Individual Consideration Research Articles

ISLAMIC EDUCATION LEADERSHIP IN BUILDING TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS LIFE IN BALUN VILLAGE, TURI SUB-DISTRICT, LAMONGAN DISTRICT

The research objective is to describe, analyze, and interpret the type of Islamic education leadership in building religious tolerance, the role of Islamic education in building tolerance in religious life, Islamic education leadership models in building tolerance of religious life. This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of phenomenology. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, participant observation and documentation study. Determination of informants was carried out using purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. The data analysis technique uses the interactive model analysis technique of Miles and Huberman. While the data validity test technique used triangulation technique. The results of the study answered the focus that the type of Islamic education leadership in building religious tolerance is collaborative-paternalistic-democratic. The paternalistic type referred to is the type of leadership that is fatherly, protective, and educational. Meanwhile, the democratic type is meant to treat everyone equally and to provide opportunities for diverse and diverse communities to actively participate in realizing a harmonious and peaceful religious life. This type of leadership is characterized by the following characters of religious leaders: a) Promoting tolerance and togetherness; b) Protecting; c) Prioritizing human dignity. The role of the leadership of Islamic education in building tolerance in religious life is as: a) religious experts; b) role models in behavior; c) As well as Mediators. Religious leaders carry out a leadership mechanism in maintaining the socio-cultural system that has survived for decades. Some changes are evolutive. However, for decades, the values of togetherness, harmony and tolerance have been substantively maintained by society. This is inseparable from the leadership role of religious leaders who are united in being committed to maintaining harmony and peace between religious communities. The leadership model of Islamic education is transformational-internal-collective. The transformational leadership model is characterized by several patterns of behavior as follows: a) Implanting trust; b) Civilizing art; c) Maintaining tradition; d) Educating and guiding; and e) Maintaining effective communication. Religious leaders carry out their leadership duties collectively. This means that religious leaders collaborate collegial on it collectively to become joint leaders between religious communities who carry out a common vision of realizing harmonious and harmonious daily lives of citizens. Religious leaders provide charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration that are oriented towards inter-religious harmony by harmonizing religious values while applying the principles of leadership Rasulullah’s style, so that they can manifest themselves as caliphs on earth, who are always committed to carrying out benefit.

Transformational Leadership Survey

Several previous research have described transformational leadership as successful leadership that led higher education to implement changes for the better. However, a more comprehensive survey on the implementation of transformational leadership in higher education has not been conducted. This research aims at observing a transformational leadership style with the model 4I, namely idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration, and inspirational motivation, which is applied to higher education comprehensively. A survey method with questionnaires taken from lecturers working at higher education in Indonesia was used in this research. The findings revealed that attention given to individuals and reducing penalty towards any mistakes by subordinates must be given more attention so that the application of complete combination between one dimension and other dimensions and each indicator of transformational leadership must be carried out. This research is expected to have implications for the effectiveness of higher education leadership, and be used as a reference by higher education leaders in choosing a leadership style.

Blended learning tecnology for philology students' foreign language teaching

The article is devoted to the problem of foreign language distance teaching, the choice of methods, technologies and techniques for the development of philology students informative and communicative competence. The author uses analysis, synthesis and systematization methods to consider the results of research achieved by the specialists in the area under consideration; pedagogical observation. Current distance teaching technologies are analyzed, the effectiveness of foreign language teaching process organized in the form of Blended Learning technology is proved and its numerous advantages are described: the possibility of individual teaching process in groups with different level of foreign language knowledge and abilities, students individual and psychological characteristics consideration in the studying and teaching process, beneficial conditions for students interpersonal communication and communicative competence development in class, development of independence, responsibility and ability to use information technologies while working with online platforms. Experience of Blended Learning technology usage in the process of philology students foreign language teaching is presented. The author describes face-to-face driver and rotation models chosen for the purposes of teaching; the possibilities of online platform Zoom for videoconferences held in real time and replacing eye-to-eye teacher-students contact under the circumstances of COVID-19 pandemic; and proves the importance of digital educational platform Skyes University introduction into the process of foreign language teaching as a source of additional material in face-to-face studies and for students independent learning process. The author comes to the conclusion that foreign language teaching process organized with the help of Blended Learning technology contributes to information skill successful formation and effective communication in native and foreign languages.

Revisiting the Hackman and Oldham Job Characteristics Model and Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory: Propositions on How to Make Job Enrichment Effective in Today’s Organizations

In the increasingly competitive business landscape of today’s world, human resource management ought to optimize on the organization’s most important resource, the human resource, to maintain competitiveness. Such is possible through continually building into the motivation and job satisfaction of employees. While attaining both motivation and job satisfaction would ordinarily require different approaches, one of the most fundamental of approaches is through job enrichment interventions. This paper thus sequentially argues from propositions of two widely acclaimed theories viz the job characteristics model and the Herzberg’s two factor theory that the creation of good work environments, regularly enhancing employee’s skills and applying inspirational motivation and individual consideration could lead to success of job enrichment interventions, thereby leading to enhanced employee motivation, enhanced job satisfaction, and enhanced organizational performance.

The Effect of Leadership Types of Managers Perceived by ICT Organization Members on Leadership Trust and Job Satisfaction

We study to confirm the relationship between leadership trust and job satisfaction on the leadership style of managers recognized by ICT organization members. To this end, the research hypothesis established by using SPSS23.0 for the survey results of 230 ICT organization members was analyzed as follows. First, the hypothesis 1 person leadership type (individual consideration: H1-1, intellectual stimulation: H1-2, charisma: H1-3, conditional compensation: H1-4, exceptional reward: H1-5) had a significant effect on leader trust. The results were obtained. Second, the hypothesis 2 manager's leadership type (individual consideration: H21-1, intellectual stimulation: H2-2, charisma: H2-3, conditional compensation: 2-4, expected compensation: H2-5) is based on job satisfaction. As a result of verifying the impact relationship, all showed significant effect on job satisfaction. Third, it acted as a positive factor in the job satisfaction of the leader of the hypothesis 3-member organizational member. It was confirmed that the job satisfaction of organizational members started based on the trust of actual leaders. Fourth, the role of leadership trust was partially confirmed between leadership type and job satisfaction. Through this study, in order to improve job satisfaction of ICT organizational members, the importance of exerting competency on the leadership type of managers and trusting the leaders on the characteristics consistent with ICT organizational characteristics was emphasized.

How do head coaches brief their athletes? Exploring transformational leadership behaviors in elite team sports

AbstractIn sports, coaches and athletes consider the briefing function to be particularly important in promoting teamwork, achieving high performance and increasing expertize. Little is known about leadership briefing behaviors by Head Coaches (HCs) in elite sports in the fields of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) and Sports Science. Although both domains play a role in understanding and optimizing performance of athletes and staff, there is a lack of cross‐disciplinary interaction. The present study aimed to facilitate cross‐disciplinary interaction between HFE and Sports Science as well as investigate the briefing process. It explores the behaviors of HCs when briefing a team of players during top‐level competitions (e.g., world championships). Semistructured interviews were held with nine national team sport HCs. Interview data were used to identify briefing behaviors using the taxonomy of the Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory. The results elicited briefing behaviors related to six transformational leadership behaviors: (a) individual consideration, (b) inspirational motivation, (c) intellectual stimulation, (d) fostering acceptance of group goals, (e) high‐performance expectations, and (f) appropriate role modeling. Fostering acceptance of group goals was the most frequently exhibited behavior. The data highlighted the multifaceted nature of briefing in elite sports. HCs were shown to be transformational leaders who use various behaviors to promote teamwork and task‐work to achieve team success. This study demonstrates that although traditional teamwork studies are useful and continue to be used, exploring transformational leadership behaviors can also provide insights into ways to improve team performance.

The Influence of Music Preference on Exercise Responses and Performance: A Review.

Listening to music has been repeatedly shown to have ergogenic benefits during various modes of exercise, including endurance, sprint, and resistance-based activities. Music is commonly incorporated into training regimens by recreational exercisers and competitive athletes alike. While specific modalities of exercise elicit varying physiological responses, listening to music has been shown to modulate many of these responses (i.e., heart rate, catecholamines, muscle activation) often leading to improved performance. Furthermore, listening to music during exercise may positively impact psychological (i.e., mood, motivation) and psychophysiological (i.e., rate of perceived exertion, arousal) changes, which may allow for favorable responses during an exercise challenge. However, there is mixed evidence regarding music’s efficacy, which may be mediated through differences in music selection and preference. Emerging evidence has shown that, whether an individual prefers or does not prefer the music they are listening to during exercise greatly influences their ergogenic potential in addition to physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise. From a practical standpoint, music may be controlled by the individual through headphones but is often played communally over speakers in locker rooms, gyms, and health clubs, which may have consequences on performance and training. The following review will describe the physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise while listening to music and how music preference may particularly alter them. Current knowledge and new evidence on how music preference factors into enhancing performance in various modes of exercise will be further discussed, incorporating practical considerations for individuals and practitioners in real-world applications to optimize performance.

Peningkatan Kinerja Guru dalam Pembelajaran Melalui Pola Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah di SMP Santu Fransiskus Xaverius Ruteng, Kabupaten Manggarai

The aim of this study is to improve the science of school based management interest and outcomes using a Transformational Leadership model to manage the performance of teachers on school. This study was done at a secondary school SMP St. FransiskusXaveriusRuteng in Manggarai regency. The kind ofthis study is an action research in school and were done in two circle of acts. This study involved the principal, the teachers, and some students as informant and participant. The data collecting techniques were interview, observation, questioners, and document study.The results of the study have shown that before the transformational leadership wasapplied, there were 52,65% low performance teachers in pedagogic, professional, personality, and social ability. Daily routine activity with no creativity and innovationwere found as the roots main problems and also the weakness of principal leadership. On the first circle actions there were four actions as the solutions to overcome the problem; 1) teacher self-evaluation, 2) application of transformational leadership, 3) strengths capacity and capability of teaching and learning, and 4) peer evaluation for teachers.On the second circle the actions were focused on communication and human relationships among the teacher and their principal. The solutions were conducted by the principal through a transformational leadership model; 1) idealized influence, 2) intellectual stimulation, 3) inspirational motivation, 4) charisma, and 5) individual consideration. The results of applying transformational leadership model were the increase of teacher performance on pedagogic; on the first circle 78,90% and on the second circle 84,20%. Performance on professional on the first circle 77,60% and on the second circle 83,30%. Performance on personality; on the first circle 77,70% and on the second circle 83,20%. Performance on social; on the first circle 77,80% and on the second circle 83,70%.The results recommend the principal of secondary school SMP St. Fransiskus Xaverius Ruteng toapply the transformational leadership model to conduct some activities on the school life and would improve the teacher performance.

Short-term effects of mobilization on oxygenation in patients after open surgery for pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundDespite the unequivocal role of progressive mobilization in post-surgical patient management, its specific effects and timing, particularly after abdominal surgery, remain debated. This study’s aim was to examine the short-term effects of mobilization on oxygenation in hemodynamically stable patients after open surgery for pancreatic cancer.MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in which patients (n = 83) after open pancreatic surgery were randomized to either the same-day mobilization group (mobilized when hemodynamically stable within four hours after surgery) or the next-day mobilization group (mobilized first time in the morning of the first post-operative day). Mobilization was prescribed and modified based on hemodynamic and subjective responses with the goal of achieving maximal benefit with minimal risk. Blood gas samples were taken three times the evening after surgery; and before and after mobilization on the first post-operative day. Spirometry was conducted pre-operatively and on the first post-operative day. Adverse events and length of stay in postoperative intensive care were also recorded.ResultsWith three dropouts, 80 patients participated (40 per group). All patients in the same-day mobilization group, minimally sat over the edge of the bed on the day of surgery and all patients (both groups) minimally sat over the edge of the bed the day after surgery. Compared with patients in the next-day mobilization group, patients in the same-day mobilization group required lower FiO2 and had higher SaO2/FiO2 at 1800 h on the day of surgery (p < .05). On the day after surgery, FiO2, SaO2/FiO2, PaO2/FiO2, and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, before and after mobilization, were superior in the same-day mobilization group (p < 0.05). No differences were observed between groups in PCO2, pH, spirometry or length stay in postoperative intensive care.ConclusionsCompared with patients after open pancreatic surgery in the next-day mobilization group, those in the same-day mobilization group, once hemodynamically stable, improved oxygenation to a greater extent after mobilization. Our findings support prescribed progressive mobilization in patients after pancreatic surgery (when hemodynamically stable and titrated to their individual responses and safety considerations), on the same day of surgery to augment oxygenation, potentially helping to reduce complications and hasten functional recovery.Trial registration: This prospective RCT was carried out at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden. The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Gothenburg (Registration number: 437-17). Trial registration: “FoU in Sweden” (Research and Development in Sweden, URL: https://www.researchweb.org/is/vgr) id: 238701 Registered 13 December 2017 and Clinical Trials (URL:clinicaltrials.gov) NCT03466593. Registered 15 March 2018.

Assessing required SARS-CoV-2 blanket testing rates for possible control of the outbreak in the epicentre Lusaka province of Zambia with consideration for asymptomatic individuals: A simple mathematical modelling study.

IntroductionThe novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus—2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Africa is characterised by a more substantial proportion of asymptomatic (or mildly symptomatic) individuals thought to be playing a role in the spread of the infection. The exact proportion and degree of infectiousness of asymptomatic individuals remains unclear. Studies however indicate that their management is crucial for control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.MethodologyWe developed a simplified deterministic susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed (SEIR) mathematical model to assess the effect of active isolation of SARS-CoV-2 infected but asymptomatic individuals through blanket testing for control of the outbreak in Lusaka Province of Zambia. Here we modelled two scenarios; (1) assuming asymptomatic individuals comprised 70% of all COVID-19 cases and (2) asymptomatic individuals comprised only 50% of the cases. For contrast, the model was assessed first under the assumption that asymptomatic individuals are equally as infectious as symptomatic individuals and then secondly, and more likely, assuming asymptomatic individuals are only half as infectious as symptomatic individuals.ResultsFor the model assuming 70% asymptomatic cases, a minimum sustained daily blanket testing rate of ≥ 7911 tests/100000 population was sufficient to control the outbreak if asymptomatic individuals are only half as infectious while if equal infectiousness was assumed then a testing rate of ≥ 10028 tests/ 100000 population would be required. For 50% asymptomatic, minimum blanket testing rates of ≥ 4540 tests/ 100000 population was sufficient to control the outbreak at both assumed levels of infectiousness for asymptomatic individuals relative to symptomatic individuals.Discussion and conclusionOur model predicts that active isolation of COVID-19 cases, including asymptomatic individuals, through blanket testing can be used as a possible measure for the control of the SARS-Cov-2 transmission in Lusaka, Zambia, but it would come at a high cost.

Individual risk management strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A step toward personalized healthcare

Lethal or critical COVID-19 occurs most in infected hosts with certain risk factors such as advanced age or pre-existing disease. Host metabolic status significantly affects the clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individual risk management is thus crucial for preventing severe COVID-19. Such susceptibility is individual, depending on a multitude of factors. Personalized risk assessment requires the inclusive analysis of big health data to stratify individual risk and derive a customized action plan. Personalized medicine requires shifting from the virology aspect per se to the whole individual's consideration, including dietary pattern, nutritional status, supporting lifestyle, co-existing diseases, and environmental factors. In this short communication, we discuss the individual management strategy for SARS-CoV2 infection as a step towards future personalized healthcare.

Privacy and Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is a rapidly developing field of research with many practical applications. Congruent to advances in technologies that enable big data, deep learning, and neural networks to train, learn, and predict, artificial intelligence creates new risks that are difficult to predict and manage. Such risks include economic turmoil, existential crises, and the dissolution of individual privacy. If unchecked, the capabilities of artificially intelligent systems could pose a fundamental threat to privacy in their operation or these systems may leak information under adversarial conditions. In this article, we survey the literature and provide various scenarios for the use of artificial intelligence, highlighting potential risks to privacy and offering various mitigating strategies. For the purpose of this research, a North American perspective of privacy is adopted. Impact statement —While an appreciation of the privacy risks associated with artificial intelligence is important, a thorough understanding of the assortment of different technologies that comprise artificial intelligence better prepares those implementing such systems in assessing privacy impacts. This can be achieved through the independent consideration of each constituent of an artificially intelligent system and its interactions. Under individual consideration, privacy-enhancing tools can be applied in a targeted manner to reduce the risk associated with specific components of an artificially intelligent system. A generalized North American approach to assess privacy risks in such systems is proposed that will retain applicability as the field of research evolves and can be adapted to account for various sociopolitical influences. With such an approach, privacy risks in artificial intelligent systems can be well understood, measured, and reduced.

Invigorating Team Processes through Transformational Leadership: A Theoretical Proposition

Team effectiveness is a goal that is intended by all teams. Essentially it is through various critical team processes that team effectiveness is aspired to be achieved. This paper through a conceptual model proposes that in energizing team processes to attain effectiveness, the role of leadership is incredibly significant. The form of leadership that aligns well with team processes is transformational leadership. Transformational leadership has been the backbone of leadership studies for two decades. Unique features of transformational leadership that mesh well with team processes that are discussed in the present work are: Visionary, Shared Purpose, Individualized Consideration, Intellectual Stimulation, and Charisma. As per the extant literature and keeping in mind the significance of various variables, the authors have incorporated communication, cohesion, coordination, conflict management, performance feedback as key team processes whose presence would lead to the effectiveness of the teams.

Co-Developmental Trajectories of Specific Anxiety Symptoms from Middle Childhood to Early Adolescence: Associations with Psychological Well-Being and Academic Achievement.

Different types of specific anxiety symptoms commonly co-occur but also display distinct developmental trajectories over time in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, little is known about the co-developmental trajectories of specific anxiety symptoms among youth during the transition into adolescence and how identified trajectories are associated with important psychological and academic outcomes. This study thus aimed to determine the (a) heterogeneous co-developmental trajectories of five specific anxiety symptoms (generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social anxiety, school anxiety, and panic disorder) from middle childhood to early adolescence, and (b) associations between the identified, distinct trajectories and youth's psychological well-being and academic achievement. A total of 715 Chinese elementary school students (45.6% girls, Mage = 8.96, SD = 0.76) completed measures on six occasions across three years, using 6-month intervals. Parallel process latent class growth modeling revealed five distinct anxiety trajectory groups: "congruent-low" (49.8%), "moderately low with predominant social anxiety" (18.5%), "moderately low with predominant school anxiety" (12.6%), "moderately high with predominant generalized and social anxiety" (8.6%), and "congruent-high" (10.5%). The lowest psychological well-being and academic achievement were observed for youth who persistently experienced the co-occurrence of two or more specific anxiety symptoms, followed by those who persistently experienced one predominant anxiety symptom, and finally, youth who persistently experienced low levels of all five specific anxiety symptoms. The identification of five heterogeneous groups with differential outcomes highlights the importance of individual differences considerations in understanding the co-developmental patterns of specific anxiety symptoms from middle childhood to early adolescence and the need for more sophisticated intervention programs tailored to members of specific groups to promote optimal psychological well-being and academic success.

What is the Right Treatment for Adults With Unilateral Deafness?

What is the Right Treatment for Adults With Unilateral Deafness?

WITHDRAWN: Examining the theory of planned behaviour in determining the farmers intention to purchase tractors

Agriculture plays an essential role in economic development not only as a primary sector but also contributes to GDP through the secondary and tertiary sectors. Farm mechanization will allow farmers to leverage operational farming insights to minimize energy, labour costs, and high productivity. Tractors play a chief role in agricultural mechanization. This study used to examine the farmers' intention to purchase tractors in the delta region of Tamil Nadu, and thus, the hierarchical attitude-behaviour model of customer behaviour is empirically studied. This study is focused on Ajzen's theory of planned actions (TPB) to test the role of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behaviour control to purchase tractors among farmers in the Cauvery delta zone. The self-administered Questionnaire was used to collect responses from 151 Farmers across eight districts of the Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu using quantitative research methodology. For this study, the researcher used both primary and secondary data. The results show there are significant relationships between Attitudes (β = 0.50), Subjective norms (β = 0.18), and Perceived Behaviour control (β = 0.11). The literature is confirmed by these results and emphasises the most significant impact on intention is played by the attitudinal factors, perceived support of other referents are essential considerations for individuals, and the control factors play a vital role in the decision to buy tractors. Marketers should concentrate on behavioural intent for tractor purchases among farmers, namely attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control.

A Review Of The Relationship Of Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, And Individual Consideration With Sustainable Employees Performance

Organizations sustainability largely depends on employees performance. Organizations usually implement the more intense work system to gain their appropriate growth. But employees performance needs to sustain for the long term growth. This review study intending to identify how the individual component of Transformational leadership able to sustain employees performance. This is a review paper in nature, so this paper reviewed previous studies and identified the relationship of Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individual Consideration with Sustainable Employees Performance. Based on the discussion this study has future direction for researchers to study further.

Pharmacotherapy considerations in transgender individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus.

Pharmacotherapy considerations are often a concern for transgender individuals who are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to concerns for drug-drug interactions between their hormone and antiretroviral therapies. Many of the first-line therapies offered to patients for the management of HIV have reduced concerns for safety, resistance, and drug-drug interactions. In this review, we highlight common medications and important considerations for caring for transgender people living with HIV.

Good patriotism, social consideration, environmental problem cognition, and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors: a cross-sectional study of Chinese attitudes

Recent studies have indicated a positive association between patriotism and environmentalism; however, the correlation between them has not yet been quantitatively verified. Additionally, differences in “good” versus “blind” patriotism have been ignored in environmental behavior studies; thus, theoretical concepts related to their effects on environmentalism have not been empirically tested. The present study aims to reveal the effects of good patriotism and social consideration on pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, and the mediating effect of social consideration on the relationship between patriotism and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, while removing national or political prejudice or ideology from the measurement of patriotism. Data collected using a self-report questionnaire were analyzed for Chinese university students and workers. Results of multiple hierarchical linear regression analysis of five pro-environmental attitudes/behaviors estimation models showed that patriotism was correlated with pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, and this correlation was completely mediated by individual social consideration, which was strongly and positively correlated with both patriotism and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Our findings show that patriotism encourages people to focus on societal structures and environmental problems. The effect of good patriotism on individual pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors is clearly different from that of blind nationalism, as shown in previous literature. The present study highlights implications for future policy-making and education on patriotism and environmentalism in China.

Reviewing and rebalancing the positive skew of emotions in transformational leadership

PurposeTransformational leaders have long been known to use emotions to motivate their followers and guide their energy toward the vision set forth by the leader. Much of the past research and theory on this topic has exhibited a bias toward positively valenced emotions. Negative emotions have received limited attention relative to positive emotions, and this imbalance has led to a skewed understanding of the relationship between emotions and transformational leadership (TL).Design/methodology/approachThe study reviews the organizational literature regarding negative emotion expression in TL.FindingsThe study integrates research regarding negative emotions and TL with the existing body of research regarding positive emotions and TL. The authors argue that the range of emotions considered needs to be broadened and rebalanced. Practical and theoretical implications are also discussed.Originality/valueThe study integrates the benefits of negative emotions and TL the more well-known and explored the benefits of positive emotions and TL. The study uses the four components of TL theory, i.e. inspirational motivation (IM), idealized influence (II), individualized consideration (IC) and intellectual stimulation (IC), to explore how transformational leaders can effectively display negative emotions. The study ultimately presents a more balanced overview of emotions and TL.