study the axial mechanical performance of partially encased composite reactive powder concrete (PEC-RPC) columns after exposure to high temperatures, axial compression tests of eight PEC-RPC column specimens were designed and conducted. Thermal response, failure modes, axial load-vertical displacement curves, and strain-axial strain curves of different specimens were observed considering the effects of link spacing, cross-sectional dimensions, constant temperature duration, and cooling methods. Results indicate: PEC-RPC columns exhibited whitening on the surface of RPC after high-temperature exposure, specimens with the largest link spacing experienced RPC peeling due to concentrated thermal stress, exacerbated by spraying water, which created a stress difference between the surface and the interior, resulting in RPC peeling. The deeper the thermocouple was embedded, the lower the measured temperature. Additionally, due to the significantly lower thermal conductivity of RPC compared to steel, the temperature at measurement points within the RPC is much lower than that at the steel web. The failure mode of PEC-RPC columns after axial loading was characterized by the crushing of RPC and local buckling of section steel. The larger the link spacing, the more prone it was to multi-layer buckling, and columns with larger cross-sectional sizes tended to exhibit shear failure. The characteristic value of mechanical performance showed higher sensitivity to cross-sectional dimensions, but relatively lower sensitivity to link spacing and constant temperature duration. As the cross-sectional dimensions increased from 150×150 mm to 250×250 mm, the peak load, residual bearing capacity, stiffness, and ductility increased by 72.51–164.86 %, 89.8–173.6 %, 61.85–151.47 %, and 13.72–31.46 %, respectively. Finally, based on partition constraint theory and superposition principle, a simplified method for calculating the axial mechanical performance of PEC-RPC columns after exposure to high temperatures was proposed.

Multiplex reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow biosensor for simultaneous detection of three viral pathogens in cattle

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine epidemic fever virus (BEFV), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) cause respiratory symptoms in cattle. The absence of rapid, precise, and easily accessible diagnostic methods poses difficulties for herders and veterinary epidemiologists during outbreaks of major infectious animal diseases. Considering the mixed infection of viruses, a multiple-detection method, reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (mRT-RPA) combined with a lateral flow biosensor (LFB), was established to simultaneously detect the three pathogens. This technique is based on the specific binding of three differently labeled RT-RPA products (DNA sequences) to antibodies on the three test lines of the LFB, achieving multiplex detection through the presence or absence of coloration on the LFB test lines. The fluorescence values of the LFB test lines are recorded by a test strip reader. The mRT-RPA-LFB assay completes detection at a constant temperature of 41°C within 33 min. The limits of detection (LODs) for BVDV, BEFV and BRSV were 2.62×101, 2.42×101 and 2.56×101 copies/μL, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with the other six bovine viruses. The developed method showed satisfactory intra- and inter-assay precision, and the average coefficients of variation were ranged from 2.92% to 3.99%. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 98.11% and 100%, respectively, which were highly consistent with the RT-qPCR assay, and the kappa value was 0.988 (95% confidence interval, CI). In general, the mRT-RPA-LFB assay has the potential to become a powerful tool for rapid screening of cattle diseases because of its advantages such as fast detection speed, convenient operation, strong specificity, and high sensitivity.

Strain sensors enhanced by a flexible, conductive hydrogel with superior transparency, frost resistance, and water retention

Flexible hydrogels have received significant attention for their excellent mechanical properties, fast response and good strain sensitivity. However, relatively little research has been conducted on the investigation of hydrogels that exhibit frost resistance, water retention, and transparency characteristics. In this paper, a new flexible strain sensors material was prepared by introducing calcium chloride (CaCl2) and hydrolysed keratin (HK) into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) system through complex chemical bond. The PVA/CaCl2/HK hydrogel exhibited excellent mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 1.578 MPa and a maximum strain of 934 %. Moreover, it showed high transparency, with a transmittance of up to 90 %. The hydrogel demonstrated remarkable water retention properties with about 8 hours of dry resistance under constant temperatures of 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C and 100 °C. Additionally, it had excellent frost resistance with a glass transition temperature of −23 °C, making it environmentally tolerant and capable of maintaining long-term stability. Notably, during the experiment, the PVA/CaCl2/HK hydrogel exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and self-powered performance, with a power supply capacity of approximately 14.6 mV. The results of this work provide a promising direction for the development of electronic materials for powered hydrogel strain sensors.

Radon and water geochemistry at the active Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy): The role of pore-water phenomena

This study provides new 222Rn measurements performed by RAD7 on 31 thermal waters from the Campi Flegrei caldera, the active volcanic-geothermal field close to Naples (Southern Italy). Waters sampled between 2021 and 2023 are characterized for physical parameters, major ions geochemistry and radium content. Rn contents from Somma-Vesuvius, Ischia and Vulcano volcanoes, together with the river plain north to the Campi Flegrei, were obtained for comparison. The Campi Flegrei caldera reaches the highest Rn concentrations respect to the other sites, varying from 0.03 ± 0.02 to ca. 1887 ± 13 Bq/L, although mostly are below 60 Bq/L. We detect a steady-state condition of constant temperature, facies and radon activity that characterizes most sites, with only minor impacts from seasonalilty and Weigel's effects. Just a small fraction of 222Rn derives from its 226Ra parent in solution, while radon activity in local waters is mainly due to emanation from the radium-containing rock reservoir. Our dataset proofs that radon couples with temperature, sulfate and CO2 in relations to rock-leaching and pore-water phenomena that proceed in the reservoir as it warms up and degasses. Rn and CO2 are decoupled in deeply and timely equilibrated geothermal fluids.Two main end-members, i.e., a low radioactive cold diluted and the Rn-richest hypersaline water from the deep geothermal reservoir are recognized; seawater contamination and heating over 70 °C play a major role in radon decrease.Related radium contents, physical parameters and major ions geochemistry are also presented for a comparison with published data.

Release of contaminants from polymer surfaces under condition of organized fluid flows

The use of polymers for water storage or distribution is closely monitored, especially with regard to the possible contamination with substances coming from the material's surfaces. Different standards are practiced across countries according to type of applied materials and such test methods are prevalently based on constant temperature conditions. However, these polymers systems could be located in diverse environment which does not necessarily provide constant conditions. Experimental findings show that exposure of liquid inside polymeric materials to specific temperature gradients, and consequently to emerging organized flows, can result in an accelerated leaching of undesirable substances from the solid surface. In presented work model steady-state and organized flow conditions are used to compare release of contaminates from polyethylene by measuring of surface tension, UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis of polymer surfaces and water leachates. The pilot study shows that convective flow generated via temperature gradient significantly affects contaminant release in comparison to a steady state and mixing flow conditions.

Modeling and control strategy optimization of battery pack thermal management system considering aging and temperature inconsistency for fast charging

Maintaining the battery pack’s temperature in the desired range is crucial for fulfilling the thermal management requirements of a battery pack during fast charging. Furthermore, the temperature difference, temperature gradient, aging loss and energy consumption of the battery pack should be balanced to optimize its performance. This paper establishes the liquid cooling thermal management system model for an electric vehicle’s battery pack, which accurately characterizes the temperature distribution and electrical and aging characteristics of the battery pack. The discrepancies between the experimental and simulated results of battery’s fast charging-cooling suggest that maximum absolute temperature error is 2 °C, and the maximum relative voltage error is 1.5 %. Based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II algorithm, an optimization model with aging and temperature gradient of cells as objective functions is established. Three different thermal management strategies are created according to the optimization results. The comparison of these thermal management methods with the constant temperature cooling strategy demonstrates that the minimum temperature gradient strategy enhances the temperature consistency of the battery pack and reduces the maximum temperature gradient by 27 %. The minimum aging thermal management strategy depicts an aging loss of 0.091 %, reducing the charging time by 272 s and the maximum temperature gradient by 2.0 °C. The balanced thermal management strategy enables the battery pack to balance the temperature gradient and aging loss by optimizing the charging time, battery pack temperature difference, energy consumption and other indicators. The weight of each indicator is determined by its information entropy, which can be replaced according to the diverse needs to achieve different balanced thermal management strategies, providing a reference for the actual application of thermal management strategies.

Effect of antioxidants on the efficiency of jet milling and the powder characteristics of Sm2Co17 permanent magnets

Abstract This study investigated the effect of antioxidants on the grinding efficiency, magnetic powder characteristics, microstructure, and magnetic properties of 2:17 type SmCo permanent magnet materials. The results show that adding antioxidants helps improve the dispersion among magnetic powders, leading to a 33.3% decrease in jet milling time and a 15.8% increase in magnet powder production yield. Additionally, adding antioxidants enhances the oxidation resistance of the magnetic powders. After being stored in a constant temperature air environment at 25 °C for 48 h, the O content in the powder decreased by 33% compared to samples without antioxidants. While in the magnet body, the O content decreased from 0.21 wt.% to 0.14 wt.%, which helps increase the effective Sm content and domain wall pinning uniformity in the magnet. Excellent magnetic properties were obtained in the magnet with added antioxidants: B r = 11.6 kGs, SF = 79.6%, H cj = 16.8 kOe, and (BH)max = 32.5 MGOe.

Soret Effect of Unsteady Parabolic Flow Past an Accelerated Vertical Plate with Constant Temperature and Mass Diffusion in t he Presence of Rotation

Objective: Circular force's detrimental effects on inhomogeneous parabola circulation over an upright slab that rapidly accelerates in uniform temperature and continuous mass dispersion are discussed. There is no electrical conductivity in the liquid in question. Methods: The solutions for the temperature, concentration, and velocity profiles were identified through the Laplace transformation methodology. Findings: Graphical drawings displaying several specifications, include the acceleration parameter, Schmidt value, Soret value, Hartmann number, thermal Grashof number are used to illustrate the results that were obtained. It is noted that as the values - thermal Grashof number -increase, speed also increases. Regarding Schmidt and Prandtl numbers, the tendency is the opposite. Novelty: The unique aspect of this work is its thorough analysis of the Soret Effect in an erratic, rotating, parabolic flow past an accelerating vertical plate with mass diffusion and constant heat. The work closes gap in the literature by addressing these particular conditions and offers insightful conclusions and useful techniques that may be used to a variety of scientific and engineering issues. This study investigates the impact of rotating effects and Soret impact on erratic convective movement in a vertical plate. Results show that Schmidt number and wall thickness increase over time, while temperature patterns rise with increasing Sr and Sc levels. The Prandtl number depends on air and water temperatures. The study fills a literature gap and provides valuable insights for various scientific and practical applications. Keywords: Soret effect, Turning, Mass dissemination, Parabolic, Vertical surface

Effect of electrolyte circulation on hydrogen-in-oxygen in alkaline water electrolysis

The concentration of hydrogen in oxygen (HTO) is a crucial factor in determining the load limit of alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) due to the risk of explosion with high HTO levels. In this study, we analysed the impact of circulating electrolytes, carrying dissolved gas, on HTO in a home-designed zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis system, operating at atmospheric pressure and constant temperature. By comparing the experimental results from mixed and separated cycles, we found that the amount of dissolved hydrogen in the electrolyte significantly contributes to HTO. We then developed a theoretical model to predict HTO values and experimentally confirmed a linear relationship between the HTO and the ratio of electrolyte circulation to gas production (QL/ QO2). Based on this evidence, we proposed a new electrolyte circulation control strategy that reduces the HTO value by as much as 63.56%. These findings could help overcome the load limit of alkaline water electrolysis systems, which is crucial for their large-scale application.

Dry eye disease as an occupational risk factor in operating room nurses

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Knowing occupational risks in a multifactorial disease such as dry eye disease is important for disease diagnosis and treatment. Background Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterised by tear film instability, adversely affecting visual function and quality of life. The operating room environment has many risk factors for DED such as air conditioning, constant humidity, constant room temperature, intense lighting, surgical smoke, anaesthetic gases and irritating chemicals, and prolonged mask use. This study investigates the ocular surface findings and blink patterns of operating room nurses at risk of DED. Methods A total of 68 nurses (operating room, n = 34; outpatient clinic, n = 34) were included in this study. The diagnosis of DED was assessed using a questionnaire, best-corrected visual acuity, tear break-up time, corneal fluorescein staining, meibomian gland assessment, Schirmer I test. All the tests were conducted in the same area. Results According to the ocular surface disease index, the rate of dry eye symptoms was significantly higher among operating room nurses than among outpatient nurses (70.5% vs 41.1%). Severe dry eye symptoms were more common in the operating room group. The meibomian gland score was higher in the operating room group (29.4% vs 5.9%). The numbers of blinks (30.91 ± 12.81 vs 21.05 ± 7.77) and incomplete blinks (8.76 ± 4.68 vs 5.76 ± 3.20) at rest were higher in operating room nurses. Conclusion The occupational risk for DED was high among operating room staff. National and international standards for the prevention and management of DED in personnel involved in health care services are needed.

Effect of ARB process on the plane stress fracture toughness, creep properties and forming limit diagram of Aluminum/BN/Copper composite strips

Abstract In the present study, Al/BN/Cu bimetal composite strips were fabricated via the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process. Then, fracture toughness, mechanical properties, bonding strength, forming limit diagram (FLD), and creep properties have been studied via experimental techniques. The study of creep behavior and mechanical properties showed a formation of a 17 μm atomic diffusion layer at the interface during ARB under three creep loading conditions namely 35 MPa at 225 °C, 35 MPa at 275 °C, and 30 MPa at 225 °C. The tensile strength of samples improved to 144 MPa which was about 234% in comparison with the primary Al monolithic sample. It was observed by the SEM that the fracture types changed to shear kind after higher passes including prominent effects on the fracture morphology. FLD curve dropped severely after the first ARB pass and then began to enhance at higher passes. The fracture toughness value of 30 MPa m1/2 was achieved after ten ARB passes. An intermetallic composition was created near Al. The creep failure time did decline by 44% and the stress level decreased by 13% at a constant temperature. It can be concluded that applied temperature and stress effect on creep properties especially leads to increasing the slope of creep curves with higher stresses. This trend was opposite for the creep temperature at higher temperature levels. Moreover, dynamic recrystallization was observed through the crystalline structure of samples.

Carbon felt electrode modified with RGO/PANI composite material for enhancing renewable energy storage in microbial fuel cells

The microbial fuel cell is a new kind of green power generation technology. In this paper, the graphene oxide was reduced with hydrazine hydrate at a constant temperature. And the composite anode material of reduced graphene oxide and capacitive polyaniline was used to construct the microbial fuel cell, which had the simultaneous function of power generation and energy storage. The experimental results showed that the power density of the microbial fuel cell comprising the carbon felt/reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline anode was 2.19 times higher than that of the carbon felt/polyaniline anode. In the charging 30 min-discharging 30 min test, the stored charge by the carbon felt/reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline anode was 675.44 C/m2, 5.42 times that of the control anode (124.55 C/m2). In the high throughput test, the surface of the carbon felt/reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline modified anode was 1.75 times higher than that of the control anode. The reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline capacitive composite biological anode material prepared here had the advantages to simultaneously generate electricity and store energy. This paper is expected to break through the current performance bottleneck of microbial fuel cells and improve their performance in energy conversion efficiency and stability.

Nucleation, crystal growth, XRD, optical, electrical, PC, SEM, SHG and Z-scan analysis of LHPP for NLO and optical limiting application

High-quality organic L-histidinium 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol (LHPP) single crystals were grown using an aqueous solution. The crystals were grown using slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at a temperature of 40°C using a constant temperature bath (CTB). Nucleation growth rates were monitored for various durations using an optical microscope. The crystalline perfection was confirmed through sharp, high-intensity diffraction peaks observed in the theoretical and experimental powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, which also confirmed the monoclinic crystal structure with the noncentrosymmetric P21 space group. The crystallite size and strain were calculated using Williamson–Hall coefficient. Vibrational frequency assignments of LHPP were determined using FTIR spectroscopic analysis. Optical properties were studied using UV–Vis NIR spectroscopic studies, which showed that the crystals have very low absorption and high transmittance in the entire visible region. Additionally, the optical energy bandgap (Eg) was calculated and found to be 6.15[Formula: see text]eV. Luminescence properties were studied using fluorescence (FL) analysis. Dielectric investigations were subjected to varying frequencies to study the suitability of the crystal for transistor application. The positive photoconductive (PC) nature of the crystal was confirmed using photoconductivity studies to confirm suitability for photodetector devices that measure the intensity of light rays. Etching studies revealed the growth pattern and the formation of different kinds of etch pits. The surface morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical studies were also carried out. The relative second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the material was also examined and found to be 1.34 times that of standard KDP. The optical limiting and higher-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the grown crystals were studied by the [Formula: see text]-scan method using a Nd: YAG laser functioning at 532[Formula: see text]nm.

Natural convection heat transfer in an eccentric annulus filled with hybrid nanofluid under the influence of thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption

This investigation aims to scrutinize the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a hybrid nanofluid composed of Ag-MgO within an eccentric annular space, where the inner circular wall is held at a constant elevated temperature and the outer circular wall is uniformly cooled. Natural convection in such eccentric annular enclosures, with thermal radiation and the effects of heat generation/absorption taken into consideration, plays a vital role in various engineering applications, including solar collectors, nuclear reactors, thermal storage systems, and heat exchangers. The resolution of the fundamental governing equations was executed employing the Gauss-Seidel approach, with the inclusion of a sub-relaxation process, all within the framework of the finite volume method. The impact of the Rayleigh number, radiation number, volume fraction as well as heat generation/absorption coefficient on thermal transfer, flow, and temperature distributions were investigated. It was observed that for low Rayleigh numbers, radiation influences enhance flow stability and improve the conductive heat transfer mode. Conversely, at high Rayleigh numbers, radiation intensifies convective heat exchange. The growth of the Rayleigh number diminishes the impact of heat generation and reinforces the radiation heat transfer process, while heat absorption exhibits the opposite effect. From Nr = 1 onwards, the average Nusselt number values are no longer influenced by an increase in nanoparticle volumetric fraction, and they are solely linked to the radiation number.

Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) mediated effects on the fitness and performance of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under variable temperatures and initial larval densities.

Wolbachia pipientis (Hertig, 1936), also referred as Wolbachia, is a bacterium present across insect taxa, certain strains of which have been demonstrated to impact the fitness and capacity to transmit viruses in mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). Most studies examine these impacts in limited sets of environmental regimes. Here we seek to understand the impacts of environmentally relevant conditions such as larval density, temperature, and their interaction on wAlbB-infected A. aegypti. Using a factorial design, we measured wAlbB stability (relative density, post-emergence in females, and in progeny), the ability for wAlbB to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility, and bacterial effects on mosquito fitness (fecundity, fertility, and body mass) and performance (adult survival and time to pupation) across 2 temperature regimes (fluctuating and constant) and 2 initial larval densities (low and high). Fluctuating daily regimes of temperature (27 to 40 °C) led to decreased post-emergence wAlbB density and increased wAlbB density in eggs compared to constant temperature (27 °C). An increased fecundity was found in wAlbB-carrying females reared at fluctuating temperatures compared to uninfected wild-type females. wAlbB-carrying adult females showed significantly increased survival than wild-type females. Contrarily, wAlbB-carrying adult males exhibited a significantly lower survival than wild-type males. We found differential effects of assessed treatments (Wolbachia infection status, temperature, and larval density) across mosquito sexes and life stages. Taken together, our results indicate that realistic conditions may not impact dramatically the stability of wAlbB infection in A. aegypti. Nonetheless, understanding the ecological consequence of A. aegypti-wAlbB interaction is complex due to life history tradeoffs under conditions faced by natural populations.

Numerical Analysis Of Natural Convection In A Closed Circular Cavity With A Elliptical Heater

The natural convection heat transfer in a closed circular cavity containing a constant temperature elliptic heating body was studied by finite volume method. The influences of Rayleigh number Ra, relative size of heating element and rotation Angle on flow and heat transfer in the cavity are discussed. The variation range of Rayleigh number is 103 ~ 106, the variation range of length-diameter ratio of elliptic long axis to cavity diameter is 0.1 ~ 0.4, and the variation range of rotation angle is 0° ~ 90°.The results show that the changes of the above three parameters can affect the structure of temperature field and flow field in the cavity. Increasing the Rayleigh number, decreasing the size of the heating element and increasing the rotation Angle of the heating element will be more conducive to the heat transfer in the cavity. The research results can provide theoretical basis for the heat dissipation and management of electronic equipment.

Calcium carbonate crystallization process analysis on a heat transfer surface

This paper explores the growth process of calcium carbonate crystallization fouling on a heat surface using finite element methods to solve physical equations such as momentum, energy, and concentration diffusion, incorporating the impact of bulk crystallization on the concentration of scaling ions. The simulation uses deformation geometry, moving grids, and automatic re-meshing methods to study the dynamic growth of fouling layers and the spatiotemporal changes in fluid velocity, temperature, and concentration field-related parameters caused by it. Results indicate that the deposition interface temperature increases along the flow direction under constant heat flux conditions, leading to an increase in deposition rate. When the interface temperature exceeds 340 K, the fouling deposition rate becomes highly sensitive to temperature changes. The fouling thickness also increases along the flow direction, causing the heat transfer surface near the outlet to face a more severe heat transfer deterioration caused by scaling. Under constant temperature conditions, the deposition rate increases rapidly near the inlet and varies less along the flow direction. When the wall temperature remains constant, scaling is more likely to occur at the fluid inlet as the fluid temperature increases. This model also examines the effects of changes in the porosity of the fouling layer and ion interactions in composite salt solutions on the growth characteristics of the fouling layer.

Improved piezoelectric performance in CBN-based ceramic through triple-doping (Li, Bi, Ce) strategy

Bismuth layered structural ferroelectrics (BLSFs) with high Curie temperature (TC) and low aging rate establish the groundwork for the advancement of high-temperature piezoelectric devices. CaBi2Nb2O9 (CBN) is an excellent candidate for possessing the highest TC value (∼940 °C) among BLSFs. However, its poor piezoelectricity impedes practical applications. Generally, the excellent piezoelectric properties of CBN-based ceramics depend on intrinsic and extrinsic contributions. Here, Aurivillius ferroelectrics with triple-doping ions, Ca1–2x(LiBi0.7Ce0.3)xBi2Nb2O9 (CBN-xLBC), were fabricated to achieve large piezoelectric constant (d33∼23.3 pC/N) and high Curie temperature (∼906 °C) simultaneously due to tetragonal distortion and smaller nanodomains. Besides, the DC resistivity of optimal sample is still above 1×105 Ω·cm at 600 °C. At the same time, the ferroelectricity is improved significantly with large Pr (∼18.9 μC/cm2) when x=0.275. The improved comprehensive performance of CBN-based ceramic indicates that proper various ions synergetic effect plays an important role and CBN-0.275LBC ceramic is expected to apply in practical industry.

Enhancing the heat transfer efficiency of an engine heat exchanger through the utilization of an innovative conical braided wire turbulator

This study introduces innovative turbulators with unique geometries, namely the Conical Simple Wire Turbulator (CSWT) and Conical Braided Wire Turbulator (CBWT), designed to enhance heat transfer in a constant temperature tube. These turbulators resemble a conical shape in appearance but are constructed by interconnecting multiple wires, enabling fluid flow to pass through. The distinct geometry of these turbulators not only disrupts the thermal boundary layer for improved heat transfer and Thermal Enhancement Factor (TEF), and results in a favorable pressure drop. The study explored various geometrical parameters of the turbulator, including wire diameters (a) ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mm and turbulator gaps (TG) ranging from −10 to 30 mm. Using the RNG k–ε model, the finite-volume scheme is utilized to discretize the turbulence flow equations. A numerical investigation was conducted across Reynolds numbers ranging from 5500 to 12375. The results show that increasing the wire diameter and reducing the turbulator gaps simultaneously enhanced heat transfer, pressure drop, and TEF. The highest heat transfer and TEF were achieved with the CBWT featuring a 1.5 mm wire diameter and a −10 mm TG. In this configuration, Nusselt was 2.84 times greater than a plain tube, with a maximum TEF recorded at 1.4.