Consideration Of Dynamics Research Articles

Synergistic effects of Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) and Coccinella undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) releases for the biological control of Diuraphis noxia in wheat fields

ABSTRACT The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, is a significant pest for grain crops worldwide. Bioagents such as the parasitoid, Aphidius colemani and the predator, Coccinella undecimpunctata have been shown to be effective against many aphid species. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of releasing these two bioagents on controlling D. noxia without using pesticides. To achieve this, three systems of release were evaluated in the field: (1) the parasitoid A. colemani at rate of 4 mummies/m2, (2) the predator C. undecimpunctata at rate of 10 individuals (3rd larval instar)/m2, and (3) A. colemani (4 mummies/m2) + C. undecimpunctata (10 individuals/m2) and control. After four releases, the combination of A. colemani and C. undecimpunctata resulted in the highest percentage of reduction in aphid population, with a reduction of 95.58, 95.53% in 2020 and 2021, followed by 86.94, 83.92% in A. colemani plots and the lowest reduction percentage in C. undecimpunctata plots, with 65.1, 68.92%, in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to use the combination of the two bioagents, A. colemani and C. undecimpunctata for controlling D. noxia in a wheat field. Therefore, the use of a combination of natural enemies, carefully timed and repeated releases, and consideration of intraguild predation dynamics can help to achieve effective biological control of aphids in wheat crops. The use of natural enemies such as A. colemani and C. undecimpunctata can reduce the application of pesticides and promote sustainable pest management practices.

Vehicle Dynamics in Electric Cars Development Using MSC Adams and Artificial Neural Network

Recently, there has been renewed interest in lightweight structures; however, a small structure change can strongly affect vehicle dynamic behavior. Therefore, this study provides new insights into non-parametric modeling based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). This work is then motivated by the requirement for a reliable substitute for virtual instrumentation in electric car development to enable the prediction of the current value of the vehicle slip from a given time history of the vehicle (input) and previous values of synthetic data (feedback). The training data are generated from a multi-body simulation using MSC Adams Car; the simulation involves a double lane-change maneuver. This test is commonly used to evaluate vehicle stability. Based on dynamic considerations, this study implements the nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) identification scheme used in time-series modeling. This work presents an ANN that is able to predict the side slip angle from simulated training data generated employing MSC Adams Car. This work is a specific solution to overtake maneuvers, avoiding the loss of vehicle control and increasing driving safety.

Locking the Conformation of a Paddlewheel Rhodium Complex: Design, Synthesis, and Applications in Catalytic Nitrene Transfers

AbstractThe exponential proliferation of conformers makes it impossible to examine the entire population in most systems. Controlling conformational ensembles is thus pivotal in many areas of chemistry. Rh2(esp)2, a dicarboxylate‐derived paddlewheel rhodium complex, is one of the most effective catalysts for nitrene chemistry. Its enormous success has led to preparing many analogous complexes. However, there has been little consideration for the conformational dynamics of the parent catalyst. Herein, we report a new ligand modification principle that prevents conformer interconversion. The resulting complex comprises two isolable conformers, whose structures have been determined by X‐ray diffraction. Combined experimental and computational data has revealed similarities and dissimilarities between the conformationally confined and parent complexes. Three model cases have demonstrated the utility of conformational fixation in the development of stereoselective catalysts for nitrene transfer reactions. The design principle described in this study can be combined with other established modification strategies, serving as a springboard for further advancement of the chemistry of paddlewheel metal complexes.

Locking the Conformation of a Paddlewheel Rhodium Complex: Design, Synthesis, and Applications in Catalytic Nitrene Transfers.

The exponential proliferation of conformers makes it impossible to examine the entire population in most systems. Controlling conformational ensembles is thus pivotal in many areas of chemistry. Rh2(esp)2, a dicarboxylate-derived paddlewheel rhodium complex, is one of the most effective catalysts for nitrene chemistry. Its enormous success has led to preparing many analogous complexes. However, there has been little consideration for the conformational dynamics of the parent catalyst. Herein, we report a new ligand modification principle that prevents conformer interconversion. The resulting complex comprises two isolable conformers, whose structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Combined experimental and computational data has revealed similarities and dissimilarities between the conformationally confined and parent complexes. Three model cases have demonstrated the utility of conformational fixation in the development of stereoselective catalysts for nitrene transfer reactions. The design principle described in this study can be combined with other established modification strategies, serving as a springboard for further advancement of the chemistry of paddlewheel metal complexes.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of coral reef conservation among Terengganu community of Malaysia

Background: Malaysia’s coral reefs, primarily threatened by overfishing, pollution, and climate change, face significant challenges despite conservation efforts. Researchers from Management and Science University have taken a holistic approach towards coral reef conservation. This multi-stakeholder strategy, which involves local communities, government agencies, and private sectors, underscores the importance of collective action. A notable initiative within this approach is the coral transplantation program on Geluk Island, aiming to restore and bolster these crucial marine ecosystems.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Terengganu community towards coral reef conservation and identify sociodemographic variables associated with community member practices.Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from July to October 2022 in Setiu, Terengganu and recruited 338 adult local villagers. Data on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of coral reefs, awareness and attitude towards the MYCoral 5.0 MSU Eco-Marine Project, and practice of coral reef conservation were collected via validated interviewer-rated questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with good coral reef conservation practices, using SPSS version 2.Results: Out of the 338 participants, 55.3% had acceptable knowledge on coral reefs, 29.0% had good practice of coral reef conservation. Additionally, 44.7% had good knowledge of the MyCoral 5.0 project, and 68.9% were willing to volunteer for coral reef conservation. Knowledge of coral reefs (AOR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.15–2.52), knowledge of MyCoral project (AOR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.47–4.74), and willingness to volunteer for conservation (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.36–3.64) were significantly associated with good practice of coral reef conservation.Conclusion: The study results highlight a need for education and awareness programs to improve the knowledge and practices of coral reef conservation. Moreover, consideration of socio-demographic dynamics of the local communities in designing targeted conservation strategies could also be vital.

Optimum cooperation strategy for different cooperative motivations: a case study of the Kobe and Osaka ports

ABSTRACT Developing cooperative relationships between neighboring ports has emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing overall productivity. Two key factors to consider in such collaborations are: cooperative motivation (which drives the decision to cooperate between ports) and cooperation type (which defines the business scope of collaborative activities). Cooperative motivation can be categorized into regional welfare and competition, while cooperation type encompasses activities related to hinterland access and terminal management. This study aims to determine the most optimal types of cooperation based on different motivations. To achieve this, a bi-level optimization model was developed to analyze the relationship between shippers and ports, specifically focusing on the cooperation between the Kobe and Osaka ports. Competition with the Busan port was examined as a case study to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics involved. The findings revealed that cooperation plays a crucial role in enhancing regional welfare for both North American and Southeast Asian cargo, particularly when cooperation levels are relatively low. Furthermore, it was observed that an effective cooperative strategy for competition in the Kobe and Osaka ports is contingent upon specific conditions. Hence, for successful competition-based cooperation, careful consideration of market dynamics and prevailing circumstances is essential.

Four-Dimensional (4D) Printing of Dynamic Foods-Definitions, Considerations, and Current Scientific Status.

Since its conception, the application of 3D printing in the structuring of food materials has been focused on the processing of novel material formulations and customized textures for innovative food applications, such as personalized nutrition and full sensory design. The continuous evolution of the used methods, approaches, and materials has created a solid foundation for technology to process dynamic food structures. Four-dimensional food printing is an extension of 3D printing where food structures are designed and printed to perform time-dependent changes activated by internal or external stimuli. In 4D food printing, structures are engineered through material tailoring and custom designs to achieve a transformation from one configuration to another. Different engineered 4D behaviors include stimulated color change, shape morphing, and biological growth. As 4D food printing is considered an emerging application, imperatively, this article proposes new considerations and definitions in 4D food printing. Moreover, this article presents an overview of 4D food printing within the current scientific progress, status, and approaches.

Attitudes and Perceptions on Advance Care Planning Among Chinese-Speaking Older Australians.

Current literature indicates low uptake of advance care planning (ACP) among the Chinese-speaking community in Australia. To increase the uptake of ACP among the Chinese-speaking community, a better understanding of their attitudes and perceptions on end-of-life (EOL) matters, and ACP is required. This study aimed to identify significant events and social and cultural factors that influence participants' values and characterize the attitudes and perceptions towards ACP among older Chinese-speaking Australians. A qualitative study explored participants' experiences through semi-structured one-to-one interviews. The interviews were conducted in Mandarin, Cantonese or English, then translated and transcribed into English. The transcripts were coded and analysed thematically. Twenty participants were recruited (14 female, six male). Participants typically reported a preference to make health-related decisions autonomously. Their perspectives were grounded in past experiences of illnesses and EOL decision-making of loved ones, personal values, and perceived needs. Family dynamics and intimacy of relationships appeared to influence the role and responsibility of family members in EOL decision-making and ACP. Most participants perceived the need to engage in ACP only when encountering significant health changes or higher care needs. Healthcare professionals should initiate ACP discussion using culturally appropriate communication with consideration of personal values, past experiences and family dynamics. Efforts should be invested in raising public awareness of ACP within the Chinese-Australian community.

A Runway Overrun Risk Assessment Model for Civil Aircraft Based on Quick Access Recorder Data

The quick access recorder (QAR), as an airborne device used to monitor and record flight parameters, has been widely installed on various types of aircraft. Based on QAR data, research on runway overrun, a typical flight safety incident, has attracted widespread attention in recent years. However, existing runway overrun risk models generally suffer from oversimplified risk metrics or insufficient consideration of risk dynamics. In this paper, we propose a new dynamic runway overrun risk assessment model based on QAR data. We first consider the noise of aircraft trajectory data in the QAR parameters and present a landing trajectory correction method combining ground speed and runway position information. Second, to improve the accuracy of the risk assessment model, we design an algorithm to automatically recognize the aircraft autobrake level during the landing phase, based on which a new dynamic risk assessment model is developed. Finally, feature engineering is performed to extract the relevant contributing factors of runway overrun risk, based on which classification and regression models are applied to identify risky flights and predict the risk values. The proposed risk assessment model was evaluated using QAR data from an airline in China. The results show that the automatic deceleration rate, the way that the aircraft approaches the runway, the touchdown distance, and the kinetic energy at 50 ft are key factors in the risk of runway overrun during the landing phase.

Taking Innovation Seriously: A Dynamic Competition Model for Antitrust Law

Although innovation is often portrayed as a byproduct of competition, innovation and related dynamic aspects of competition are also, and perhaps more so, drivers of competition. The current antitrust framework, as illustrated by merger law and the agency guidelines that bear on that law, emphasizes static, demand-side conditions in defining markets and assessing likely anticompetitive effects. Only after the market has been defined and competitive effects assessed are innovation and dynamic, supply-side developments considered, and then in the context of rebutting anticompetitive findings already made on the basis of the static assessment. In addition, the burden of demonstrating and quantifying the supply-side developments is placed on the merging parties despite their relatively limited access to competitor capabilities, strategies, and plans. The following article suggests a new framework that places the burden of addressing dynamic considerations primarily on the enforcement agencies that must be met before the agencies can establish a presumption of illegality against a proposed transaction or a prime facie case against a competitive practice. It also suggests a more qualitative assessment of innovation and likely supply responses that is elaborated in the accompanying article by Professor David J. Teece.

An improved grid impedance estimator for grid-forming converters in consideration of controller dynamics

Equivalent grid impedance is an essential parameter in the stability analysis of grid-forming converters. The grid impedance estimator based on the PQ variations technique is popular in practice, yet this technique has limited estimation accuracy and dynamics. To address this issue, the effect of phase error on grid impedance estimation during power variations is demonstrated in this paper. The phase error is quantitatively described by investigating the impact of controller dynamics on the equivalent grid impedance model. By compensating for the phase error, an improved grid impedance estimator with only the active power disturbance is proposed, and its implementation and tuning are discussed. Compared with the conventional estimators, the proposed grid impedance estimator is of high estimation accuracy and speed with less disturbance. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness and simplicity of the improved grid impedance estimator.

Co-designing a method to assess agroecological transitions: results of a case study in Senegal

Assessing the conditions and performance of agroecological transitions in different contexts is key to supporting these transitions. However, assessing agroecological transitions presents methodological challenges, including: 1) being adaptable to local conditions, 2) consideration of social interactions among stakeholders involved in transitions, 3) clarifying the concept of agroecology, 4) consideration of the temporal dynamics of the transitions to better understand barriers and levers in their development, and 5) using a participatory bottom-up approach. The objective of this research was to design a method that provided evidence on 1) the barriers and levers in the development of agroecological transitions, and 2) their performance related to four dimensions: techno-economic issues, agroecosystem health, quality of life and resilience. To design, test and adapt such a method, while also involving end-users, we adopted a co-design approach based on prototyping. The co-design approach unfolded in nine stages alternating research work and co-design with end-users. The prototype was built on the approaches of existing published methods covering the five challenges for assessing agroecological transitions. It consisted of a four chronological step assessment method. The first three steps consisted of framing the assessment, with the final step a multidimensional performance assessment, using an initial set of 73 indicators to cover the four dimensions. The prototype was then tested and adapted in the village of Sare Boubou, Senegal, which is going through an agroecological transition supported by a non-governmental organization. Changes during the testing and adaptation phase affected three steps of the prototype and allowed the initial prototype to adapt to the case study’s specificities, related to its scale and context. Context-related changes particularly affected the performance assessment, with a total of 31 indicators changed. The analysis of barriers and levers revealed that the transition began 29 years ago, achieved a fair level of advancement and yet was still ongoing. Results revealed heterogeneity between the nine households of the village in terms of: uptake of agroecological practices, household resources, diversification of activities, coverage of food needs through production and level of sales. This heterogeneity explained the large variability in household multidimensional performances across all dimensions. Large disparities were also noticeable at the individual level between men, women and young men in the village regarding the level of education, empowerment and participation in knowledge sharing networks. Despite a method seen as time-consuming and data intensive, end-user validation acknowledged the comprehensiveness of the method and its usefulness for steering and managing agroecological transitions, making it possible to identify levers for action at different scales.

Reverberation of pulsar wind nebulae – III. Modelling of the plasma interface empowering a long term radiative evolution

ABSTRACT The vast majority of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) present in the Galaxy is formed by middle-aged systems characterized by a strong interaction of the PWN itself with the supernova remnant (SNR). Unfortunately, modelling these systems can be quite complex and numerically expensive, due to the non-linearity of the PWN–SNR evolution even in the simple one-dimensional (1D)/one-zone case when the reverse shock of the SNR reaches the PWN, and the two begin to interact (and reverberation starts). Here, we introduce a new numerical technique that couples the numerical efficiency of the one-zone thin shell approach with the reliability of a full ‘Lagrangian’ evolution, able to correctly reproduce the PWN–SNR interaction during the reverberation, and to consistently evolve the particle spectrum beyond. Based on our previous findings, we show that our novel strategy resolves many of the uncertainties present in previous approaches, as the arbitrariness in the SNR structure, and ensure a robust evolution, compatible with results that can be obtained with more complex 1D dynamical approaches. Our approach enable us for the first time to provide reliable spectral models of the later compression phases in the evolution of PWNe. While in general, we found that the compression is less extreme than that obtained without such detailed dynamical considerations, leading to the formation of less structured spectral energy distributions, we still find that a non-negligible fraction of PWNe might experience a super-efficient phase, with the optical and/or X-ray luminosity exceeding the spin-down one.

The Role of Recent Climate Change in Explaining the Statistical Yield Increase of Maize in Northern Bavaria—A Model Study

Maize yields in many regions of the world have increased significantly since the 1960s. The increase is mainly attributed to technological improvements and climate change. On a regional scale and in recent decades, climate change has altered growth conditions of maize and this, in turn, has influenced changes in yield. In order to analyze the contribution of different factors to yield changes, and to obtain a model setup that could be used for further analyses of yield development, this study systematically investigated the effects of recent climate change, irrigation, cultivar selection and nutrient availability on historical yields in Northern Bavaria. Four sets of simulations were conducted with the mechanistic plant growth model PROMET, during the time period between 1997 and 2020, and the resulting yields were compared to county statistics. In addition, three scenarios were simulated in order to determine yield increase potentials for the highly mechanized agricultural region of Northern Bavaria. The results showed a good agreement with the observed yields (R2 = 0.76), when considering altered nutrient availability, suggesting that an increase in nutrient uptake by plants plays a key role in reproducing yield statistics and has a main contribution to the observed increasing yield trends. Moreover, other factors considered individually, such as recent climate change, irrigation and cultivar selection, could not explain the yield levels and trends shown by the statistics. The scenario simulations demonstrated potential increases in yield due to irrigation and cultivar adaptation. The yield response to irrigation shows a trend, with recent climate change progressing, of 0–25% when irrigating currently grown cultivars and 10–50% when irrigating an adapted cultivar; rainfed cultivar adaptation consistently increased the level of yields by approximately 10%. This study highlights the importance of a dynamic consideration of growth conditions in the course of climate change, rather than static assumptions of model parameters, and emphasizes the importance of the second-order effects of climate change.

How workplaces produce or reduce disability along the career paths of young people with cystic fibrosis.

Using the theoretical perspective of "social participation" as considered in the Human Development-Disability Creation Process, this article examines certain obstacles and facilitators to sustainable access to work among young French adults with cystic fibrosis. Drawing from the analyses of 29 qualitative interviews, the results show how such obstacles do not depend solely on their health status or on the medical management of the illness, but also on the work environments that these young professionals have recently entered or are trying to access. In these contexts, managing information about the illness can represent a means of obtaining cooperation from colleagues and superiors to reduce material or organizational obstacles (e.g. adapted work schedules), as well as a means of preventing socially uncomfortable or disabling situations. In this light, the social participation model can complement Corbin and Strauss' illness trajectory model, by setting the multi-factorial disabling or participatory situations along illness or medical trajectories. This enables dynamic consideration of how workplaces contribute to producing or reducing disability, in interaction with the actions taken by young people with cystic fibrosis to manage their career paths but also the evolution of illness, symptoms, or medical requirements.

Price and quantity discovery without commitment

Wholesale electricity markets solve a complex allocation problem: electricity is not storable, demand is uncertain, and production involves dynamic cost considerations and indivisibilities. The New Zealand wholesale electricity market attempts to solve this complex allocation problem by using an indicative price and quantity discovery mechanism that ends at dispatch. Can such a market mechanism without commitment provide useful information? We document that indicative prices and quantities are increasingly informative of the final prices and quantities and that bid revisions are consistent with information-based updating. We argue that the reason why the predispatch market is informative despite the lack of commitment is that it generates private benefits in terms of improved intertemporal optimization of production plans.

THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES OF MANAGERIAL CONSTITUTIONALISM

The article examines the problems of formation and development of the principles of managerial constitutionalism. The position on the need for research and practical implementation of the principles of managerial constitutionalism is presented. A list of principles of managerial (management) constitutionalism is offered. Features and strategic directions of development of this process are determined. The key parameters of each principle are analyzed with the definition of the main feature and features of their further practical implementation. The rationale for the necessity of the term "managerial constitutionalism" is presented. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the semantic dynamics of the process of formation and practical use of the ten basic principles of managerial constitutionalism. Attention is drawn to the need for systemic changes in the training of management personnel in the conditions of postmodern development of an innovative society. The importance of innovative dynamics in the personnel policy system in relation to each principle of managerial constitutionalism is shown. The objective necessity of fundamental and innovative training of managers is determined as a basis for their orientation towards the systematic development of the managerial profession. Approaches to the implementation of the principles of managerial constitutionalism in Ukraine are considered. The need to transform the professional qualities of management personnel with an emphasis on each principle of managerial constitutionalism is proven. Attention is focused on the need to develop socio-cultural indicators of management professionalization. The need to create conditions for the formation of the integral quality of the professional management system is proved. The position on the role of the managerial elite in the development of an innovative society is presented.

Mosquito bed net use and associated factors among pregnant women in Rwanda: a nationwide survey

BackgroundIn malaria-endemic countries such as Rwanda, the appropriate use of mosquito bed nets is an effective intervention for malaria prevention. Despite being one of the demographics most impacted by malaria, there is a dearth of literature on the usage of mosquito bed nets by pregnant women in Rwanda. The study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors for mosquito bed net use among pregnant women in Rwanda.MethodsWe used weighted data from the 2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey of 870 pregnant women, and multistage stratified sampling was used to select participants. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine the factors associated with mosquito bed net use, using SPSS (version 26).ResultsOf the 870 pregnant women, 57.9% (95%CI: 54.6–61.1) used mosquito bed nets. However, 16.7% did not use bed nets among those owning bed nets. On one hand, older age (AOR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.04–2.44), primary education (AOR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.07–2.23), being married (AOR = 2.17, 95%CI: 1.43–3.20), being from Kigali region (AOR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.19–3.91), partner’s education (AOR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.13–3.41), having recently visited a health facility (AOR = 2.07, 95%CI: 1.35–3.18), and being in the third pregnancy trimester (AOR = 2.14, 95%CI: 1.44–3.18) were positively associated with mosquito bed net use. On the other hand, low wealth index (AOR = 0.13, 95%CI: 0.07–0.24), and being from Eastern region (AOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.26–0.66) had a negative association.ConclusionsAbout half of the pregnant women in Rwanda used mosquito bed nets and the usage was associated with various socio-demographics. There is a need for appropriate risk communication and continuous sensitisation to improve mosquito net use among pregnant women. Early antenatal care attendance and partner engagement in malaria prevention and mosquito net use, as well as consideration of household dynamics, are also crucial in improving not only mosquito net coverage but also utilization.

Model-Based Control and Model-Free Control Techniques for Autonomous Vehicles: A Technical Survey

Autonomous driving has the potential to revolutionize mobility and transportation by reducing road accidents, alleviating traffic congestion, and mitigating air pollution. This transformation can result in energy efficiency, enhanced convenience, and increased productivity, as valuable driving time can be repurposed for other activities. The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive technical survey of the latest research in the field of lateral, longitudinal, and integrated control techniques for autonomous vehicles. The survey aims to explore a wide range of techniques and methodologies employed to achieve precise steering control while also considering longitudinal aspects. Model-based control techniques form the foundation for control, utilizing mathematical models of vehicle dynamics to design controllers that effectively track desired speeds and/or steering behavior. Unlike model-free control techniques such as reinforcement learning and deep learning algorithms facilitate the integration of longitudinal and lateral control by learning control policies directly from data and without explicit knowledge of the underlying dynamics. Through this survey, the paper delves into the strengths, limitations, and advancements in both model-based and model-free control approaches for autonomous vehicles. It investigates their performance in real-world scenarios and addresses the technical challenges associated with their implementation. These challenges may include uncertainties in the environment, adaptability to dynamic conditions, robustness, safety considerations, and computational complexity.

Israeli‐Palestinian conflict: The archaic fraternal complex

AbstractThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict is one of the world's most persistent and intractable conflicts. Despite extensive and in‐depth analyses to help understand and transform it, the parties have failed to reach sustainable peace. In this article, I extend group and family psychoanalytic theories to analyze the unconscious dynamics that potentially underlie this relationship, interpreting it in light of the biblical narrative of Abraham, his wives—Sarah and Hagar, and sons—Isaac and Ishmael. Using the above‐mentioned framework, I interpret the Israeli–Palestinian conflict over land as an enactment of the archaic fraternal complex, whereby each sibling unconsciously entertains the fantasy of returning to the maternal womb and aspires to be the exclusive owner of maternal space and the mother's phallus. Consideration of the archaic fraternal complex dynamics offers psychoanalytically oriented mediators an additional tool to understand conflicts, especially land‐related disputes. To work through intractable conflict, these mediators can help the belligerent parties perform the psychic work of trauma and primal mourning to stop enacting the fantasy of returning to the maternal womb and to accept symbolic castration. This work could contribute to the warring parties' ability to renounce their rigid ideological positions and seal new fraternal pacts under the aegis of the law of reason. Their fraternal complex would thus be transformed from archaic and talionic to symbolic and Oedipal.