Constant Energy Research Articles

Refined air-cooled battery sizing process for conceptual design of eVTOL aircraft

Recently, electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have garnered significant interest as a primary mode of transportation in advanced air mobility (AAM). For the conceptual design of eVTOL aircraft, where a broad design space must be explored rapidly, a practical and reliable battery sizing process is essential. This process needs to employ models with low computational cost while comprehensively considering two key factors: voltage drop characteristics and thermal effects. However, existing research on battery sizing mainly relies on constant specific energy or power, neglecting these factors. This oversight can lead to significant discrepancies in battery sizing between the conceptual and detailed design phases. To address these limitations, this paper introduces a refined battery sizing process. Our approach incorporates models for battery voltage drop, heat generation, and a cooling system. A Thevenin equivalent circuit is used to model voltage drop and heat generation, with a novel calibration method developed for accurate predictions of voltage and temperature profiles. An air cooling system is adopted for its simplicity and lightweight design, and a corresponding model is constructed. Applying our process to eVTOL aircraft sizing revealed that incorporating temperature, along with the depth of discharge (DoD) and C-rate, as constraints in battery sizing led to a 4.6 % decrease in specific energy and a 4.2 % decrease in specific power. These findings underscore the importance of considering temperature in battery sizing. Additionally, sensitivity analyses provided insights into which thermal management system, air-cooled or liquid-cooled, is more appropriate for the battery under various operating conditions.

A novel design of the electrostatic storage ring using quadrupole deflector

A novel electrostatic storage ring (ESR) design was created using an electrostatic quadrupole deflector (EQD) and quadrupole doublet lens (QDL). EQD was used to turn the electron beam 90 degrees in order to create an innovative ESR design. The impact of EQD designs on ESR performance was investigated, and the results showed that the performance of ESR was directly affected by the EQD design. The calculations showed that increasing the EQD diameter by 20% led to an enhancement in the electron beam dimensions by 88% for ∆x and 44% for ∆y for the initial angle of the electron beam α = 0.2°. Also, the design achieved its goal of keeping kinetic energy constant, where for an initial kinetic energy of 1000 eV, the difference between the energy of the injected electron beam and the emerging electron beam from the ESR is approximately 1–5 eV, i.e., despite changing the diameter of the EQD, the dimensions of the electron beam improve and the kinetic energy remains constant.

A novel partition function for elementary particles

Three different partition functions are well-known and described in statistical physics. Here, a novel partition function for the description of intra-particular interactions and with this for the mass of particles is presented below. In statistical physics, three different partition functions are already well-established. These are the microcanonical, the canonical, and the macro-canonical partition functions. Here a fourth, novel partition function is added to these already well-established three. Thereby due to the properties of quantum mechanics and superposition, this novel partition function is of fundamental different nature. According to this concept, the new partition function for particles is first defined. The masses and energies of the elementary particles are then calculated using this novel partition function. The energy of an elementary particle is proportional to the mass on the one hand and to the novel partition function on the other. The constant of proportionality with respect to the new partition function is found to be identical with Rydberg constant and Rydberg energy. The relationships found for the proton, the electron, and the sigma particle are then generalized to all elementary particles.

Numerical simulation of seasonal underground hydrogen storage: Role of the initial gas amount on the round-trip hydrogen recovery efficiency

Subterranean structures such as aquifers and depleted gas reservoirs (DGRs) offer a scalable, high-pressure, secure, cost-efficient, and ecologically friendly means of hydrogen (H2) storage. Underground H2 storage (UHS) has emerged as a potential solution to alleviate the imbalance between the fluctuating renewable energy generation and the demand for a constant energy supply. Quantifying the recovery efficiency is of paramount importance in the effort toward large-scale UHS. In this numerical simulation study, we employed a high-resolution grid for the discretization of a synthetic (but realistic) heterogeneous anticline intended as a H2 storage facility, and we assessed the H2 recovery efficiency, and the purity of produced gas associated with UHS in natural reservoirs involving different pre-existing gases and their quantities. All of these studies included an initial phase of cushion gas injection, followed by 4 cycles of H2 storage operations composed of injection-idle-withdrawal periods. The simulation results indicated that the H2 round-trip recovery efficiency RH increased (a) with an increasing number of storage cycles, routinely exceeding 90% and providing evidence of a self-enhancement or self-optimization H2 recovery mechanism and (b) with an increasing amount of pre-existing gas in the storage zone prior to the H2 injections — at the end of the 4-cycle test, the highest RH is associated with a DGR with a pre-existing gas consisting of residual CH4 and additional injected N2, and the lowest RH corresponds to an aquifer with no cushion gas. Conversely, the H2 mass fraction of the produced gas FHQ (a) increased with an increasing number of storage cycles, but (b) decreased rapidly with an increasing amount of pre-existing gas. The presence of a pre-existing gas inevitably leads to severe contamination of the produced H2, which never exceeds 40% in the produced gas, can be as low as 4% in early cycles, and cannot be used as a H2 fuel without gas separation. Aquifer storage without a cushion gas may exhibit the lowest H2 recovery (about 75% in the long run), but yields practically pure H2 that does not require further processing before use. A positive conclusion is that, under the conditions of this study, total H2 losses (including H2 escaping into the caprock, and inaccessible H2 dissolved in the aqueous phase of the formation or remaining in the gas storage zone) are limited and manageable, indicating the technical feasibility of geologic H2 storage.

Prototype Alarm Integrating Pulse-Driven Nitrogen Dioxide Sensor Based on Holey Graphene Oxide/In2O3.

NO2 seriously threatens human health and the ecological environment. However, the fabrication of highly sensitive NO2 sensors with rapid response/recovery rates, low detection limits, and ease of integration remains a challenge. Herein, benefiting from the fast carrier transfer and rich active sites, holey graphene oxide (HGO) was adopted to functionalize the In2O3 nanosheet to construct NO2 gas sensors. Characterization and theoretical calculations established the merits of HGO decoration in the NO2 sensing. The optimal sample, 0.5 wt % HGO/In2O3-sheet, exhibited superior sensing properties, resulting in a 1.37-fold improvement in response to 1 ppm of NO2 compared to the GO/In2O3 counterpart. Gas-sensing kinetics analysis revealed its lower activation energy and higher kinetic rate constants. Importantly, pulsed-temperature modulation was employed to decouple the gas adsorption from surface activation processes, achieving an ultrahigh response of 2776 to 1 ppm of NO2 for the 0.5 wt % HGO/In2O3-sheet sensor. Compared to the isothermal mode, this strategy enhanced the response value by 1.6 times, reduced the response/recovery time by 33%/70%, and enabled the detection of NO2 concentrations as low as 1 ppb. Finally, an NO2 monitoring alarm system based on the 0.5 wt % HGO/In2O3-sheet sensor with pulsed-temperature modulation was demonstrated for hazard warnings.

Study of electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermoelectric properties of stable double perovskites Cs2K(Ga/In)I6 for solar cells renewable energy

Double perovskites are exceptional materials for thermoelectric and optoelectronic applications in pursuing green energy. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of Cs2K(Ga/In)I6 has been conducted, focusing on its mechanical, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties by using wien2k, BoltzTraP, ShengBTE, and Phonopy codes. The stability of these compounds has been ensured by considering the tolerance factor, formation energy, phonon spectra, and elastic constants. The elastic and thermophysical properties, including ductility, anisotropy, Debye temperature, and melting temperature, are reported to be noteworthy. The band gaps of Cs2K(Ga/In)I6, measured to be 1.92 and 2.08 eV, indicate the presence of absorption bands in both the visible and ultraviolet regions. Significant absorbance, polarization, low optical reflectivity, and energy loss have been discussed in relation to photovoltaic applications. In addition, the transport characteristics are examined by analyzing the Seebeck coefficient and thermal and electrical conductivities. Due to their high figure of merit and exceptionally low lattice thermal conductivity at room temperature, these materials are highly recommended for thermoelectric generators.

High-performing organic/quantum dot hybrid upconversion device based on a single-component near-infrared-sensitive layer

A donor/acceptor (D/A) heterojunction with an interfacial energetic offset is demonstrated to enable efficient exciton dissociation in organic photodetectors and upconversion devices (UCDs). Unfortunately, this approach usually encounters complicated optimization procedures and interfacial instability. Herein, we present an alternative strategy for achieving high-performing UCDs by utilizing an organic single-component near-infrared (NIR)-sensitive layer instead of a D/A heterojunction. The showcased UCD is constructed by vertically stacking an organic single-component Y6 NIR-detection unit and a quantum dot light-emitting unit. Due to the high dielectric constant and low exciton binding energy of the non-fullerene acceptor Y6, free carriers are directly and spontaneously generated upon NIR light excitation. As a result, the single-component UCD achieves a low light detection capability of 2.5 μW/cm2, a fast refresh rate of >3.8 × 104, and a high resolution exceeding 1100 dpi, providing a stable optical response to high-frequency NIR signals and high-quality NIR imaging.

Influences of various thermoplastic veil interleaves upon carbon fiber-reinforced composites subjected to low-velocity impact

Throughout their service life, composite materials may be subjected to impact loads, which can result in some damage mechanisms that cause degradation in mechanical and dynamic responses. Especially matrix-induced cracks and delamination can have significant effects on the final properties, and cause serious problems if the necessary precautions are not taken. In the current study, Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites interleaved with Fine Glass (FG), Polyetherimide (PEI), Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Polyimide (PI) and Poly-Phenylene Sulphide (PPS) thermoplastic veils were fabricated, and exposed to LVI tests under 25.2 J constant impact energy to determine how veils affect the dynamic properties. The selected veils are commercially available materials and are used for various purposes. In this regard, it was aimed to examine the usability of these commercially available veils as interlayers and to examine the impacts of the veils used as interlayers on the LVI characteristic of CFRP composites. According to the present study, it was found that veil interleaves significantly affect the composite stiffness, and accordingly, relevant LVI responses such as total impulse, bending stiffness, interaction times etc. For instance, approximately 21.2% reduction in the peak displacement and 73.23% increment in the bending stiffness were observed due to FG veil interleaves. On the other hand, when the effects of veil types were examined, the maximum and minimum variations in the LVI responses were observed for the FG and PEI interleaves, respectively, and FG veils were found to be the most effective veil types for the CFRP composites. It was also revealed that veil interleaves strengthen the interlaminar region between plies and delamination resistance, and thereby improved the Delamination Threshold Loads for all configurations.

An Interspecific Assessment of Bergmann's Rule in Tenebrionid Beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) along an Elevation Gradient.

In endotherms, body size tends to increase with elevation and latitude (i.e., with decreasing temperatures) (Bergmann's rule). These patterns are explained in terms of heat balance since larger animals need to produce less heat relative to their size to maintain stable body temperatures. In ectotherms like most insects, where this mechanism cannot operate, a reverse pattern is frequently observed, as a higher surface area-to-volume ratio in colder climates may allow for more rapid heating and cooling. However, patterns of increasing body size with decreasing temperatures can also be observed in ectotherms if selection for more stable internal temperatures leads to smaller surface area-to-volume ratios. Data on tenebrionids from Latium (Central Italy) were used to model elevational variations in average values of body size (total length, mass and volume) and surface area-to-volume ratio. Analyses were performed by considering the whole fauna and two ecological groups separately: ground-dwelling species (geophilous) and arboreal (xylophilous) species. The surface area-to-volume ratios declined with increasing elevation in all cases, indicating that the need for heat conservation is more important than rapid heating and cooling. However, in xylophilous species (which typically live under bark), body size increased with increasing elevation, and in geophilous species, an opposite pattern was observed up to about 1000 m, followed by an increasing pattern. This suggests that a reduction in resource availability with elevation limits body size in geophilous species up to a certain elevation but not in xylophilopus species, which benefit from more climatically stable conditions and constant resources and need energy for overwintering.

Three Diterpene Lactones from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f) Nees In vitro, In silico Assessment of the Anticancer and Novel Liposomal Encapsulation Efficiency

: Three compounds from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f) Nees leaf were isolated and identified using 1H, 13C, 2D-NMR, and HR-MS techniques for the first time. Compound 3,19-Di-O-acetylandrographolide (3,19-DAA) or (4) is produced by acetylating compound (2). Compounds (2) and (4) have been investigated for their cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cell lines (SK-LU-1, Hela, and HepG2) using the MTT method. Compound (4) demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against all three cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 8.38 to 10.15 μM. This represents an increase in cytotoxicity of 2.67 to 3.12-fold compared to compound (2). One way to deal with the problem of low water solubility is by encapsulating (4) into liposomes using a thin-film hydration technique. The optimal conditions for maximizing encapsulation efficiency involve molar ratios of phosphatidylcholine, 3,19-DAA, and cholesterol at 4:1:1. Encapsulating compound (4) within nanoscale liposomes increases its water solubility compared to the free form of compound (4). Pose 324 of compound (4) demonstrated the best conformation among 500 docking conformations when docked to enzyme 1T8I in a in silico docking study. The free Gibbs energy and inhibition constant were determined to be -7.09 Kcal/mol and 6.32 μM, respectively. These values help elucidate the strong interaction between compound (4) and the enzyme in the ligand interaction model. The molecular dynamics simulation using Desmond software in the Linux environment was conducted for a duration of 0 to 100 nanoseconds on the complex formed by pose 324 and 1T8I. The results showed effective interactions within the complex, with stability observed from 0 to 60 nanoseconds. Throughout the simulation, specific amino acids such as Ala 499 (involved in 90% of the simulation time with hydrogen bonding via a water bridge) and Thr 501 (involved in 50% of the simulation time with one hydrogen bond via a water bridge) were found to play significant roles. The majority of torsion bondings are C-O bondings in the acetyl group of compound (4), with torsion energy values of 13.47 Kcal/mol. Carbon atom C-29 at position 324 exhibits the highest fluctuation.

Inertial range of magnetorotational turbulence.

Accretion disks around compact stars are formed due to turbulence driven by magnetorotational instability. Despite over 30 years of numerous computational studies on magnetorotational turbulence, the properties of fluctuations in the inertial range-where cross-scale energy transfer dominates over energy injection-have remained elusive, primarily due to insufficient numerical resolution. Here, we report the highest-resolution simulation of magnetorotational turbulence ever conducted. Our simulations reveal a constant cross-scale energy flux, a hallmark of the inertial range. We found that as the cascade proceeds to smaller scales in the inertial range, the kinetic and magnetic energies tend toward equipartitioning with the same spectral slope, and slow magnetosonic fluctuations dominate over Alfvénic fluctuations, having twice the energy. These findings align remarkably with the theoretical expectations from the reduced magnetohydrodynamic model, which assumes a near-azimuthal mean magnetic field. Our results provide important implications for interpreting the radio observations by the Event Horizon Telescope.

Tritium β decay and proton-proton fusion in pionless effective field theory

The Gamow-Teller and Fermi matrix elements, 〈GT〉 and 〈F〉, respectively, for tritium β decay are calculated to next-to-leading order (NLO) in pionless effective field theory in the absence of Coulomb interactions and isospin violation giving the leading order predictions 〈GT〉0=0.9807 and 〈F〉0=1. Using an experimentally determined value for the tritium β decay GT matrix element, the two-body axial current low energy constant is fixed at NLO yielding L1,A=6.01±2.08fm3 at the renormalization scale of the physical pion mass, which agrees with predictions based on naive dimensional analysis. The impact of L1,A on proton-proton fusion is also discussed. Finally, the consequences of Wigner-SU(4) spin-isospin symmetry are considered for the Gamow-Teller matrix element. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Thermal Relaxation in Janus Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Bilayers.

In this work, we employ molecular dynamics simulations with semi-empirical interatomic potentials to explore heat dissipation in Janus transition metal dichalcogenides (JTMDs). The middle atomic layer is composed of either molybdenum (Mo) or tungsten (W) atoms, and the top and bottom atomic layers consist of sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) atoms, respectively. Various nanomaterials have been investigated, including both pristine JTMDs and nanostructures incorporating inner triangular regions with a composition distinct from the outer bulk material. At the beginning of our simulations, a temperature gradient across the system is imposed by heating the central region to a high temperature while the surrounding area remains at room temperature. Once a steady state is reached, characterized by a constant energy flux, the temperature control in the central region is switched off. The heat attenuation is investigated by monitoring the characteristic relaxation time (τav) of the local temperature at the central region toward thermal equilibrium. We find that SMoSe JTMDs exhibit thermal attenuation similar to conventional TMDs (τav~10-15 ps). On the contrary, SWSe JTMDs feature relaxation times up to two times as high (τav~14-28 ps). Forming triangular lateral heterostructures in their surfaces leads to a significant slowdown in heat attenuation by up to about an order of magnitude (τav~100 ps).

Study of promising lithium-based lead-free double perovskites Li2AuBiX6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) for optoelectronic and other renewable energy applications

The current study effort primarily focuses on the computational investigation of the physical properties of Li2AuBiX6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) double perovskites (DPs) utilizing the Density Functional Theory (DFT) framework. The structural and elastic characteristics have been evaluated to reveal phase and mechanical stability. The assessed formation energy and elasticity constants calculations validate that the examined DPs possess cubic phase, exhibit stability, and demonstrate ductility. The band structure analysis has been accomplished with a modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ) potential. Theband structure simulations reveal that Li2AuBiCl6, Li2AuBiBr6, and Li2AuBiI6 possess an indirect energy gap, with values of 1.12 eV, 0.77 eV, and 0.084 eV, respectively. We further examined the optical parameters in the spectrum of incoming photons from 0 to 4 eV. Considerable absorbance in the visible spectrum has been observed for Li2AuBiX6 (X = Cl, Br, and I), suggesting that these DPs are compatible with photovoltaics. Finally, we have computed thermoelectric (TE) characteristics in relation to temperatures within the range of 100 to 600 K. The investigated DPs might be suitable for thermoelectric systems, as indicated by the moderate values of the figure of merit, which needs to be improved. The obtained absorption and figure of merit values surpass similar perovskites Rb2AuBiX6. Hence, the current work might be advantageous for developing novel photovoltaic and TE systems.

Effect of Phytic Acid, Tin Oxide and Graphite Incorporation in Polyaniline Semiconductive Ink

Enhanced electrical conductivity and pressure sensing functionalities of phytic acid-doped polyaniline ink (PPhyA) incorporated with SnO2 (PPhyAS) and graphite flakes (PPhyAG) as reported in our previous article, encouraged us to explore the electrical conduction mechanism and associated optical properties. In order to realize the enhanced electrical conduction in the reported inks, detailed studies were carried out in our research described here in comparison with normal HCl-doped polyaniline (PANI). This can be attributed to the formation of a highly ordered molecular arrangement with high crystallinity, a change in the hopping pathway between two adjacent molecules and the hopping activation energy of the PANI chain in the phytic acid-doped ink systems. Optical parameters, such as absorption edge, Urbach energy, refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity and optical dielectric constants, were estimated from the result of UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results of these studies showed enhancement of the optical properties of the phytic acid-doped ink systems (PPhyA, PPhyAS and PPhyAG) in the low photon energy range as compared to HCl-doped PANI. Phytic acid-doped ink systems are paintable on a variety of flexible surfaces, such as paper and plastics. Hence, we suggest that the phytic acid-doped ink systems have a great potential for developing flexible and foldable circuitry for infrared optics and remote sensing.

Experimental investigation of nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of polycrystalline diamond composite

A fundamental understanding of the laser ablation of polycrystalline diamond composite (PCD) at different laser energy intensities is indispensable for extending these findings to practical applications where, through appropriate parameter combinations, a substantial amount of material with minimal thermal damage should be removed. The objective of this study is to investigate experimentally the nanosecond ablation of polycrystalline diamond composite at different laser pulse energies and input energy densities. The research comprised two distinct categories of experiments: (1) single-point and (2) line experiments. In single-point tests, the number of the incidence pulses (N.P) was varied from 1 to 100 pulses with different pulse energies (Ep) ranging from 40 to 200 µJ. As the N.Ps increased, the ablation depth increased as well. No considerable enhancement in ablation depth was observed with the increase in pulse energies. For the line experiments, the results emphasized the differences in ablation depths by nearly a factor of 2, resulting in a corresponding change in laser input densities from 6.5 J/mm2 to 1.3 J/mm2. The ablation difference was pronounced as the number of repeats of the scanning path increased. The results emphasize that the ablation depth varies at the same pulse energy when the pulse overlap decreased from 100 % to lower percentages. Based on these results, a constant laser energy density with three different combinations of laser inputs—namely, scanning speed and average power—was selected to evaluate the ablation depth and quality. The results show that in moderate numbers of scan repeats (here 20, 30 & 40 times), it is advisable to adopt a minimum pulse energy when the same ablation depth is achieved compared to higher pulse energies. The ablation pile-up was also evaluated in these repeat ranges, indicating that higher pulse energies and repeats do not result in ablation improvement and cause excessive melt deposition.

Pt nanoparticles in cooperation with Mn-P composite drive base-free selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a key approach to sustainable upgrading of furfural based biomass resources. In this work, small Pt nanoparticles (about 2.1 nm) loaded on MnPnOx composite were shown to effectively drive the base-free aerobic oxidation of HMF to FDCA in water. Regulating the P content in carrier enabled to tune HMF conversion and product distribution. The optimal Pt/MnP0.5Ox catalyst can reach 98% yield of FDCA at 110 °C under 10 bar of O2 after 24 h. It also showed the highest initial conversion rate of HMF (13 mmol molPt−1 s−1) and productivity of FDCA (4.1 mmol molPt−1 h−1) among all the Pt/MnPnOx catalysts. The carrier effect of P addition on promoting Pt oxidation catalysis was elucidated by using rigorous kinetic investigations and comprehensive characterizations. The initial conversion rate, rate constant and apparent activation energy were independently measured on oxidation of HMF and its derived intermediates. ICP-MS, XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, O2-TPD and XPS were used to acquire catalytic properties. It was demonstrated that P addition led to changes in carrier structure and metal-support interaction, which eventually promoted the formation of highly active electron-rich Pt0 sites and mobile reactive defect oxygen species. These features allowed improving the selective oxidation catalysis of supported-Pt nanoparticles for the base-free conversion of HMF to FDCA.

Study of curing kinetics of 4‐ (dimethylsilyl) butyl ferrocene grafted HTPB and effect of catalysts by differential scanning calorimetry

AbstractThe cure kinetics of 4‐ (dimethylsilyl) butyl ferrocene grafted hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) with Isophorone diisocyante (IPDI) was investigated using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Furthermore, the catalytic effect of Iron (III) acetylacetonate (Fe(AA)3) and Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) on the curing reaction was studied. The experimental data was fitted to Kissinger and Ozawa models, and the kinetic parameters were expressed as Arrhenius activation energy (E), pre‐exponential factor (A) and rate constants. The Crane model was explored to determine the reaction order of the curing reaction. The study categorically showed that the activation energy of the curing reaction with 4‐ (dimethylsilyl) butyl ferrocene grafted HTPB is higher as compared to the pure hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based system. However, the rate of curing reaction is higher with 4‐ (dimethylsilyl) butyl ferrocene grafted HTPB as compared to HTPB, and the viscosity build‐up data is too aligned with the DSC kinetic study. In addition, both catalysts increased the rate of the curing reaction but Fe(AA)3 displayed a superior catalytic effect.

Alternative Energy in Nigeria: Prospects and Limitations

Energy is a major driving ingredient to the development of any country and determines the quality of life a person lives. Accessibility to constant energy supply is a major challenge in this part of the world because the demand for energy is more than the supply, and since the nation’s major source of energy is fossil fuel, it’s only an eye-opener that our overdependence on this energy source doesn’t meet the demands since energy drives forward an economy, Nigeria could as well not be developed for a couple of number of years. Alternative energy sources are examined in this review especially the renewable source of energy in Nigeria. A delve into other (alternative) sources of energy were also looked into. This review also presents the projections and limits of the alternative sources of energy in Nigeria and the way forward. Policies that can be enacted to promote the use of alternative energy were also identified and some of the limitations were stretched out. Alternative energy sources should be considered priority in the country’s agenda since more than 60% of the nation’s population has access to the national grid of which constitutes more than half of the nation’s populace.

Multiple Self-Powered Sensor-Integrated Mobile Manipulator for Intelligent Environment Detection.

A multiple self-powered sensor-integrated mobile manipulator (MSIMM) system was proposed to address challenges in existing exploration devices, such as the need for a constant energy supply, limited variety of sensed information, and difficult human-computer interfaces. The MSIMM system integrates triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based self-powered sensors, a bionic manipulator, and wireless gesture control, enhancing sensor data usability through machine learning. Specifically, the system includes a tracked vehicle platform carrying the manipulator and electronics, including a storage battery and a microcontroller unit (MCU). An integrated sensor glove and terminal application (APP) enable intuitive manipulator control, improving human-computer interaction. The system responds to and analyzes various environmental stimuli, including the droplet and fall height, temperature, pressure, material type, angles, angular velocity direction, and acceleration amplitude and direction. The manipulator, fabricated using 3D printing technology, integrates multiple sensors that generate electrical signals through the triboelectric effect of mechanical motion. These signals are classified using convolutional neural networks for accurate environmental monitoring. Our database shows signal recognition and classification accuracy exceeding 94%, with specific accuracies of 100% for pressure sensors, 99.55% for angle sensors, and 98.66, 95.91, 96.27, and 94.13% for material, droplet, temperature, and acceleration sensors, respectively.