Consistent Patterns Of Behavior Research Articles

Pengaruh Efikasi Diri dan Pengetahuan Manajemen Keuangan Bisnis Terhadap Intensi Berwirausaha

The intention of entrepreneurship is the intention or determination of individual to become entrepreneurs. Before starting entrepreneurship, it takes a commitment within the individual. The commitment is represented in the entrepreneurship intention, that there is an intention to carry out the planned entrepreneurial action. There are many factors that affect the intent of entrepreneurship, including self-efficacy and knowledge. Self-efficacy is a belief in self-abilities arising from individual experience and forming a consistent pattern of behavior. Knowledge that an individual possesses can influence his belief to behave in accordance with that belief. Knowledge in this paper is focused on knowledge of business finance. This paper aims to analyze the influence of self efficacy and the level of knowledge of business finance management to the entrepreneurship intentions of Business Administration students, University of Jember, force of 2015 and 2016. Respondents numbered 97 students, which was determined by using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was done using multiple linear regression method. The results of the analysis prove that self efficacy has a significant effect on the intention of entrepreneurship. Meanwhile, the level of knowledge of business financial management does not affect the intentions of entrepreneurship.

Quantifying the housing recovery: which MSAs are experiencing bubbles?

The housing market is one of the most cyclical parts of the U.S. economy and played a leading role in the Great Recession. While house prices have recovered, the extent of the recovery varies considerably across markets. We evaluate housing prices in 20 MSAs and find that 12 out of them show a consistent pattern of behavior relative to the nation, while eight cities’ house price indices (HPIs) are characterized as having inconsistent behavior. Our analysis found breaks in the time series behavior of all HPIs. Furthermore, some MSAs, such as New York and Miami, began to recover much sooner than others. Granger causality test results suggest that some MSAs lead the national average and most of the other MSAs. Thus, our study suggests that changes in housing prices in a number of MSAs would provide an early warning for price moves at the national and regional levels.

Touch screen assays of behavioural flexibility and error characteristics in Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)

Behavioural flexibility allows animals to adjust their behaviours according to changing environmental demands. Such flexibility is frequently assessed by the discrimination–reversal learning task. We examined grey squirrels’ behavioural flexibility, using a simultaneous colour discrimination–reversal learning task on a touch screen. Squirrels were trained to select their non-preferred colour in the discrimination phase, and their preferred colour was rewarded in a subsequent reversal phase. We used error rates to divide learning in each phase into three stages (perseveration, chance level and ‘learned’) and examined response inhibition and head-switching during each stage. We found consistent behavioural patterns were associated with each learning stage: in the perseveration stage, at the beginning of each training phase, squirrels showed comparable response latencies to correct and incorrect stimuli, along with a low level of head-switching. They quickly overcame perseveration, typically in one to three training blocks. In the chance-level stage, response latencies to both stimuli were low, but during initial discrimination squirrels showed more head-switches than in the previous stage. This suggests that squirrels were learning the current reward contingency by responding rapidly to a stimulus, but with increased attention to both stimuli. In the learned stage, response latencies to the correct stimulus and the number of head-switches were at their highest, whereas incorrect response latencies were at their lowest, and differed significantly from correct response latencies. These results suggest increased response inhibition and attention allowed the squirrels to minimise errors. They also suggest that errors in the ‘learned’ stage were related to impulsive emission of the pre-potent or previously learned responses.

HSC Clonal Dynamics after T-Cell Depletion in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Lentiviral Gene Therapy

Background:Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy is a new treatment paradigm that can potentially provide lifelong protection against HIV-1 infection. The basic principle is to genetically modify a patient's own HSC such that the progeny, including CD4+T cells and macrophages, are resistant to HIV-1. Given the expected low levels of the anti-HIV gene-marked cells in clinical studies, it is critical to understand how the vast number of HSC, each bearing a unique phenotype, and their mature progeny contribute to maintaining homeostatic regulation in HIV gene therapy settings. We have recently published novel and detailed insights about the long-term behavior patterns of individual HSC followed for 4 to 12 years post-transplant in our nonhuman primate (NHP) model of lentiviral gene therapy, revealing for the first time in primates the precise time point of HSC repopulation and the functional heterogeneity of HSCs (Kim, Cell Stem Cell, 2014; Goyal, BMC Biology, 2015). Consistent clonal behavior patterns have been observed in human gene therapy (Biasco, Cell Stem Cell, 2016), demonstrating the clinical relevance of our data. Here, in order to develop a systems-level understanding of HSC clonal dynamics in anti-HIV therapy settings requiring efficient immune recovery from T lymphopenia, we further analyzed HSC clonal repopulation after T-cell depletion in one of our NHP animals. Our study generated systems-level datasets useful for understanding the parameters of T-cell repopulation and homeostatic regulation in anti-HIV therapy, as well as other therapies requiring efficient immune recovery from disease- or treatment-induced T lymphopenia.Subjects and Methods:The HSC clonal behaviors in animal 95E132 have been well characterized for 16 years post-transplant. At the 16-year time point, this animal was treated with 8 doses (25 ug/kg/dose) of an anti-CD3e immunotoxin over 4 days. Hematopoietic recovery after T-cell depletion was monitored by a complete blood count, multi-color flow cytometry analysis, TCRv_ spectratyping, and a high-throughput lentiviral-tagging assay (Kim, Journal of Virology, 2010). HSC subtypes and their clonal behaviors were determined based on the clonal profiling of blood lineages, including CD4, CD8, CD20, CD14, and CD18 cells, over time.Results:The peripheral CD3+ T cells recovered in 2-3 months (Fig. 1B). Cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cell recovery was faster than that of T-helper cells. Effector and memory T cells expanded promptly after T-cell depletion, whereas the na•ve T cells had not recovered more than one year after CD3e-immunotoxin treatment. Clonal profiling analysis revealed a few dominant clones in the recovered T-cell compartment, while showing no notable clonal fluctuation in the CD18+ granulocytes over time (Fig. 1C-D). TCRv_ spectratyping showed a skewed T-cell receptor repertoire even a year after immunotoxin treatment.Conclusion:Our data can bolster our understanding of hematopoietic regulation in patients recovering from T lymphopenia. The data showed skewed a T-cell receptor repertoire and clonal dominance in the recovered T-cells after immunotoxin treatment in an aged animal, suggesting that T-cell recovery had occurred primarily as a result of peripheral T-cell expansion. A systems-level, clonal dynamics study of this extreme form of homeostatic regulation provides unique opportunities to identify and characterize the regenerative pathways, as well as the obstacles, that emerge in the process of restoring homeostasis after disease- or treatment-induced T-cell depletion. [Display omitted] DisclosuresDunbar:GSK/Novartis: Research Funding. Chen:Calimmune: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Aprendizagem de discriminação auditivo-visual a partir de uma única tentativa de exclusão com objetos tridimensionais

O responder por exclusão é um padrão consistente de comportamento descrito como a tendência em selecionar o objeto indefinido, entre outros definidos, diante de um nome indefinido. Como a relação nome-objeto nem sempre se mantém após uma tentativa, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da apresentação de características do objeto indefinido na aprendizagem. Foi solicitado que os participantes (10 crianças de 24 a 34 meses) selecionassem brinquedos correspondentes às palavras ditadas, dentre um conjunto (linha de base com objetos e palavras definidos); então, eram conduzidas sondas de exclusão e de verificação de aprendizagem. Características específicas dos objetos indefinidos eram demonstradas antes das sondas na Condição Com Demonstração (CD) e não ocorriam na Condição Sem Demonstração (SD). Oito crianças responderam por exclusão em todas as sondas; não houve diferenças significativas entre as condições na aprendizagem. Os dados sugerem que a demonstração de características do objeto não contribui para a aprendizagem.

Observations of parasitism and aggression by female Enoggera nassaui, an egg parasitoid of the eucalypt pest, Paropsis charybdis

Female parasitoids that display aggressive behaviour towards conspecifics in defence of host resources must make a trade-off between time spent on aggression and time spent on parasitism. Such a trade-off not only affects the fitness of individual females but also may affect the overall rate of parasitism in the host population. Enoggera nassaui is an egg parasitoid of the eucalypt pest, Paropsis charybdis, with females that defend batches of host eggs from conspecific females by chasing, pushing and sometimes biting their opponent. The behaviour of female E. nassaui was observed when alone (solo) and in pairs (owner-intruder) in response to a single batch of P. charybdis eggs. The first female in a pair to contact the host eggs was designated the owner and the second female the intruder. Both parasitism-related behaviour for solo and paired females and aggressive interactions between paired females were described from direct observation. Parasitism rates for solo and paired females were also measured. Solo females had a consistent pattern of parasitism-related behaviour, spending 80 % of their time in contact with the host eggs. Paired females showed a similar pattern of parasitism-related behaviour when not interrupted by their competitor. Owners spent 6 % and intruders spent 17 % of their time on aggressive interactions. Intruders completed parasitism faster than solo females because intruders reduced the duration of specific parasitism-related behaviours. Yet from the host’s perspective, parasitism by solo females (69 %) was similar to that achieved by both owners and intruders together (66 %). By completing parasitism faster in the presence of a competitor, intruder females compensated to some extent for time spent on aggressive interactions. If E. nassaui has a similar response to intraspecific competitors under natural conditions, then aggression between conspecific females is unlikely to harm pest suppression by these parasitoids.

The Role of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in Televised Political Debates

This paper presents a study of televised political debates based on an integrated model that simultaneously examines verbal and nonverbal communication and their interconnections. An integrative approach yields better explanatory power than a separate analysis of each of these modalities. This model was used to analyze televised debates from Israeli election campaigns and identify consistent discrepancy and nondiscrepancy patterns of behavior of winners and losers. The model also sheds light on gender differences and similarities in a novel perspective of discrepant and nondiscrepant communication styles. A set of propositions on the kinds of behaviors that might be beneficial or detrimental for contenders in a televised debate is provided.

Network of spaces and interaction-related behaviors in adult intensive care units.

Using three spatial network measures of “space syntax”, this correlational study describes four interaction-related behaviors among three groups of users in relation to visibility and accessibility of spaces in four adult intensive care units (ICUs) of different size, geometry, and specialty. Systematic field observations of interaction-related behaviors show significant differences in spatial distribution of interaction-related behaviors in the ICUs. Despite differences in unit characteristics and interaction-related behaviors, the study finds that when nurses and physicians “interact while sitting” they prefer spaces that help maintain a high level of environmental awareness; that when nurses “walk” and “interact while walking” they avoid spaces with better global access and visibility; and that everyone in ICUs “walk” more in spaces with higher control over neighboring spaces. It is argued that such consistent behavioral patterns occur due to the structural similarities of spatial networks over and above the more general functional similarities of ICUs.

Effect of HIV status on fertility intention and contraceptive use among women in nine sub-Saharan African countries: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys

BackgroundExpanding access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) means that HIV is no longer a death sentence. This change has implications for reproductive decisions and behaviors of HIV-infected individuals.DesignUsing multiple rounds of biomarker data from Demographic and Health Surveys (2004–2012) in nine sub-Saharan African countries, we compare patterns of associations between HIV status and fertility intention and between current use of modern contraception and HIV status in the context of expanding ART coverage.ResultsGenerally, results show that knowledge of HIV status and proportion of women ever tested for HIV increased substantially between the two surveys for almost all countries. Whereas modern contraceptive use slightly increased, fertility intentions remained relatively stable, except for Rwanda, where they decreased. Results from the two surveys for the nine countries do however indicate that there is no clear consistent pattern of fertility intention and modern contraceptive use behavior by HIV status, with variations observed across countries. However, multivariate analyses show that for Rwanda and Zimbabwe women who were HIV positive, with knowledge of their status, had lower odds of wanting more children. Similarly only in Rwanda (both surveys) were HIV-positive women who knew their status more likely to be current users of contraception compared with women who were HIV negative. The reverse was observed for Zimbabwe.ConclusionsGenerally, the results point to the fact that the assumption that reproductive intention and behavior of HIV-positive women will differ compared with that of HIV-negative women may only hold true to the extent that women know their HIV status. Continuous expansion of voluntary counseling and testing services and integration of HIV treatment and care services with reproductive health services are thus warranted.

Hezbollah: Before and after the Syrian War

Hezbollah combat forces joined the Syrian Civil War in 2012 in alliance with the Assad regime. This Hezbollah action increased geopolitical uncertainties in the Levant and created a potentially existential crisis for Hezbollah in Lebanon. Hezbollah emerged in 1982 as a Shiite terrorist organization and an ideological Shiite proxy for Iran. During the next ten years, Hezbollah evolved into a complex institution; Hezbollah became a major political force in Lebanon and emerged as a powerful non-state military force in the region. Open-literature peer-reviewed documents and vetted media reports provide event and timeline evidence of consistent adaptive behavior patterns by Hezbollah. Hezbollah has three inherent weaknesses that constrain the Hezbollah political potential: Hezbollah depends on Iran for money, weapons, and training resources. Virtually all of this Iranian support flows through a Syrian logistics channel. Shiite Hezbollah is a minority political faction within Lebanon. Hezbollah and the Assad regime are part of an Iranian geostrategic scheme to establish a “Shiite arc of influence” from Iran across Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon. The Sunni community, led by Saudi Arabia, opposes the Iranian move to be the dominant power in the Middle East. The Shiite and Sunni factions moved from a political dual to open sectarian warfare conducted by Shiite and Sunni proxy forces in Syria, Iraq and Lebanon. Although Hezbollah effectively intervened to rescue the Assad regime from a successful rebel conquest, there are negative political, material, and social consequences to Hezbollah for the intervention in the Syrian War. These problems will persist into the longer term for Hezbollah.

Personality drives physiological adjustments and is not related to survival

The evolutionary function and maintenance of variation in animal personality is still under debate. Variation in the size of metabolic organs has recently been suggested to cause and maintain variation in personality. Here, we examine two main underlying notions: (i) that organ sizes vary consistently between individuals and cause consistent behavioural patterns, and (ii) that a more exploratory personality is associated with reduced survival. Exploratory behaviour of captive red knots (Calidris canutus, a migrant shorebird) was negatively rather than positively correlated with digestive organ (gizzard) mass, as well as with body mass. In an experiment, we reciprocally reduced and increased individual gizzard masses and found that exploration scores were unaffected. Whether or not these birds were resighted locally over the 19 months after release was negatively correlated with their exploration scores. Moreover, a long-term mark–recapture effort on free-living red knots with known gizzard masses at capture confirmed that local resighting probability (an inverse measure of exploratory behaviour) was correlated with gizzard mass without detrimental effects on survival. We conclude that personality drives physiological adjustments, rather than the other way around, and suggest that physiological adjustments mitigate the survival costs of exploratory behaviour. Our results show that we need to reconsider hypotheses explaining personality variation based on organ sizes and differential survival.

Behavioral variation shows heritability in juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta

Animal personalities (sometimes referred also as coping styles) and their fitness consequences are currently among the most intensively explored subjects in behavioral ecology. To estimate the evolvability and adaptability of individually consistent behavioral variation, there is a crucial need to quantify the genetics underlying personality. Here, we experimentally studied the repeatability of various individual behaviors and then estimated heritability of formed boldness, exploration, and aggression components in juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta in standardized laboratory environment. Principal component analysis indicated that individually recorded behaviors were described by two personality axes: the first reflecting boldness, exploration, and aggression and the second tendency to freeze. These personality components, as well as the originally recorded behaviors, were statistically significantly repeatable over time. The latter PC, but not the first one, was statistically significantly heritable, though at low level (h 2 = 0.142 ± 0.096). These results suggest that additive genetic variation underlies phenotypically consistent behavioral patterns, proposing that any selection acting on behavior, stress tolerance, or correlated traits has a potential to induce evolution in fish personality.

An Architecture for Personality-based, Nonverbal Behavior in Affective Virtual Humanoid Character

As humans we perceive other humans as individually different based – amongst other things – on a consistent pattern of affect, cognition, and behavior. Here we propose a biologically and psychologically grounded cognitive architecture for the control of nonverbal behavior of a virtual humanoid character during dynamic interactions with human users. Key aspects of the internal states and overt behavior of the virtual character are modulated by high-level personality parameters derived from the scientific literature. The virtual character should behave naturally and consistently while responding dynamically to the environment's feedback. Our architecture strives to yield consistent patterns of behavior though personality traits that have a modulatory influence at different levels of the hierarchy. These factors affect on the one hand high-level components such as ‘emotional reactions’ and ‘coping behavior’, and on the other hand low-level parameters such as the ‘speed of movements and repetition of gestures. Psychological data models are used as a reference to create a map between personality factors and patterns of behavior. We present a novel hybrid computational model that combines the control of discrete behavior of the virtual character moving through states of the interaction with continuous updates of the emotional state of the virtual character depending on feedback from interactions with the environment. To develop and evaluate the hybrid model, a testing scenario is proposed that is based on a turn-taking interaction between a human participant and a 3D representation of the humanoid character. We believe that our work contributes to individualized, and ultimately more believable humanoid artifacts that can be deploy in a wide range of application scenarios.

Predicting Political Orientation of News Articles Based on User Behavior Analysis in Social Network

SUMMARY News articles usually represent a biased viewpoint on contentious issues, potentially causing social problems. To mitigate this media bias, we propose a novel framework for predicting orientation of a news article by analyzing social user behaviors in Twitter. Highly active users tend to have consistent behavior patterns in social network by retweeting behavior among users with the same viewpoints for contentious issues. The bias ratio of highly active users is measured to predict orientation of users. Then political orientation of a news article is predicted based on the bias ratio of users, mutual retweeting and opinion analysis of tweet documents. The analysis of user behavior shows that users with the value of 1 in bias ratio are 88.82%. It indicates that most of users have distinctive orientation. Our prediction method based on orientation of users achieved 88.6% performance in accuracy. Experimental results show significant improvements over the SVM classification. These results show that proposed detection

Identifying Critical Elements of Treatment

Evidence-based treatments for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are comprised of components that identify therapist behavior necessary to implement the treatment with integrity. Some components are shared across approaches from diverse theoretical backgrounds. One component included in several interventions that has not been researched in isolation is turn taking, or the manner in which the therapist facilitates back-and-forth interaction with the child. The current study used an alternating treatments design to examine the efficacy of four types of turn taking. Six children, ages 30 to 39 months, received behavioral treatment while therapists systematically varied the nature of the turn taking component. Children’s responses were behaviorally scored to examine differences based on turn condition. Consistent patterns of behavior were found across children. Results suggest that the optimal type of turn is dependent on developmental level and target skill. Implications for treatment of ASD and future research directions are discussed.

GIS, Internal Colonialism, and the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs

This article contains the first comprehensive empirical account of the history of geographic information systems (GIS) development within the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), an account founded in part on a previously unused source of archival data. It also demonstrates the importance of linking a standard technical and institutional history of GIS with a topic neglected in most such histories, the history of the resource application crucial to GIS deployment. The main finding is that across four decades of effort, the BIA's pursuit of GIS is better understood as an effort to perpetuate its internal colonial agenda and its own bureaucratic existence during an era of rapid technological upheaval rather than as a trustee's effort to better manage resources for the greater good of American Indians. The BIA's quest involves various time-honored colonial practices: creating new forms of dependence, imposing complex bureaucratic procedures, misusing funds, distributing free commodities, developing obligatory points of control, and outsourcing both management and labor to a private sector with long experience exploiting Indian resource economies. We conclude that rather than revolutionizing institutions and setting them on new trajectories toward self-improvement as some have suggested, GIS development is often merely a part of a broader and historically consistent pattern of policymaking and behavior.

Consistency in boldness, activity and exploration at different stages of life

BackgroundAnimals show consistent individual behavioural patterns over time and over situations. This phenomenon has been referred to as animal personality or behavioural syndromes. Little is known about consistency of animal personalities over entire life times. We investigated the repeatability of behaviour in common voles (Microtus arvalis) at different life stages, with different time intervals, and in different situations. Animals were tested using four behavioural tests in three experimental groups: 1. before and after maturation over three months, 2. twice as adults during one week, and 3. twice as adult animals over three months, which resembles a substantial part of their entire adult life span of several months.ResultsDifferent behaviours were correlated within and between tests and a cluster analysis showed three possible behavioural syndrome-axes, which we name boldness, exploration and activity. Activity and exploration behaviour in all tests was highly repeatable in adult animals tested over one week. In animals tested over maturation, exploration behaviour was consistent whereas activity was not. Voles that were tested as adults with a three-month interval showed the opposite pattern with stable activity but unstable exploration behaviour.ConclusionsThe consistency in behaviour over time suggests that common voles do express stable personality over short time. Over longer periods however, behaviour is more flexible and depending on life stage (i.e. tested before/after maturation or as adults) of the tested individual. Level of boldness or activity does not differ between tested groups and maintenance of variation in behavioural traits can therefore not be explained by expected future assets as reported in other studies.

Observations of schooling behaviour in the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana in coastal waters of Okinawa Island

The schooling behaviour of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana was observed over 4 summers at 3 observation sites in the coastal waters of Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. During this field study, 3 static appearances (belt, ball and sheet shape) and 2 transitional appearances (high and low density) were noted, recorded and described. In addition to formations, a member of S. lessoniana schools also displayed particular and repeated behavioural patterns such as vanguard and intimidating display. The 3 observation sites were tropical coral reefs near the coastline at a depth of 1 to 15 m on an average. All participating observers snorkelled and were equipped with various underwater digital video and photographic cameras. The schools observed consisted of 8 to over 100 members with a wide range of body sizes. Despite these biological and locational differences, both static and transitional appearances were consistently observed with equally consistent individual behavioural patterns. There have been studies on related species, Sepioteuthis sepioidea, at the San Blas Islands along the Caribbean coast of eastern Panama, and the same species, S. lessoniana, at a different geographical location, Casuarina Beach on Lizard Island, Australia. The findings of this study are consistent with those reported previously, with some notable differences.

The impact of task phrasing on the choice of search keywords and on the search process and success

This experiment studied the impact of various task phrasings on the search process. Eighty‐eight searchers performed four web search tasks prescribed by the researchers. Each task was linked to an existing target web page, containing a piece of text that served as the basis for the task. A matching phrasing was a task whose wording matched the text of the target page. A nonmatching phrasing was synonymous with the matching phrasing, but had no match with the target page. Searchers received tasks for both types in English and in Hebrew. The search process was logged. The findings confirm that task phrasing shapes the search process and outcome, and also user satisfaction. Each search stage—retrieval of the target page, visiting the target page, and finding the target answer—was associated with different phenomena; for example, target page retrieval was negatively affected by persistence in search patterns (e.g., use of phrases), user‐originated keywords, shorter queries, and omitting key keywords from the queries. Searchers were easily driven away from the top‐ranked target pages by lower‐ranked pages with title tags matching the queries. Some searchers created consistently longer queries than other searchers, regardless of the task length. Several consistent behavior patterns that characterized the Hebrew language were uncovered, including the use of keyword modifications (replacing infinitive forms with nouns), omitting prefixes and articles, and preferences for the common language. The success self‐assessment also depended on whether the wording of the answer matched the task phrasing.

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