Individual Consideration Research Articles

Seasonal and diel influences on bottlenose dolphin acoustic detection determined by whistles in a coastal lagoon in the southwestern Gulf of California.

Marine mammals in subtropical coastal habitats are sentinels of the health of the ecosystem and offer important ecosystem services. They rely on prey that pursues feeding opportunities, while both avoid unfavorable conditions. In many cases, these predator-prey dynamics fluctuate seasonally and are regulated by lunar, tidal, and/or diel cycles (hour). However, these rhythmical patterns may vary under different seasonal conditions. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Ensenada de La Paz in Baja California Sur, Mexico, were detected acoustically over the course of an annual cycle on 21 separate occasions, covering 640 h from June 2017 to May 2019. The presence of bottlenose dolphins was examined using Generalized Additive Models (GAM) including variables that are related directly to their habitat (direct variables: hour, distance, depth) and to their prey (indirect variables: SST, moon phase and tides). Seasonal differences in the presence of bottlenose dolphins were influenced more by indirect variables (explained deviance: 34.8% vs. 37.7%). Hourly acoustic detections occurred less frequently when SST exceeded 27.4 °C (Aug–End of Nov.) and more frequently at moderate temperatures (22.7 °C to 26.3 °C) in May through July. Moreover, bottlenose dolphins were detected more frequently during waning and new moon phases, at the onset of flood and ebb tides, and during day (04:00 to 20:00). The seasonal differences in acoustic detections rates were highlighted by the global GAM and hierarchical clustering. The strong seasonal pattern indicated possible interactions with rhythmic pattern of bottlenose dolphins. Four candidate variables (SST, moon, tide, and hour) were tested for plausible interaction terms additional to their individual consideration, out of which only hour changed significantly between seasons. The patterns of presence likely increase feeding opportunities or may favor other behaviors such as socializing, resting, or nursing. These might prove responsible for the distinct occurrence and hourly patterns of bottlenose dolphins.

Metabolic bone disease in a white‐faced saki (Pithecia pithecia)

AbstractNon‐human New World primates are recognized as particularly susceptible to metabolic bone disease. Improper UV light exposure and/or insufficient dietary levels of vitamin D can lead to poor bone development and skeletal mineralization deficits. This report documents the clinical progression of rickets, a type of metabolic bone disease, in a white‐faced saki (Pithecia pithecia), presenting the first documented case, to our knowledge, of this condition in this primate species. Because inconsistent feeding habits and seasonality are believed to have contributed to the development of rickets in this individual, adequate UV light exposure and adequate levels of dietary vitamin D are important considerations for individuals housed indoors and during periods of growth, ensuring adequate calcium regulation and prevention of sequela associated with low calcium and vitamin D levels. Through a multi‐faceted approach targeting medical, dietary, and husbandry changes, primate species exhibiting signs of metabolic bone diseases can be successfully managed to allow for a good quality of life.

Co-developmental trajectories of parental involvement: Relations to academic achievement and externalizing and internalizing problems among Chinese elementary schoolchildren.

Parental involvement is an important multi-faceted factor in children's academic performance and school behaviour. However, most prior studies have involved cross-sectional designs, with few studies exploring the co-developmental nature of various parental involvement characteristics over time and their associations with children's academic achievement, externalizing, and internalizing problems. This study explored (a) co-developmental trajectories of seven parental involvement characteristics in elementary schoolchildren, and (b) relations to children's academic achievement, externalizing, and internalizing problems. A total of 3553 Chinese elementary schoolchildren (Mage =9.90, SD=.72; 53.9% boys) completed relevant measures on 4 occasions at 6-month intervals. Parallel process latent class growth modelling was used for examining study hypotheses. Four co-developmental trajectories of parental involvement were identified: 'High motivation and involvement', 'Low motivation and involvement', 'Incongruent motivation and involvement', and 'Incongruent motivation and high involvement'. The highest academic achievement and fewest externalizing and internalizing problems were observed for schoolchildren in the 'High motivation and involvement' class, followed by those who were in the 'Incongruent motivation and high involvement' and 'Incongruent motivation and involvement' classes, and finally, schoolchildren were the 'Low motivation and involvement' class. The identification of heterogeneous trajectories with differential outcomes highlights the importance of individual differences considerations in understanding the co-developmental patterns of parental involvement, suggesting that specific interventions need to be formulated for differing groups.

Surgical Indications and Outcomes of Resection for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors with Vascular Involvement.

Simple SummaryPancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are a heterogenous group of rare epithelial neoplasms. For most patients, surgery remains the only treatment modality to cure pNETs, and is recommended for patients with surgically resectable disease. Many of these tumors are non-functional tumors and do not produce clinical symptoms, so patients may present with locally advanced tumors, which invade surrounding organs or neighboring blood vessels. The presence of vascular involvement had previously been considered a contraindication to surgery, but, in recent years, at centers with considerable experience, aggressive surgery to remove pNETs with vascular reconstruction has been performed safely and with good long-term survival. In this review, we will discuss the considerations for resectability, review novel surgical approaches, and present the available evidence on the immediate and long-term postoperative outcomes.Complete surgical resection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) has been suggested as the only potentially curative treatment. A proportion of these tumors will present late during disease progression, and invade or encase surrounding vasculature; therefore, surgical treatment of locally advanced disease remains controversial. The role of surgery with vascular reconstruction in pNETs is not well defined, and there is considerable variability in the use of aggressive surgery for these tumors. Accurate preoperative assessment is critical to evaluate individual considerations, such as anatomical variants, areas and lengths of vessel involvement, proximal and distal targets, and collateralization secondary to the degree of occlusion. Surgical approaches to address pNETs with venous involvement may include thrombectomy, traditional vein reconstruction, a reconstruction-first approach, or mesocaval shunting. Although the amount of literature on pNETs with vascular reconstruction is limited to case reports and small institutional series, the last two decades of studies have demonstrated that aggressive resection of these tumors can be performed safely and with acceptable long-term survival.

MO298: Predictors of Renal Function Recovery in Critically ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious complication in critically ill patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). The development of acute kidney damage is associated with various adverse outcomes, such as prolonged stay in the ICU, the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), increased mortality and increased treatment costs. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of renal function recovery in critically ill patients with AKI who were treated with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). METHOD We performed a single-centre retrospective study of 440 adult surgical and non-surgical patients with AKI or AKI episode in CKD who were admitted to the ICU between 2014 and 2018 and treated with CRRT. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters [urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score], comorbidities, the need for vasopressor therapy and mechanical lung ventilation on the day of confirmed AKI, as well as CRRT modalities were analysed. Renal recovery was defined by renal replacement therapy discontinuation within 90 days of its start. Patients with the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) stage 2 AKI and/or volume overload have had an ‘early’ start of CRRT within 24 h of the AKI diagnosis; patients with poor response to conservative treatment or evidence of clinical complications associated with AKI have had a ‘late’ start of CRRT. The patients were divided into two groups: patients with recovered renal function (RRF group) and patients who had not recovered renal function (NRRF group). RESULTS Out of a total of 440 patients, 242 (55%) recovered renal function. RRF versus NRRF group did not differ significantly by gender (males: 64.5% versus 69.7%) and age (mean age of 60.93 years versus 64.5 years). Cardiovascular diseases were the most common comorbidity in both groups of patients, and CKD was significantly more prevalent in the NRRF groups (88 versus 352, P < .001). There were no significant differences in examined laboratory parameters in the RRF and NRRF group (urea 27.28 versus 26.68 mmol/L; creatinine 401.43 versus 373.7 μmol/L; CRP 144.38 versus 143.52 mg/L; PCT 23.07 versus 22.44 ng/L). No significant difference was found in relation to mechanical lung ventilation (234 in the RRF group versus 206 in the NRRF group; P = .18) and vasopressor therapy (221 in the RRF group versus 219 in the NRRF group; P = 0.94). Values of the qSOFA score were significantly lower (P < .001) in patients with recovered renal function (Fig. 1). In the RRF group, the most commonly used CRRT modality was CVVHD (165; 37.6%), while in the NRRF group it was CVVHDF (181; 40.9%). Predictors of renal recovery in critically ill patients who were treated with CRRT were: age <65 years (P = .044), an ‘early’ start of RRT (P = .043), absence of mechanical ventilation (P = .044) and absence of earlier CKD (P = .005) (Table 1). Predictors of renal recovery in septic critically ill patients with AKI treated with CRRT were: age <65 years (P = .002), the absence of diabetes mellitus (P = .023) and previous CKD (P = .045) and CRP < 100 mg/L (P = .033), while in critically ill patients without sepsis, the predictor of renal function recovery was the absence of previous kidney disease (P = .035). CONCLUSION Previous kidney disease is the most significant factor for the prediction of renal function recovery in critically ill patients with AKI treated with CRRT. Individual consideration of potential predictors of renal recovery, as well as a timely decision to initiate continuous dialysis, will prevent complications and improve the outcome of critically ill patients with AKI.

Patient perspectives of pain and function after knee replacement: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies.

Joint replacement surgery typically results in good clinical outcome, although some people experience suboptimal pain relief and functional improvement. Predicting surgical outcome is difficult. There is merit in better understanding patients' perspectives of pain and function to identify avoidable problems perceived to contribute to their outcome, to inform prognostic expectations, and to identify potential cointerventions to sit alongside surgery that might mitigate pain/functional problems. Here, we aimed to synthesise the available literature exploring perspectives of people with knee osteoarthritis about their pain and function following joint replacement. Six electronic databases and 2 websites were searched. Two independent reviewers completed study inclusion, quality assessment, and data extraction. Data were iteratively synthesised using first-, second-, and third-order analyses. Twenty-eight studies were included. Four themes were identified; perceptions of pain and function were inseparable. Theme 1 addressed experiences of recovery after surgery, which often differed from expectations. Theme 2 described the challenges of the pain experience and its functional impact, including the difficulty navigating medication use in context of personal beliefs and perceived stigma. Theme 3 articulated the toll of ongoing problems spanning pain-function-mood, necessitating the need to "endure." Theme 4 encompassed the importance of clinical/social interactions on mood and pain, with reports of concerns dismissed and practical support missing. Together, these findings show that numerous individual considerations beyond the technical aspects of surgery influence experiences of pain and function. A tailored approach addressing these considerations from the patient perspective could provide a basis for improved success of knee replacement surgery.

Joint trajectories of loneliness, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety from middle childhood to early adolescence: associations with suicidal ideation.

This study examined the joint trajectories of loneliness, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety from middle childhood to early adolescence and their associations with suicidal ideation. A total of 643 Chinese elementary school students (55.2% male; Mage = 9.01; SD = 0.75; range = 7 to 11years at T1) completed measures on six occasions at 6-month intervals. Parallel process latent class growth models revealed five distinct trajectories of loneliness, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety: "congruent-low" (45.1%), "moderately low with predominant loneliness and depressive symptoms" (15.7%), "moderate with predominant loneliness and depressive symptoms" (4.2%), "moderately low with predominant social anxiety" (24.9%), and "congruent-high" (10.1%). The highest suicidal ideation was observed among adolescents who persistently experienced two or three symptoms, followed by those who persistently experienced one predominant symptom, and finally, adolescents who persistently experienced low levels of all three symptoms. The findings highlight the importance of individual differences considerations in understanding the joint patterns of loneliness, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety among youth during the transition into adolescence and the need for more sophisticated intervention programs tailored to the unique characteristics of the relevant trajectories to reduce the risk of suicidal ideation.

Daily transformational leadership: A source of inspiration for follower performance?

This study uses the full-range leadership model to argue that on days when leaders engage in transformational leadership behaviors, they identify follower strengths and stimulate followers to show personal initiative. We propose that transformational leadership is related to follower work engagement and performance through follower strengths use and personal initiative. Moreover, we hypothesize that followers' personal initiative is most effective when followers use their strengths. A total of 57 Norwegian naval cadets filled out a diary booklet for 30 days (response = 72.6%; n = 1242). Multilevel modeling analyses largely supported our hypotheses. On the days when leaders used transformational leadership behaviors such as intellectual stimulation and individual consideration, followers were more likely to use their strengths and take initiative. These behaviors, in turn, predicted next-day work engagement and next-day job performance. Moreover, followers’ personal initiative was particularly related to work engagement when strengths use was high rather than low. We discuss how these findings contribute to the leadership literature by showing how leaders inspire their followers to lead themselves. In addition, we elaborate on the practical implications for leadership training.

The Interplay of Ubuntu and Hospitality as Defining Tenets in African and South African Ethics: A Christian Ethics Reflection

The notion of Ubuntu as a moral theory in the South African and African contexts, presents attractive norms of an African world view that can be articulated and applied to contemporary Christian ethics. The proponents of Ubuntu perceive it as an African philosophy based on the maxim, ‘a person is a person through other persons’, whereby the community prevails over individual considerations. It is not merely an empirical claim that our survival or well-being is causally dependent on others but is in essence capturing a normative account of what we ought to most value in life. The shortcomings of Ubuntu should not preclude from reflecting on Ubuntu as a natural ethic potential that enforces and engenders hospitality, neighbourliness and care for all humanity. In this instance, Ubuntu should shift to liminal Ubuntu with Christ as a bond as Ubuntu seeks to restore African communal cultural behaviours. Hospitality should be practiced by doing or reflecting on things which might look insignificant such as, supporting the vulnerable, the marginalized and the migrants that come to South Africa from the neighbouring African countries that bear the brunt of xenophobic acts. This article seeks to appeal to the predominant influence of Ubuntu and Judeo-Christian ethos embedded in the South African psyche to the challenge posed by xenophobia. The article further argues for human dignity as understood by identifying and exhibiting solidarity with others.

DOACs and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Management: Can We Find the Right Balance Between Efficacy and Harm.

The balance between efficacy and harm remains a challenge in the adoption of non-vitamin K antagonist direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for secondary atherosclerotic disease prevention. We provide a comprehensive review of the evidence for and against the addition of DOACs to the current management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including stable coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). The DOAC class exerts pleiotropic effects on atherosclerotic progression through coagulation and inflammatory pathways. In ACS, low-dose DOAC provides no added efficacy in the setting of dual antiplatelet therapy; however, full-dose DOAC increases bleeding. Efficacy-safety profile favor use of low-dose rivaroxaban in select stable CAD or PAD patients. Atrial fibrillation patients undergoing PCI resort to dual therapy with DOAC due to prohibitory bleeding with triple anti-thrombotic therapy. Evidence favors DOAC use in CAD and PAD; however, careful individual considerations must be undertaken.

Analysis of transformational leadership style of junior high school principals of 30 Pekanbaru cities

The research aims to describe the transformational leadership style in the education sector for the principals of Junior High Schools 30 Pekanbaru. Today, organizational development includes actors as a characteristic pattern of a person in leading. It can be said that the success of an organization is determined by the quality of the leader and the failure of leadership is determined by the failure of the character of the person. So, in that case, someone must have a leadership style. One of the models/leadership styles in the world of education that is predicted to encourage the creation of effectiveness of educational institutions/institutions is the Transformational Leadership Style. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods with data collection techniques in library research. The results showed that the leadership style of the principals of Junior High Schools 30 Pekanbaru is oriented to a transformational leadership style seen from the indicators of Individual Consideration, Intellectual Stimulation, Inspirational motivation so that the principal can make an impact and improve school management and performance.

Self-adhesive composites - Do they keep what they promise?

Self-adhesive composites promise simplified application and reliable adhesion to dental hard tissues without prior conditioning or application of an adhesive system. Their working principle is based on specific functional monomers. Although they may reach acceptable sealing capability in minimally invasive cavities, study results showed significantly reduced bond strength to enamel and dentin compared to conventional adhesive systems. Thus, the use of self-adhesive composites requires critical individual consideration.

Current guidance for communicating with refugee and asylum seeker patients: An environmental scan of online resources.

Primary healthcare practitioners (PHPs) are often the firstpoint of care for people seeking refuge or asylum inAustralia. Communication plays a vital part in their care. The aim of this study was to identify, appraise andsynthesise online resources that aim to support communication during consultations with these patients. A systematic environmental scan of online Australian resources, using the Google search engine, was conducted. The resources were appraised and rated using a validated purpose taxonomy as well as the PatientEducation Materials Assessment Tool for Printed Materials to determine understandability and actionability. A total of 32 unique resources were identified. On average, the resources scored better on understandability (mean 64%) than actionability (mean 49%). The resources each had between two and five purpose taxonomy types, and the proportion of the content relevant to communication ranged from 5% to 100%. There are multiple resources available to PHPs to improve their communication with refugee and asylum seeker patients. Those that were rated better overall identified the population group and had practical suggestions to help operationalise their content. This article synthesises the online resources with practical suggestions regarding continuity of care, language barriers and PHPs' responsiveness to individual and cultural considerations.

How transactional and transformational safety leadership behaviours are demonstrated within the construction industry

Transactional and transformational safety leadership have been repeatedly found to be important for safety. Yet how transactional and transformational leadership behaviours are most effectively demonstrated can be dependent on the context and industry. Using an ethnographic approach, supervisor safety leadership was explored across eleven construction sites in Australia. The findings revealed that, within the construction site context, contingent reward, idealised influence, and management-by-exception behaviours demonstrated by supervisors closely aligned with their definitions in Full-Range Leadership Theory (FRLT). These three types of leadership behaviour reflect observation of supervisors’ positive actions, which included: praising workers for good safety performance; proactively anticipating and attending to safety issues; and consistently leading-by-example with safety, even at times of significant production pressure. Other theoretically described dimensions of leadership behaviour, i.e. individual consideration, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation, were not directly reflected in observed supervisors’ behaviour in the way they are conceptualised in FRLT. The existence of a good supervisor-worker relationship enabled workers to comfortably raise safety issues, think creatively about how to undertake work safely, and talk to their supervisor if they were experiencing personal problems. These are motivational, intellectual, and empathetic elements of leadership, which do not directly align with the way leadership behaviours are conceptualised in mainstream FRLT. The study suggests that, in the construction worksite context, leadership behaviours may take a form that differs from theoretical ideal types and that ethnographically attained insights into supervisors’ interactions with workers can contribute to understanding transformational and transactional leadership in practical terms.

Education in Cybersecurity

The article addresses education as the smartest investment in cybersecurity. One of the most intriguing findings is that 95% of security incidents involve human errors. Most security attacks are concerned with human weakness to attract victims and persuade them to give involuntary access to personal and sensitive information. To eliminate errors caused by social engineering and negligence and to increase users’ awareness of the threats, technologies and services should be combined with education. Education in the field of cybersecurity is a necessary consideration for both individuals and families, as well as for businesses, governments and educational institutions.
 For families and parents, the online safety of children is of major importance. Equally essential is the protection of information that might affect your personal finances, and precious family assets, such as photos, videos etc.
 For educational institutions, it is important to understand the link between the online world and the "real" one. Teachers, staff, students, tutors, pupils, etc. should be trained in appropriate on-line behavior to reduce vulnerabilities and create a safer online environment.
 A better awareness through security education can help enterprises protect their intellectual property and ensure availability of services.
 Governments hold an enormous amount of personal data and records of their citizens, as well as confidential government information, which most often serves as a target for attack. Only through education and awareness, the confidence in public services can be gained. Cybersecurity depends on education.

Pengaruh faktor kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap perilaku kerja inovatif melalui kesiapan untuk berubah sebagai mediator

The global Covid-19 pandemic requires the business enterprise to be ready to be up against massive changes due to the uncertain conditions. Change is a requisite as the business enterprise is currently recalculation of its business which has an impact on efficiency. This efficiency makes employees have to innovate in their work to be more effective and efficient. For this reason, transformational leaders are required to direct employees to change as well as to behave innovatively. This research uses the approach of quantitative with a survey method. The object of research is PT Lativi Mediakarya with the subject of all employees from the staff to manager level. Primary research data were collected through research questionnaires. The research sample was 140 people represented all Directorates and Divisions. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square approach. Transformational Leadership was found to have a positive effect on Readiness for Change, but does not have a significant effect on Innovative Work Behavior. Readiness for Change had a positive effect on Innovative Work Behavior. The Readiness for Change had a role as a mediator in the influence between Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior. Leaders in companies need to act agilely in the face of changing conditions with uncertainty, but still need to highlight aspects of individual considerations in their transformational character. Transformational leaders need to play a role in providing a stimulus for creativity and innovation so that they always encourage innovative behavior to their followers. Innovative behavior requires positive psychological conditions with trust and clarity of information from management.

Clinical Effects of Sodium-Glucose Transporter Type 2 Inhibitors in Patients With Partial Lipodystrophy

ObjectiveSevere insulin resistance syndromes, such as lipodystrophy, lead to diabetes, which is challenging to control. This study explored the safety and efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in a series of 12 patients with severe insulin resistance due to partial lipodystrophy. MethodsA retrospective chart review of the safety (N = 22) and efficacy (N = 12) of SGLT2is in patients with partial lipodystrophy was conducted at our institution. The efficacy outcomes included hemoglobin A1C level, insulin dose, fasting plasma glucose level, C-peptide level, lipid profile, 24-hour urinary glucose excretion, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and blood pressure before and after 12 months of SGLT2i treatment. ResultsThe hemoglobin A1C level decreased after SGLT2i treatment (at baseline: 9.2% ± 2.0% [77.0 ± 21.9 mmol/mol]; after 12 months: 8.4% ± 1.8% [68.0 ± 19.7 mmol/mol]; P = .028). Significant reductions were also noted in systolic (P = .011) and diastolic blood pressure (P = .013). There was a trend toward a decreased C-peptide level (P = .071). The fasting plasma glucose level, lipid level, and estimated glomerular filtration rate remained unchanged. The adverse effects included extremity pain, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (in a patient who was nonadherent to insulin), pancreatitis (in a patient with prior pancreatitis), and fungal infections. ConclusionSGLT2is reduced the hemoglobin A1C level in patients with partial lipodystrophy, with a similar safety profile compared with that in patients with type 2 diabetes. After individual consideration of the risks and benefits of SGLT2is, these may be considered a part of the treatment armamentarium for these rare forms of diabetes, but larger trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Promoting remote workers' psychological health: Effective management practices during the COVID‐19 crisis

The aim of this study was to identify specific management practices that promote the psychological health of remote workers in the context of the COVID‐19 crisis. A two‐round Delphi study was conducted among 28 teleworkers and 22 managers. A list of 60 specific management practices was presented and participants had to identify whether each one could be used in the current remote working context and, if so, how useful it was to promote psychological health at work. Results indicate that most specific management practices usually used in a face‐to‐face setting can also be used in a remote context (85%). Practices that show consideration, establishing work structure, and allowing flexibility were also identified as the most useful to promote remote workers' psychological health during the pandemic. This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge about specific management practices, remote working, and crisis management. It also suggests specific practices that managers can adopt to promote the psychological health of their employees during a period of crisis, even while managing from a distance.

Transformational Leadership Style and Employee Innovative Behaviour in Nigerian Banking Industry

This research study investigates the employee innovative behaviour effects of transformational leadership and its dimensions (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration) in the Nigerian banking industry. Data were gathered from 350 full-time employees working in the banking industry in South-West region of Nigeria. Multiple regression analysis was utilized to examine the theoretical hypotheses. The empirical results showed that transformational leadership stimulates employee innovative behaviour. The findings further provide empirical support for the significant role of transformational leadership in improving employee innovative work behaviour. Furthermore, the direct effect of idealized influence and inspirational motivation on employee innovative behaviour is statistically significant at the conventional level whereas intellectual stimulation and individual consideration were found significant at 10% level. Thus, there is need for banking managers to ensure an environment that encourages the subordinates to enhance individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation practices. To identify the needs, desires and motives of employees, transformational managers need to assist subordinates to grow their skills and abilities towards the organizational demands, growth and sustainability. Keywords: Transformational leaders, charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration, employee innovative behaviour. DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/83-04 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

SARS-CoV-2 Booster Vaccination for Participants in "HIV Cure"-Related Clinical Trials.

SARS-CoV-2 Booster Vaccination for Participants in "HIV Cure"-Related Clinical Trials.