Gravitational Constant Research Articles

The Divine Blueprint: An In-Deth Analysis of the Quran’s Mathematical Architecture -Revealing the Golden Ratio, Solar Year Length, Universal GravitationalConstant, Speedof Light, Planck Constant, and theSignificance of the Numbers 28 and 114

There is a strong belief that Allah Almighty could reveal His existence by encoding the laws of nature and their fundamental constants in the Quran with impeccable precision. However, the mathematical frameworks and patterns embedded within the Quranic text to reveal scientific laws and constants may contain minor deviations in numerical values to empower personal exploration, accommodate diverse interpretations, and strengthen faith. This theory is based on the fact that the Quran is the word of Allah Almighty. Consequently, one would anticipate finding evidence suggesting a divine origin. Many scholars and researchers have suggested that this evidence can be found in the mathematical structure of the Quran through patterns, numerical codes, and other mathematical features within the text that are too complex to be simply attributed to human authorship. Therefore, it is believed that the Quran contains within its structure a mathematical encoding of all physical laws and constants. Verses like 20.98, which state, "He encompasses all things in knowledge," are quoted as evidence. According to this perspective, the Quran is assumed to incorporate mathematical miracles, indicating a potential correspondence between its text and the underlying order of the universe. This theory reveals many mathematical frameworks illustrating how the Quran embeds scientific knowledge. These include the identification of frequent occurrences of the golden ratio within the Quranic text and the manifestation of the golden ratio in the human body, alongside the determination of key celestial parameters such as the length of the solar year. Furthermore, this theory uncovers a numerical link between the Quran and fundamental scientific constants, notably the universal gravitational constant, the speed of light, and the Planck constant. Moreover, this theory utilizes numerical analysis to offer a compelling rationale for why the numbers 28 and 114 are used to represent the total number of Arabic letters and chapters in the Quran, respectively. Finally, this theory highlights the Quran's remarkable mathematical architecture, offering indisputable evidence of its divine composition. We behold a mathematical marvel of cosmic scale, a phenomenon defying human intelligence. Indeed, the Quranis a product of a super intelligence exceeding our comprehension.

Schwarzschild Black Hole from Perturbation Theory to All Orders.

Applying the quantum field theoretic perturbiner approach to Einstein gravity, we compute the metric of a Schwarzschild black hole order by order in perturbation theory. Using recursion, this calculation can be carried out in de Donder gauge to all orders in Newton's constant. The result is a geometric series which is convergent outside a disk of finite radius, and it agrees within its region of convergence with the known de Donder gauge metric of a Schwarzschild black hole. It thus provides a first all-order perturbative computation in Einstein gravity with a matter source, and this series converges to the known nonperturbative expression in the expected range of convergence.

Deriving the Average Change in Kinetic Energy of a Galaxy in Non-Relativistic Motion

This study presents a novel approach to calculating the average change in kinetic energy of galaxies exhibiting non-relativistic motion. The methodology integrates the dynamics of total observed motion, which encompasses both peculiar and recessive motion, with the gravitational influence of neighboring galaxies. The peculiar motion is quantified through peculiar redshift, while recessive motion is described by Hubble’s Law. The total observed velocity is the sum of these two components. The research derives an expression for the average acceleration of a galaxy based on the change in its total observed redshift wavelength over time. Utilizing Newton’s Second Law of Motion, the average observed force and subsequent work done by this force is calculated. The work done by conservative forces, primarily gravitational forces exerted by neighboring galaxies, is also considered to determine the total work done on the galaxy. Results indicate that the average total observed force causing the motion of a galaxy is a non-conservative force, resulting from the combined effects of non-conservative forces responsible for peculiar and recessive motion. The change in potential energy due to gravitational interactions with neighboring galaxies is accounted for, leading to the formulation of the average change in kinetic energy. The conclusion of the paper provides a comprehensive expression for the average change in kinetic energy of a galaxy, factoring in the mass of the galaxy, the speed of light, the total observed redshift, the change in distance with respect to Earth, and the gravitational constant. This expression is significant for understanding the dynamics of galactic motion and the forces at play in a non-relativistic context.

Aspects of non-topological soliton stars in a class of induced gravity theories

We explore some interesting properties of soliton stars arising in a class of effective gravity theories having a Higgs scalar field that serves a dual role of generating an effective mass of a fermion field as well as generating an effective gravitational constant. With a suitable choice of non-minimal coupling, such solitons have the canonical effective gravitational constant in their exterior while in the interior the effective gravitational constant could be arbitrarily smaller. Such a choice enables an exact determination of gravitational effects on the total conserved energy of the soliton. While the external metric of such a soliton is the standard Schwarzschild metric, the interior entropy is much larger than that of a black hole of the same equilibrium temperature.

Next-to-eikonal corrected double graviton dressing and gravitational wave observables at OG2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{O}\\left({G}^2\\right) $$\\end{document}

Following a recent proposal to describe inelastic eikonal scattering processes in terms of gravitationally dressed elastic eikonal amplitudes, we motivate a collinear double graviton dressing and investigate its properties. This is derived from a generalized Wilson line operator in the worldline formalism by integrating over fluctuations of the eikonal trajectories of external particles in gravitationally interacting theories. The dressing can be expressed as a product of exponential terms — a coherent piece with contributions to all odd orders in the gravitational coupling constant and a term quadratic in graviton modes, with the former providing classical gravitational wave observables. In particular, the coherent dressing involves Oκ3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{O}\\left({\\kappa}^3\\right) $$\\end{document} subleading double graviton corrections to the Weinberg soft factor. We use this dressing to derive expressions for the waveform, radiative momentum spectrum and angular momentum. In a limiting case of the waveform, we derive the nonlinear memory effect resulting from the emission of nearly soft gravitons from a scattering process.

#470 Relationship between intraperitoneal volume and intraperitoneal pressure during peritoneal dialysis

Abstract Background and Aims Monitoring intraperitoneal pressure (IPP) has been advocated to quantitate intraperitoneal volume (IPV) during peritoneal dialysis (PD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between IPV and IPP during a short PD dwell. Method Thirteen patients (age 60.2 ± 13.8 years, 5 females, BMI 28.6 ± 7.8 kg/m2) were studied during a 2-hour dwell (2 L dialysate, 2.5% dextrose) in a sitting position. IPP was measured 4x per minute by a pressure sensor integrated in the Liberty Cycler (Fresenius Medical Care, Waltham, MA, USA). Segmental abdominal bioimpedance (Hydra 4200, Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) was done concurrently to measure IPV. Serum and dialysate creatinine and glucose concentrations were measured before and after the dwell. Dialysate density (ρ) was measured by a handheld density meter (Mettler-Toledo, Columbus, OH USA). Ultrafiltration volume (UFV) was recorded by the Liberty Cycler. A simple physical model (IPP = ρ × h × g) was used to explore the relationship between IPP and IPV (Fig. 1). Based on the model, a change in IPP (ΔIPP) depends on the change of apparent dialysate height (Δh) and dialysate density (Δρ); g is the gravity constant. The apparent cross-sectional area (A) of the peritoneal cavity was calculated as IPV/h. Results Average UFV was 0.31 ± 0.25 L (range 0.03 to 1.03 L). During the dwell, IPP decreased in 12 patients (UFV 0.03 to 0.49 L; Fig. 2) and increased in one (UFV 1.03 L). The IPP decrease (−3.81 ± 2.78 cmH2O; −21.2 ± 18%, p < 0.01) was accompanied by a decrease of apparent h (−0.04 ± 0.03 m; −20.9 ± 18.5%, p < 0.01) and ρ (−3.41 ± 0.56 kg/m3; −0.34 ± 0.06%, p < 0.0001). In patients with a decrease in IPP, the apparent dialysate h decreased from 0.19 ± 0.04 to 0.14 ± 0.04 m, and the apparent A increased from 107.8 ± 23 to 154.7 ± 34 cm2. In the patient with IPP increase, the apparent h increase from 0.14 to 0.18 m, and the apparent A from 138.4 to 164.6 cm2. ΔIPP inversely correlated with Δρ (Fig. 3) and UFV (Fig. 4). Moreover, ΔIPP correlated with D/P creatinine (Fig. 5) and with D/D0 glucose (Fig. 6). Conclusion In this proof-of-concept study, a simple physical model was used to explore the relationship between IPP and IPV. Contrary to our expectation, we found that IPP declines in most patients during the dwell. Decrease in IPP is related to increase in the apparent cross-sectional area of the peritoneal cavity. We hypothesize that during the dwell additional spaces of the peritoneal cavity become accessible to IPV. To what extent this opening of peritoneal space is associated with membrane characteristics warrants further studies.

Understanding the Origins of Quark Charges, Quantum of Magnetic Flux, Planck’s Radiation Constant and Celestial Magnetic Moments with the 4G Model of Nuclear Charge

Introduction: In our previous published papers, considering 3 large atomic gravitational constants assumed to be associated with weak, strong and electromagnetic interactions, we have proposed the existence of a nuclear charge of magnitude, en=2.95e and developed a nuclear mass formula associated with strong and weak interactions having 4 simple terms and only one energy coefficient. Methods: Two important assumptions are that there exists a weak fermion of rest energy 585 GeV and a strong coupling constant is the squared ratio of electromagnetic charge and nuclear charge. The aim of this paper is associated with understanding the mystery of the quantum of magnetic flux, Planck’s quantum radiation constant and Reduced Planck’s constant. Proceeding further, quark charges, strong coupling constant, nuclear stability, nuclear binding energy, medium and heavy atomic X-ray levels and celestial magnetic moments can be understood in a unified approach. It may also be noted that, by considering the integral nature of elementary particle masses, it seems possible to understand the discreteness of angular momentum. Results: Considering our proposed en=2.95e=3e as a characteristic nuclear charge, it seems possible to understand the integral nature of quarks electromagnetic charge. With this idea, neutron, proton and pion decay can be understood very easily. Conclusion: In all the cases, the up quark of charge (±2e) seems to play a crucial role in the internal transformation of the down quark of charge (±e) and external observable elementary basic elementary particles. It needs further study at the fundamental level.

Can nonlocal gravity really explain dark energy?

In view to scrutinize the idea that nonlocal modifications of General Relativity could dynamically address the dark energy problem, we investigate the evolution of the Universe at infrared scales as an Infinite Derivative Gravity model of the Ricci scalar, without introducing the cosmological constant Λ or any scalar field. The accelerated expansion of the late Universe is shown to be compatible with the emergence of nonlocal gravitational effects at sufficiently low energies. A technique for circumventing the mathematical complexity of the nonlocal cosmological equations is developed and, after drawing a connection with the Starobinsky gravity, verifiable predictions are considered, like a possible decreasing in the strength of the effective gravitational constant. In conclusion, the emergence of nonlocal gravity corrections at given scales could be an efficient mechanism to address the dark energy problem.

Energy-technological quantum parameters of silicon in electronics

Theoretical and experimental material on silicon is presented, which, together with formal and experimental dependencies of energy technological processes, determines the parameters of integrated electronic circuits. It is shown that the fundamentals of quantum physics, the fine structure constants of electricity and magnetism, together with theoretical and experimental data on energy technology processes, make it possible to consider patterns for electronic structural materials. The relationships between Planck's constant, gravitational constant, speed of light, electrical constant, dielectric constant, electrical charges and mass for the element silicon are considered. Methodological issues of formalizing the parameters of energy technological processes, which determine the fine structure constant of silicon, are noted.

Wide binaries and modified gravity (MOG)

Wide binary stars are used to test the modified gravity called Scalar-Tensor-Vector Gravity or MOG. This theory is based on the additional gravitational degrees of freedom, the scalar field G = GN (1+α), where GN is Newton's constant, and the massive (spin-1 graviton) vector field ϕμ . The wide binaries have separations of 2–30 kAU. The MOG acceleration law, derived from the MOG field equations and equations of motion of a massive test particle for weak gravitational fields, depends on the enhanced gravitational constant G = GN (1+α) and the effective running mass μ. The magnitude of α depends on the physical length scale or averaging scale ℓ of the system. The modified MOG acceleration law for weak gravitational fields predicts that for the solar system and for the wide binary star systems gravitational dynamics follows Newton's law.

Space Viscosity and Fundamental Constants

Fundamental constants in physics, such as the speed of light and the gravitational constant, are usually considered to be constant over time and space. This means that their value does not change with the expansion of the universe. Constants determine all the properties and behaviors of the cosmos, and any change in them would lead to the formation of a universe with new physical characteristics. The constants of physics in an expanding universe have always been a research challenge. In this context, some models suggest these constants may vary over time due to changes in the conditions of the cosmos; however, these theories have not yet been widely accepted by the scientific community. Fundamental forces in the universe are interactions that govern the behavior of matter and energy at the most elementary level. For example, the gravitational field, which follows the universal constant of gravity, clearly demonstrates its effect on large cosmic structures. According to the theory of general relativity, gravity is the result of distortions in space-time created by mass and energy. Moreover, gravity interacts with a specific type of matter in the universe known as dark matter. In fact, from the perspective of cosmologists, it is believed that this type of matter consists of hypothetical fundamental particles that do not emit electromagnetic radiation, such as light, and can be detected through their gravitational effects on visible matter and the large-scale structure of the universe. In conventional cosmology, dark energy can also be considered as a cosmological constant, is fundamentally a characteristic of space itself, which possesses a constant negative pressure and, contrary to gravity, causes the universe to expand at an accelerating rate. Dark energy is a dynamic quantity that can vary over time and space. However, T-Consciousness Cosmology posits that space has viscosity, and does not consider it constant. In other words, this viewpoint sees gravity as a result of the contraction of space (space viscosity) caused by the mass of light matter (ordinary matter). Additionally, this perspective introduces different types of dark matter (solid-like, liquid-like, gas-like), stating that dark matter is representative of high levels of space viscosity that envelopes massive objects or galaxies. Consequently, dark matter corresponds to high space viscosity and dark energy to low space viscosity. Moreover, both dark matter and dark energy not only possess gravitational properties but also act as the glue that holds massive cosmic objects and structures together. Due to the positive pressure it exerts within the isolated spherical cosmos, dark energy is recognized as one of the factors that drive cosmic expansion, effectively counteracting gravity. T-Consciousness Cosmology introduces a viscosity coefficient of space, ranging from infinity in the Cosmic Black Hole to zero at the Terminal Edge of the Cosmos (the final stage of space Rebound). Furthermore, this perspective argues that the speed of light varies in different viscosities of space, such that in areas of high viscosity, light's frequency increases and its wavelength decreases, slowing down the speed of light, and the opposite occurs in areas of low viscosity. Consequently, the speed of light is not constant throughout the cosmos due to the variability of space viscosity. The speed of light increases significantly higher than its currently calculated speed as the cosmos approaches its final stage of Rebound. It is important to note that while the notion of variable light speed is present in mainstream science, the approach taken by T-Consciousness Cosmology is distinctively different from these theories.

Scale-dependent cosmology from effective quantum gravity in the invariant framework

We explore the possibility of a consistent cosmology based on the gauge-fixing independent running of the gravitational and cosmological constants (G and Λ) in the framework of effective quantum gravity. In particular, their running in this framework was found to satisfy G∝Λ4. In the cosmological setting, the covariance of the theory provides energy conservation relations, which are impossible to satisfy with the unique scale parameter. However, by introducing the second sub-dominant scale corresponding to the higher-loop corrections and higher-derivative terms, one can close the system of equations for the running of parameters and arrive at the consistent cosmological solutions. This approach yields a change in the cosmological expansion history that affects the ratio of the Hubble parameter today to the Hubble parameter at high redshift.

Estimating power-law exponents from observations in electromagnetic non-minimal Maxwell-Gauss-Bonnet coupling cosmology

We discuss a generalized non-minimal Maxwell-Gauss-Bonnet power-law cosmological model characterized by the presence of electromagnetic field and variable cosmological and gravitational constant. We analyze the late-time dynamics characterized by power-law solutions. The model is constrained with local gravitational acceleration measurements, the SH0ES project which estimate the Hubble parameter, Planck TT, TE, EE + low E +lensing +SNe+ BAO data which estimate the EoS parameter and data coming from distant supernovae type Ia, the Hubble function H(z) measurements and information coming from the Alcock-Paczynski test which estimate the numerical range of the non-minimal coupling parameter. By adopting a variable cosmological and gravitational constants, it was found that the universe is acceleratedly expanding with time and dominated by dark/phantom energy and an electromagnetic field comparable to the cosmological lambda. The variations of the gravitational constant time agree with several phenomenological theories including the entropic and holographic principle. The final fate of an asymptotically static universe was found also to be a plausible scenario in the model discussed.

Novel tests of gravity using nano-Hertz stochastic gravitational-wave background signals

Gravity theories that modify General Relativity in the slow-motion regime can introduce nonperturbative corrections to the stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) from supermassive black-hole binaries in the nano-Hertz band, while not affecting the quadrupolar nature of the gravitational-wave radiation and remaining perturbative in the highly-relativistic regime, as to satisfy current post-Newtonian (PN) constraints. We present a model-agnostic formalism to map such theories into a modified tilt for the SGWB spectrum, showing that negative PN corrections (in particular -2PN) can alleviate the tension in the recent pulsar-timing-array data if the detected SGWB is interpreted as arising from supermassive binaries. Despite being preliminary, current data have already strong constraining power, for example they set a novel (conservative) upper bound on theories with time-varying Newton's constant (a -4PN correction) at least at the level of Ġ/G ≲ 10^-5 yr^-1 for redshift z=[0.1÷1]. We also show that NANOGrav data are best fitted by a broken power-law interpolating between a dominant -2PN or -3PN modification at low frequency, and the standard general-relativity scaling at high frequency. Nonetheless, a modified gravity explanation should be confronted with binary eccentricity, environmental effects, nonastrophysical origins of the signal, and scrutinized against statistical uncertainties. These novel tests of gravity will soon become more stringent when combining all pulsar-timing-array facilities and when collecting more data.

Reconfiguration of distributed power distribution networks based on improved gravitational search algorithms

In order to solve the problem of weak global search ability and premature convergence of GSA, a hybrid algorithm combining GSA and PSO is proposed. This algorithm can effectively use the advantages of PSO in global search. In addition, the update strategy of the gravitational constant is optimized, which improves the early search ability of the algorithm. Taking the reduction of network loss as the objective function, the improved algorithm is used to reconstruct the distribution network with distributed generation. The simulation results of the IEEE33 system show that this algorithm can efficiently decrease the network loss and enhance the node voltage.

Using Smartphones to Innovate Laboratories in Introductory Physics Courses

The SmartPhysics project involved two higher education institutions, one in Italy and one in the US, with the aim of exploring the use of smartphones for laboratory experiments in introductory Physics courses. Here we present and discuss two experiments that were developed in the project: the pendulum experiment, consisting in the measurement of the gravitational constant using a proximity stopwatch, and the ‘bouncing ball’ experiment, aimed at measuring the energy lost inelastic collisions with a hard surface. Both experiments were tested with the students in the academic year 2021-22. Our results and didactical reflections contain suggestions for the use of smartphone-based experiments in university settings, in comparison with traditional experiments and considering the specificities of different contexts.

Microscopic Origin of the Entropy of Astrophysical Black Holes.

We construct an infinite family of microstates for black holes in Minkowski spacetime which have effective semiclassical descriptions in terms of collapsing dust shells in the black hole interior. Quantum mechanical wormholes cause these states to have exponentially small, but universal, overlaps. We show that these overlaps imply that the microstates span a Hilbert space of log dimension equal to the event horizon area divided by four times the Newton constant, explaining the statistical origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.

On the quantum Bousso bound in JT gravity

We prove the Strominger-Thompson quantum Bousso bound in the infinite class of conformal vacua in semiclassical JT gravity, with postive or negative cosmological constant. The Bousso-Fisher-Leichenauer-Wall quantum Bousso bound follows from an analogous derivation, requiring only initial quantum non-expansion. In this process, we show that the quantity \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$2\\pi {k}^{\\mu }{k}^{\ u }\\langle :{T}_{\\mu \ u }:\\rangle -{S}^{{\\prime}{\\prime}}-\\frac{6}{c}{\\left({S}{\\prime}\\right)}^{2}$$\\end{document} vanishes in any vacuum state, entailing a stronger version of Wall’s quantum null energy condition. We derive an entropy formula in the presence of a generic class of two reflecting boundaries, in order to apply our argument to the half reduction model of de Sitter JT gravity.

The origin of the cosmological constant in unimodular gravity

It is well-known that in unimodular gravity (UG) the cosmological constant is not sourced by a constant energy density, but rather appears as some sort of integration constant. In this work we try to flesh this out by studying in some detail a couple of examples, one from cosmology and the other from gravitational collapse.

Probing Weyl-type [formula omitted] gravity: Cosmological implications and constraints

In this paper, we investigate the cosmological implications and constraints of Weyl-type f(Q,T) gravity. This theory introduces a coupling between the non-metricity Q and the trace T of the energy–momentum tensor, using the principles of proper Weyl geometry. In this geometry, the scalar non-metricity Q, which characterizes the deviations from Riemannian geometry, is expressed in its standard Weyl form ∇μgαβ=−wμgαβ and is determined by a vector field wμ. To study the implications of this theory, we propose a deceleration parameter with a single unknown parameter χ, which we constrain by using the latest cosmological data. By solving the field equations derived from Weyl-type f(Q,T) gravity, we aim to understand the behavior of the energy conditions within this framework. In the present work, we consider two well-motivated forms of the function f(Q,T): (i) the linear model represented by f(Q,T)=αQ+β6κ2T, and (ii) the coupling model represented by f(Q,T)=γ6H02κ2QT, where α, β, and γ are free parameters. Here, κ2=116πG represents the gravitational coupling constant. In both of the models considered, the strong energy condition is violated, indicating consistency with the present accelerated expansion. However, the null, weak, and dominant energy conditions are satisfied in these models.