Constancy Of Velocity Research Articles

About the foundations of the special theory of relativity

The principle of the constancy of the velocity of light propagation is used to introduce a differentiable structure on the universe of events E. Namely, using a theorem proved in [2] and some axioms imposed toE it is shown howE can be endowed with an atlas s.t. the coordinate transformations between the charts of this atlas are given by conformal (or Weyl) transformations.

The problem of physical coordinates in predictive Hamiltonian systems

In the Hamiltonian formulation of predictive relativistic systems, the canonical coordinates cannot be the physical positions. The relation between them is given by the individuality differential equations. However, due to the arbitrariness in the choice of Cauchy data, there is a wide family of solutions for these equations. In general, those solutions do not satisfy the condition of constancy of velocities’ moduli, and therefore we have to reparametrize the world lines into the proper time. We derive here a condition on the Cauchy data for the individuality equations which ensures the constancy of the velocities’ moduli and makes the reparametrization unnecessary.

Critique of some statements in the theory of relativity

The hard core of the special theory of relativity is the constancy of theround-trip velocity of light together with the Fresnel postulate that the spreading of light is independent of the velocity of its source. This hard core, contained already in the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment, is in logical contradiction with the relativistic presumption about the «emptiness» of the physical space. The principle of the impossibility of measuring the one-way velocity of light is the hard core of the theory of the physical vacuum (ether). From it also the Poincare principle of relativity can be deduced. A good physical theory should have solutions which are regular and real everywhere. The interior of the Schwarzschild sphere in Rosen’s theory is «nonphysical» and, therefore, his theory cannot give any information about the structure of the elementary particles in contrast to the Kursunoglu theory. Further, Rosen’s ether does not enter into the special theory of relativity and cannot be, therefore, identical with the physical vacuum which is the cause of the relativistic effects. To remove singularities in relativity in a physical way, the introduction of the density of the physical vacuum (ether density) is proposed.

Ultrasound pulse propagation in dispersive media

Human tissues show dispersive ultrasound absorption, and it is important to understand how ultrasound pulses in the diagnostic frequency range, 1-10 MHz, propagate in such media. An uncomplicated wave-equation model for human soft tissues is postulated, and its dispersion law for absorption is demonstrated to be compatible with existing experimental findings. Propagative solutions for the simple one-dimensional, homogeneous case (no scattering) are derived. It is shown that the transmitted pulse consists of an undistorted, damped replica of the incident pulse, plus a depth-dependent, time-extended 'rumble', both of which travel at a fixed, finite velocity through the medium. The constancy of this (signal) velocity reconciles the predicted velocity dispersion with the observed weakness of such an effect in many tissues, and some consequences for the measurement of both velocity and absorption are indicated.

Albert Einstein: Three Successes, Three Failures Unconventional Thoughts About an Unconventional Man

"Albert Einstein: Three Successes, Three Failures Unconventional Thoughts About an Unconventional Man." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 3(4), pp. 265–266

Geometry of streamlines in fluid flow theory

Intrinsic properties of lines of flow has been studied by employing anholonomic co ordinate system consisting of s-lines which are streamlines, n-lines the involutes of s-lines and b- lines the locus of centre of spherical curvature of s-lines. This gives rise to only two geometric parameters and interesting have been obtained. It was also shown that velocity can be expressed in terms of geometric parameters. Constancy of velocity along binormal line implies existence of Lump surface for the motion. It is found is not irrotational unless it is plane motion. In generalised screw motion it is found that wn/v=constant along the stream line.

Critical comments on ?On the constancy of the velocity of light?

A new theory of four-dimensional symmetry introduced by Hsu has been criticized as logically inconsistent. We answer the criticisms that have been raised and show that in fact this theory is not logically inconsistent.

New limit on constancy of velocity of light

Among today's physicists, it is doubtful that many would claim that the speed of light depends on the velocity of the source. But it is pleasing to know just how right Einstein's second postulate in the special theory of relativity is. Recently, by analyzing observations of pulsating x‐ray sources in binary star systems, Kenneth Brecher of MIT has calculated a limit he believes is five orders of magnitude better than past verifications.

Parameters of streamer breakdown in xenon

It is known from experiments [1–3] that the velocity of streamers, induced in the center of the interelectrode gap and propagating to the electrodes under conditions when the streamer length is comparable with the distance between the electrodes, increases linearly as the streamer length increases. This relationship is in qualitative agreement with theory [4], Nevertheless, the velocity of streamers starting from the electrodes and propagating in a long interelectrode gap remains practically constant during the whole propagation process [5, 6], In the case of short gaps (2–5 cm), constancy of the velocity is observed during the stage of the process when the length of the streamer is much less (≃20%) than the length of the gap [7], Since the electric field at its end controls the streamer propagation, the constancy of the streamer velocity indicates that the controlling field is constant under these conditions. A number of theoretical models were proposed in [8–13] which describe uniformly moving anode- and cathode-directed streamers (henceforth called anode and cathode streamers). Comparison of experimental data with the corresponding theoretical model enables one to determine the streamer parameters: the electric field, the charged-particle density, the current density, the channel radius, etc. In the case of an anode streamer in Xe an attempt at such a comparison was made, in particular, in [6]. However, the lack of reliable data on the value of the drift velocity and the diffusion coefficient of electrons in Xe for E/p≃ (102 − 103) V/cm · mm Hg allowed only rough estimates to be made. In this paper a numerical calculation is made of the drift velocity, the diffusion coefficient of electrons in Xe, and the rate of excitation of Xe atoms in the resonance level in the range of values of E/p≃ (101−103) V cm · mm Hg, and the volt-ampere characteristic of the breakdown is measured under conditions described in [6] (p0=300 mm Hg and E ≃ 104−105 V/cm). Using these results, the formulas for the velocity of anode [12] and cathode [13] streamers, and experimental data [6], the parameters of the streamers studied in [6] are determined.

The experimental verification of the absolute space-time theory—I

The fundamental postulate of our theory is the constancy of light velocity only with respect to absolute space. This postulate was proved right by our recently performed ‘coupled-mirrors’ experiment (Marinov, 1974). In the present paper it is shown that the so-called (by us) Newtonian and Einsteinian time synchronisations lead respectively to the Galilean and Lorentz transformations. Both types of synchronisation can be practically realised, hence both corresponding transformations describe the physical reality at low as well as at high velocities of the material points. The conception that the Einstein time dilation is an absolute phenomenon and the Lorentz length contraction a fiction is defended.

Constant velocity--not perceived as such.

Most students of visual velocity perception implicitly assume that constant velocity is seen as such. This notion was challenged and shown to be inadequate in four experiments. A CRT-generated bright spot moved in a linear path according to different velocity time functions. Observers compared these movements pairwise as to their perceived constancy of velocity, or drew graphs describing perceived velocity along the track. Objects moving with constant velocity appear to move fast in the beginning and suddenly slow down to a much lower velocity. There is also a qualitative difference between the start phase and the rest. To be seen as constant, a movement must start smoothly with a certain acceleration and later level off to a constant velocity (natural motion). Such movements also look slower than others with the same average velocity. The results are taken to imply the existence of a perceptual concept of velocity which includes or presupposes a natural start. Consequences for velocity scaling, acceleration thresholds, and other motion perception studies, as well as relations to eye movements and conceptual problems, are discussed.

The structure of space-time transformations

LetT be a one-to-one mapping ofn-dimensional space-timeM onto itself. IfT maps light cones onto light cones and dimM≧3, it is shown thatT is, up to a scale factor, an inhomogeneous Lorentz transformation. Thus constancy of light velocity alone implies the Lorentz group (up to dilatations). The same holds ifT andT −1 preserve (x−y)2>0. This generalizes Zeeman's Theorem. It is then shown that ifT maps lightlike lines onto (arbitrary) straight lines and if dimM≧3, thenT is linear. The last result can be applied to transformations connecting different reference frames in a relativistic or non-relativistic theory.

The Lorentz transformations: Derivation of linearity and scale factor

A transformation connecting two inertial framesS andS' must transform uniform motion of material bodies into uniform motion. However, sincec is an upper bound on velocities, physics merely states that straight lines in the light-cone (and not necessarilyall straight lines as for projective transformations) go over into straight lines. Nevertheless, we show in a quite elementary way that this weaker property also implies linearity. Constancy of light velocity then gives in a standard way the Lorentz transformations up to a «scale factor» λ which can, in principle, depend on the particular Lorentz transformationA and translation a. By a very simple group-theoretical argument it is shown that λ⦻ 1.

Lorentz Transformation Derived from First-Order Experiments

The electric field that is created in a moving magnetic field can be used to establish the Lorentz transformation without considering the constancy of light velocity or the full set of Maxwell's equations.

Experiment on constancy of velocity of electromagnetic radiation

Experiment on constancy of velocity of electromagnetic radiation

On the Light Velocity in the Theory of Finite Degree of Freedom

The photon self-energy is examined in a finite degree of freedom theory to determine any contradictions in the constancy of light velocity. (R.E.U.)

現象的速度に關する研究 (第1報告)

§1. Studies of the so-called ‘constancy’ of visual velocity have originally been made by J. F. Brown (19 8, 1931), and followed by J. Ogasawara (1938) and H. Wallach (1939). Brown performed experiments on this phenomenon on the assumption that if the constancy of velocity was a mere consequence of that of size, velocity ought to be quite as constant as size is. His results however designated that the constancy of speed was more reduced than that of size at the same distance, and he concluded that the former could not be deduced from the latter. Ogasawara, on the other hand, finding from his experimental results that speed constancy was considerably reduced with the decrease of the inhomogeneity of the moving field indicated that as this was the common feature of all other constancy phenomena, speed constancy must rest on the same psychophysical bases as other common constancy phenomena are. As for Wallach he came to the conclusion theoretically that speed constancy could be explained with no reference to the constancy of visual size but by the ‘transposition principles’ (in Brown's sense) alone, if those principles were applied to retinal images and displacements.§2. Let us discuss on the above three theories. Brown's outcome that speed constancy is more reduced than size constancy is inconsistent with Ogasawara's in which the former constancy is either the same as or even larger than the latter. But the assertion of Ogasawara does not seem valid partly because his experimental set-up is incomplete and partly because it conflicts with Brown's results, in which the constancy of speed does not differ when the experiment is conducted in the dark room from when performed in the light room. I tried a series of experiments in order to examine this point. Both experiments on speed constancy and on size constancy were performed under the same conditions (the same objects subjects, distances, etc.) both in the highly articulated and less articulated visual fields. Table I shows the results of three subjects. The figures represent constancy indices computed by Brunswik's logarithmic formula.Table ISIZE CONSTANCYSPEED CONSTANCY(a) under the heterogeneous conditions in the light room.(b) under the less heterogeneous conditions in the light room.It can be stated from the table that size constancy is greatly influenced by the field condition, whereas speed constancy is not, though both experiments were tried under the same situations. I performed further experiments in order to find any relationship between speed constancy, on one hand, and the distance and the visul field on the other hand. The results lead to conclude that (1) even in the case of the completely dark room and of the monocular observation, constancy indices are nearly 1 ranging from .94 to .89, (2) the homogeneity of the moving field, however, reduces speed constancy just a little and (3) constancy indices have no correlation to distance, but visual speed is decreased with distance. This leads me to question the validity of Qgasawara's conclusion.Though quite plausible Wallach's theory is, stating that the phenomena of speed constancy and the ‘transposition’ of visual speed are the same on the retina, how can it explain the fact that while speed constancy is greater in the daylight illumination, the transposition principles are impaired under the same conditions?§3. Suppose the two moving fields A and B are set at 1m and 10m distance respectively in front of the observer in a completely dark room and B is seen, ceteris parlbus, as nearly a tenth of A in size and both are seen on the same frontal parallel plane. This situation is phenomenally nothing but that in which two objects A′ and B′ in the relation of B′=1/10A′ are placed equidistant. Therefore if we assume that the transposition principles work with reference to the phenomenal variables, we must

Rotation of the Milky Way

A SUMMARY of the most up-to-date knowledge of the galaxy is provided by an article by Frank K. Edmondson in the Telescope of September-October. A short historical outline of the subject is given, commencing with Glydén's discovery in 1871 of the galactic rotation effect in stellar proper motions, and dealing finally with recent research on the constancy of orbital velocity over a range of about 5,000-15,000 parsecs from the galactic centre. The explanation of this constancy in the rotational velocity is that the distribution of stars in the galaxy lies between high concentration towards the centre and uniform distribution. It has been estimated that the number of stars per unit volume near the centre must be a hundred times that in the neighbourhood of the sun. If this is correct, the sky should appear very brilliant in the direction of the galactic centre. As it does not do so, it is believed that huge clouds of dark interstellar matter partially conceal the centre from our view. For this reason the mysteries of that massive nucleus which lies behind the interstellar veil can be penetrated only through the assistance rendered by the study of star motions.

On the detection of an effect of rotation during eclipse in the velocity of the brigher component of beta Lyrae, and on the constancy of velocity of this system.

On the detection of an effect of rotation during eclipse in the velocity of the brigher component of beta Lyrae, and on the constancy of velocity of this system.

XI. Experimental Demonstration of the constancy of velocity of the light emitted by a moving source

(1919). XI. Experimental Demonstration of the constancy of velocity of the light emitted by a moving source. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 37, No. 217, pp. 145-150.