Constant Interest Research Articles

American options and stochastic interest rates

We study finite-maturity American equity options in a stochastic mean-reverting diffusive interest rate framework. We allow for a non-zero correlation between the innovations driving the equity price and the interest rate. Importantly, we also allow for the interest rate to assume negative values, which is the case for some investment grade government bonds in Europe in recent years. In this setting we focus on American equity call and put options and characterize analytically their two-dimensional free boundary, i.e. the underlying equity and the interest rate values that trigger the optimal exercise of the option before maturity. We show that non-standard double continuation regions may appear, extending the findings documented in the literature in a constant interest rate framework. Moreover, we contribute by developing a bivariate discretization of the equity price and interest rate processes that converges in distribution as the time step shrinks. This discretization, described by a recombining quadrinomial tree, allows us to compute American equity options’ prices and to analyze their free boundaries with respect to time and current interest rate. Finally, we document the existence of non-standard optimal exercise policies for American call options on a non-dividend-paying equity.

The combined effects of ascorbic acid and bovine serum albumin on phototransformations of hematoporphyrin derivative in aquaeous medium: Absorption and EPR spectroscopy study

There is a constant interest to increase the efficacy of photosensitized therapy by combining it with other modalities in order to boost the oxidative stress in tumour tissues, and L-ascorbic acid (AscA) could serve as a potential candidate. The photoinduced transformations of a hematoporphyrin-type photosensitizer (HpDiA) were chosen as a model system to monitor the effects of AscA on oxygen-dependent photoreactions in aqueous model solutions of different pH. Additional data on the role of the ascorbate radical in photoreactions initiated by HpDiA, as well as on the mutual activity in samples containing bovine serum albumin (BSA), including participation in Type I reactions, were obtained performing electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy measurements, done on the mixed aqueous solutions poured into capillary tubes of a carefully selected diameter, both in the dark and under illumination with a laser beam in the absence of additional trapping molecules. A strong interaction between BSA and porphyrins was determined as a main factor in the observed photoreactions, not only boosting the photooxidation and photoreduction pathways, but also leading to the enhanced photoactivity in combination with AscA, especially, in the acidic medium.

Uniform Nanorods with Regioselective Distribution of Inorganic Nanoparticles Templated by 2D Block Copolymer Nanosheets.

The inorganic/organic hybrid materials with regioselective distribution of functional inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have received constant interest attributed to fascinating integrated properties. However, there remains a formidable challenge in realizing the regioselective distribution of NPs for the specific hybrid nanorods. Herein, we report the construction of uniform core-shell hybrid nanorods with the regioselective distribution of inorganic NPs by selectively disassembling the prepared NPs/polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) hybrid nanosheets. Moreover, through precisely adjusting the parameters, such as complexation ability between the metal precursor and P4VP blocks, the protonation degree of P4VP blocks and complexation time, the NPs/polymer core-shell hybrid nanorod with the uniform distribution of NPs, and dumbbell-like hybrid nanorods with selective distribution of NPs at both ends can be obtained. This finding reveals a unique insight into the design of the anisotropic functional hybrid materials with the regioselective distribution of inorganic NPs.

Baby Sign Language in the development of young hearing children: A review of selected studies

The aim of this theoretical article is to increase the cognitive value of the subject of Baby Sign Language, in particular their positive impact and significance for the development of a hearing child. Addressing this problem seems important because of constant interest in sign language for children, both among parents and scientists. Equally important is the argument of the lack of a sufficient number of Polish studies in this area. The article consists of a short introduction and four thematically and logically arranged parts. The first contains a synthetic description of the process of language acquisition and development as well as the communication of a young child. The second part presents the history of the Baby Sign Language, its basic assumptions and principles. The third part discusses the importance and benefits of using the Baby Sign Language in the development of a young child. The study ends with a short summary with final conclusions, which show, based on the presented empirical material, that the Baby Sign Language has a positive significance for the child's development in almost all its spheres, i.e. e.g. in the linguistic, cognitive, emotional and motor spheres.

Metal-oxide coated Graphene oxide nano-composite for the treatment of pharmaceutical compound in photocatalytic reactor: Batch, Kinetics and Mathematical Modeling using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst has gained constant interest in the treatment of wastewater because of its greater stability, lower cost, low-toxicity, high efficiency, and more reactivity under UV radiation. On the other hand, Graphene oxide (GO) possesses high electron mobility, and therefore when GO is combined with TiO2, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 is increased. In this study, nano-composite was synthesized in a hydrothermal reactor using two types of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 consisting of a mixture of rutile and anatase phase (Type 1) and bioreduced TiO2 (Type 2)) and the efficiency of both the TiO2-GO nanocomposite to remove the drug Carbamazepine (CBZ) was investigated. The TiO2-GO nanocomposite with the Type 1 TiO2 exhibited greater efficiency hence further studies were conducted with that composite. The efficiency of TiO2-GO nanocomposite for the purpose of removing CBZ were investigated in presence of different types of incident radiation like Solar radiation, white light and three type of Ultraviolet radiation (A, B, C). The removal of the drug by TiO2-GO composite has been optimized using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. From this study, the maximum reduction was observed was 91.2% and whereas in case of the RSM optimization study the maximum removal that was observed was 91.7%. The validation of the RSM model was done using the mathematical analysis of the model equation of RSM. Different kinetics models was also analyzed using the experimental data and it was observed that it followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The optimization using ANN also showed a close interaction with the experimental results.

Francis Bacon’s legislative work

The article examines the scholarly work of the eminent English thinker, statesman, and lawyer F. Bacon, aimed at improving the existing legislation and legal procedures in England.
 The article states that F. Bacon, in all senior State positions, not only showed a constant interest in legal problems, but also took an active part in the implementation of legal acts in the political and legal sphere of the State.
 It is stated that F. Bacon has been actively engaged in the elimination of outdated and contradictory laws and regulations and in the creation of new ones that correspond to existing socio-political and economic realities, and also served to strengthen the power of the State and the welfare of its citizens.
 The article establishes that F. Bacon, in his academic and theoretical activities, not only acts as a legal theorist, but he actively participates in legislative activities as a member of Parliament in the Lower House, where he has served for many years as its recognized leader.
 The thinker actively participates in trials where he acts as a lawyer. He shows great erudition and oratory talent.
 It is stated that in the position of Extraordinary Crown Counsel, F. Bacon demonstrates not only high professionalism, but also political wisdom, deep insight into existing socio-political and legal issues, Flexibility in dealing with complex legal problems and the ability to forecast in depth.
 It has been established that in his position as Chief Legal Officer, Crown Counsel, F. Bacon has worked intensively and creatively to assemble and draft a single Code of Laws for England. He spent many years codifying English law.
 Emphasis was placed on the fact that all of F. Bacon’s theoretical, scientific and political activities were aimed at creating a legal framework that would provide a solid basis for dealing with complex socio-economic, political Moral and ethical problems and other problems, and activities aimed at providing legal support for the development of the economy, industry, agriculture, crafts and trade.
 The article emphasizes that F. Bacon creatively and dialectically linked political issues, Economy and law and their implementation in legislation and law-making aimed primarily at strengthening the power and defence capability of the State, especially the active construction of naval and merchant fleets and the expansion of trade relations with other countries.
 Bacon has devoted all his talent and energy to building a solid legislative framework as an important factor in solving complex problems of development of society and law.

Natural Fillers as Potential Modifying Agents for Epoxy Composition: A Review.

Epoxy resins as important organic matrices, thanks to their chemical structure and the possibility of modification, have unique properties, which contribute to the fact that these materials have been used in many composite industries for many years. Epoxy resins are repeatedly used in exacting applications due to their exquisite mechanical properties, thermal stability, scratch resistance, and chemical resistance. Moreover, epoxy materials also have really strong resistance to solvents, chemical attacks, and climatic aging. The presented features confirm the fact that there is a constant interest of scientists in the modification of resins and understanding its mechanisms, as well as in the development of these materials to obtain systems with the required properties. Most of the recent studies in the literature are focused on green fillers such as post-agricultural waste powder (cashew nuts powder, coconut shell powder, rice husks, date seed), grass fiber (bamboo fibers), bast/leaf fiber (hemp fibers, banana bark fibers, pineapple leaf), and other natural fibers (waste tea fibers, palm ash) as reinforcement for epoxy resins rather than traditional non-biodegradable fillers due to their sustainability, low cost, wide availability, and the use of waste, which is environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the advantages of natural fillers over traditional fillers are acceptable specific strength and modulus, lightweight, and good biodegradability, which is very desirable nowadays. Therefore, the development and progress of “green products” based on epoxy resin and natural fillers as reinforcements have been increasing. Many uses of natural plant-derived fillers include many plant wastes, such as banana bark, coconut shell, and waste peanut shell, can be found in the literature. Partially biodegradable polymers obtained by using natural fillers and epoxy polymers can successfully reduce the undesirable epoxy and synthetic fiber waste. Additionally, partially biopolymers based on epoxy resins, which will be presented in the paper, are more useful than commercial polymers due to the low cost and improved good thermomechanical properties.

A Study on Hydroponic Farming System of Wheat for Sustainable Development of Agriculture

Hydroponics is a type of horticulture and a subset of hydroculture which includes growing vegetation, typically vegetation, without soil, through the usage of mineral nutrient solutions in an aqueous solvent. Terrestrial or aquatic vegetation may also grow with their roots exposed to the nutritious liquid, or, further, the roots may be physically supported by way of an inert medium which include perlite, gravel, or different substrates. In spite of inert media, roots can cause adjustments of the rhizosphere ph and root exudates can affect rhizosphere biology and physiological balance of the nutrient answer through secondary metabolites. Hydroponic is characterized as the study of developing plants without soil by giving them compound arrangements containing fake types of supplements, which the plants by and large get from the soil. Developing wheat hydroponically for plant reproducing purposes might hold rise, yield and seed quality benefits contrasted with conventional establishing strategies. The constant expanded interest of food creation is heightening with increment of total populace. The conventional cultivating framework cannot cover the world's eminent interest for food with rising contamination level and motions in environment. The plan and advancement of new cultivating and establishing framework procedure is dire necessity to avoid food calamity in future. The current review planned to analyze a proficient lab to land move procedure for elective agri-cultivating framework, the tank-farming framework. The in vitro information was assessed and approved through mathematical apparatuses for similar records among aquaculture and regular water framework against wheat Triticum aestivum. The outcomes showed that wheat, showed generally excellent development in Hoagland arrangement in contrast with regular water. Accordingly the field utilization of the proposed aqua-farming framework for grains, vegetables and blossoming yields will fulfill the overall need of today and future by maintainable agribusiness cultivating approaches.

ІЛЮСТРАЦІЇ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИХ СВІТСЬКИХ ВИДАНЬ ЯК ЗАСІБ УСЕБІЧНОГО ПРИГНОБЛЕННЯ РОМІВ НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ.

Prejudice against the Roma is a social chasm that is already burying itself today. The Roma are the nationality about which there is a lot of misinformation, and even more so, against which an ideological policy of extermination has been deployed, based mostly on audacious and false human prejudices. Public opinion in general sees the representatives of the Gypsy population as negative, pre-programmed qualities, supported not by reality, but by racist prejudices and misinformation from the press. Roma people continue to be mostly victims of false accusations and have been labeled as criminals, liars and thieves for several centuries. The purpose of the work is to analyze the illustrations, the artistic features of which demonstrate a biased attitude towards the coverage of the heterogeneous gypsy life in Europe. Constant reviews and interest of the public in scandalous situations related to the Roma make it possible for the mass media to encourage the reader with increasingly fanciful and sometimes even absurd news with images of the Roma. The subject of the study is the most frequently repeated and widespread illustrative stereotypes that the Roma are a deviant marginal group of people who devote their lives only to crimes. The press and editorial artists at the beginning of the 20th century increasingly represented the gypsy community as a band of barbarians who, in the age of symbolism, were depicted in endless attempts to commit crimes. The scientific problem is contemporary artistic carelessness and stereotypical thinking, which can provoke and encourage brazen prejudice against Roma. The persecution of Gypsies in the press was presented somewhat ironically, with regular mockery, which increased the demand and caused even possible negative consequences for one or another publication on the part of the Roma people, who always kept aloof, and who for decades fell into the cycle of brutal, executed by the society of the time in the Art Nouveau style of illustrations in the popular European press.

К вопросу о поводах и правовых основаниях к конфискации промышленных предприятий советскими органами

The relevance of the chosen direction of research is due to the constant interest of the scientific legal community in various aspects of the legitimization of power in various historical periods. The problem of legal forms of the exercise of power allows us to single out one of these aspects, which is associated with the motives for social transformations in transitional periods of the socio-economic development of society. The October Revolution led to a change in the socio-economic system, and the stability of Soviet power was determined not only by the support of the masses, but also by the state of the economy. However, many industrial enterprises, due to the actions of the owners, were under the threat of cessation of production or closure. The purpose is to show what reasons and legal grounds led to the adoption of acts of confiscation and nationalization of enterprises in post-revolutionary Russia. Methods - historical-legal, concrete-historical, legal logic, inductive-deductive analysis. Based on scientific research and archival sources, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, it is assumed that the socio-political activity of labor collectives at many enterprises manifested itself in appeals to authorities, which gave sociological reasons for the adoption of decrees and resolutions on the confiscation of enterprises and accelerating the process of nationalization of industry. In addition to them, ideological, political and situational (associated with the alienation of local property without the sanctions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars) reasons stand out. The legal grounds for the adoption of such acts are constitutional, legislative acts, including the regulation on worker control, and protocol decisions of authorized bodies.

The Language Issue of the National Minorities of Transcarpatia in the Ukrainian Media 2019–2021

Introduction. The language issue is very important for Ukraine as a state but it is often speculated on. The adopted laws «On education» (2017) and «On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state» (2019) caused a stir in the media, and representatives of some national minorities declared a threat to the functioning of their languages. The purpose of this article is to analyze the peculiarities of coverage of the issue of the languages of the national minorities of Transcarpathia in the Ukrainian media after the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as a State Language». Relevance of the study. The article analyzes the content of publications about the languages of national minorities after the adoption of the 2019 law, calculated the dynamics of the number of such publications in online media, determined the relationship to the largest national communities in the region, and also compared the results with Google Trends indicators. Methodology. The method of content analysis, statistical analysis, and comparative method was used in the article to analyze 110 publications about the languages of the national minorities of Transcarpathia (2019–2021). Results. The analyzed publications confirm the constant interest of journalists in the issue of the language of the national minorities of Transcarpathia. Most of the publications concern the Hungarian community (76 %), but only a small part concerns the Romanian (4%), Slovak and Roma (2 % each), and German (1 %). In 15% of the publications, several national communities’ problems are covered simultaneously. The study results confirm that representatives of the Hungarian community in Transcarpathia and officials of Hungary are the most active in highlighting the issue of the language of national minorities. Conclusions. The analyzed media rarely covers the positions of different parties, so it is necessary to increase the «internal» pluralism of opinions in publications, to support publications in which this issue is discussed impartially. In the future, it is necessary to study the issue of publications about national minorities in the Ukrainian media during the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and in view of the fulfillment of the requirements for Ukraine’s membership in the European Union.

PERSONAL SAFETY IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE REGULATIONS OF THE ROMANIAN PENAL CODE

Guaranteeing liberty and security rights is a fundamental principle of law state and its legal regulation is a priority in the legal systems of the countries of the European Union.
 The rapid development, of technology information and its applicability, in the last decades, have ensured its access in all sectors of life, from economic to social and cultural. With these premises, cybercrime has become a field of maximum and acute actuality.
 By promoting and protecting the fundamental rights of citizens and the state law, the right to liberty and security of person and in the cyber environment must be guaranteed.
 The Romanian legislator shows an active and constant interest in the field, by substantiating and updating the internal normative framework that regulates information systems, as well as by ratifying the legal documents issued by the Council of Europe.

Spaces of Memory

Abstracts The essay aims to explore the theme of memory in Petrarch’s Latin Works and in his intellectual experience, analysing especially one of the two metaphoric fields of memory, namely that which defines memory as a space that can be created, organised, filled with contents, and revisited with the specific aim of learning and discovering while remembering past events. Petrarch’s constant interest in the structure and processes of memory and in the heuristic quality of the act of remembering seems to be effectively condensed into some metaphors (like thesaurus, arca, arx, cella, etc.) involved with the idea of repository that can be depicted in different ways depending on whether the aim is that of emphasising the value of the memories contained in it, or its possible religious applications, or its creative function.

Maximum likelihood estimation of diffusions by continuous time Markov chain

A novel method is presented for estimating the parameters of a parametric diffusion process. The approach is based on a closed-form Maximum Likelihood estimator for an approximating Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) of the diffusion process. Unlike typical time discretization approaches, such as pseudo-likelihood approximations with Shoji-Ozaki or Kessler's method, the CTMC approximation introduces no time-discretization error during parameter estimation, and is thus well-suited for typical econometric situations with infrequently sampled data. Due to the structure of the CTMC, closed-form approximations are obtained for the sample likelihood which hold for general univariate diffusions. Comparisons of the state-discretization approach with approximate MLE (time-discretization) and Exact MLE (when applicable) demonstrate favorable performance of the CTMC estimator. Simulated examples are provided in addition to real data experiments with FX rates and constant maturity interest rates.

The image of the Russian peasantry in A. Platonov’s the stories and plays during the Great Patriotic War

Fiction embodies the diverse cultural and historical memory of society and offers its own answers about the impact of war on a person, the long-term humanitarian consequences of the war. In his military stories and plays A. Platonov presented a wide panorama of images of the fighting people, among which the image of peasantry occupies a central place. Memory is considered as the leading concept of the writers creativity. Features of perception of war, life and death, good and evil by ordinary soldiers are revealed. A. Platonovs military stories are very significant for the cultural memory of Russian society. Focusing on the peasant roots of the fighting people, the writer warned of the danger of forgetting this. Platonovs constant interest in the memorial aspects of culture is realized in his military prose largely from the point of view of the world picture of Russian peasants. Village and its inhabitants, faith and family, land, bread, labor-symbols of the Motherland in Platonov, the embodiment of historical continuity. These aspects were reflected later in popular memories of the war, in the peasant perception of the war as sacrificial heroism.

Analysis of Social Phenomenon on Tattoo Using Big Data and Social Network Analysis - News texts for the last year as collated -

The purpose of this study was to identify the social phenomena of tattoo, which have been of constant interest in our society, through analysis of social networks collected from big data on what the social phenomena implied in keywords emphasized in newspaper articles over the past year. To this end, by analyzing keywords about tattoos that frequently appeared in newspaper articles, we could see what the main interests of social phenomena related to tattoos were. Data on tattoos were collected from newspaper articles over the past year and analyzed how they formed meaning regarding the relationship structure and centrality between the keywords at issue through social network analysis. These findings provide basic data on social discussions and policy directions related to tattoos in practice and discussions related to ways to improve them. This study is an extension from existing quantitative research by analyzing the social phenomena of tattoos through Bigdata and social network analysis. Apart from statistical surveys or subjective qualitative research, we have approached them with content analysis using big data and social network analysis. The conclusion of this study is as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the word cloud regarding tattoos, it was confirmed that “rose” and “300” were the most prominent, and there were keywords that could analyze various other social phenomena. Second, as a result of analysis by connection centrality, it was proved that the social interest and popularity of tattoos increased. Third, as a result of analysis by eigenvector centrality, the popularity of tattoos was proved. It objectified academic research by attempting research from a different perspective from the analysis of research trends and provided visualized research results of readers.

Finite element analysis of nonlinear deformation, stability and vibrations of elastic thin-walled structures

Thin-walled shell-type structures are widely used in various branches of technology and industry. Such structures under operating conditions are usually exposed to various loads, including thermomechanical ones. Real shell structures, as a rule, have a complex shapes. To increase reliability, reduce material consumption, for technological reasons, they are designed as inhomogeneous systems in thickness. This causes a great and constant interest of engineers and designers in the problems of investigating the behavior of elastic thin-walled shell structures.
 The work is devoted to the method of analysis of geometrically nonlinear deformation, stability, post-buckling behavior and natural vibrations of thin elastic shells of complex shape and structure under the action of static thermomechanical loads. The unified design model has been created on the basis of the developed universal spatial finite element with introduced additional variable parameters. The model takes into account the multilayer material structure and geometric features for structural elements of the thin shell. The shells can be reinforced with ribs and cover plates, weakened by cavities, channels and holes, have sharp bends in the mid-surface.
 Such a uniform formulation made it possible to create a unified finite element model of the shells with an inhomogeneous structure. It is shown on a number of problems that the method presented in this article is an effective tool for analyzing geometrically nonlinear deformation, stability, post-buckling behavior and natural vibrations of thin elastic shells of an inhomogeneous structure under the action of static thermomechanical loads.

TYPOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ERGONYMS WITH ANTROPONYMIC ELEMENT (case study of the names of trade and service enterprises of Izhevsk)

The high density of ergonyms in the urban onomasticon, as well as their social orientation, has contributed to the constant scientific interest in these linguistic units. The article presents the results of studying ergonyms with an anthroponymic element of commercial enterprises and service companies located in the city of Izhevsk. The authors analyze the typological characteristics of ergonyms, their structural features. The problems of compatibility between business name and company sector is under consideration as well. When selecting material for research, the method of continuous sampling was used. The main method used to study is the method of scientific description, which involves direct observation, systematization, classification and interpretation. Based on the results of the description of the constituents of the four groups, a conclusion is made about the high typological variation of units and their structural diversity. Graphic ways to display a business name are characterized by the use of the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets including letters, punctuation marks and different symbols.

Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Comparison between Korea and the United States.

Helicobacter pylori has been well known to cause gastritis, peptic ulcers, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and gastric cancer. The importance of H. pylori eradication has been emphasized; however, the management of H. pylori infection is difficult in clinical practice. In both Eastern and Western countries, there has been a constant interest in confirming individuals who should be tested and treated for H. pylori infection and developing methods to diagnose H. pylori infection. Many studies have been implemented to successfully eradicate H. pylori, and various combinations of eradication regimens for H. pylori infection have been suggested worldwide. Based on the findings of previous studies, a few countries have published their own guidelines that are appropriate for their country; however, these country-specific guidelines may differ depending on the circumstances in each country. Evidence-based guidelines and clinical practice updates for the treatment of H. pylori infection have been published in Korea and the United States in 2021. This review will summarize the similarities and differences in the management of H. pylori infection in Korea and the United States, focusing on indications, diagnosis, and treatments based on recent guidelines and recommendations in both countries.

The image of a woman in the Kazakh worldview: philosophical and anthropological analysis

Attention to the study of the role of women and their image in philosophy is of constant interest, since this issue has both worldview and practical significance. Today, interest in studying the understanding of the image of a woman in the national tradition is acquiring special significance. In the context of constant transformation of the structure of modern society under pressure from various aspects the image of a woman, her function and role in society undergoes changes. First of all, the reasons for the change in the image of a woman are the pragmatization of human relations, a change in value orientations, the complication of the process of gender and national self-identification. The purpose of the research is to identify the specifics of understanding the image of a woman in the Kazakh traditional philosophical worldview. The methodological basis of the research was the systemic and socio-cultural approaches, which made it possible to comprehend the role of the image of a woman in the system of worldview in general and the worldview of the era of poetsimprovisers in particular. The scientific significance of the work lies in the development of the concept of the image of a woman, in the identification of its semantic aspects, philosophical foundations and connections in the worldview of the Kazakhs. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of its use in the educational process within the framework of courses on the history of philosophy, cultural studies, religious studies, in a special course on Kazakh philosophy.